Psychology Exam Study Guide: Key Theories and Concepts, Exams of Public Health

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Answers 2024.

Freud's Psychosexual Stages: (Oh Anthony Please Let Go) - Correct answer-1. Oral

2. Anal
3. Phallic
4. Latency
5. Genital Erickson's Stages of Psychosocial Development (The Air In Iceland is Icy, Greenland's Isn't) - Correct answer-1. Trust vs. Mistrust
6. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
7. Industry Vs. Inferiority
8. Initiative vs. Guilt
9. Identity vs. Role Confusion
10. Intimacy vs. Isolation
11. Generativity vs. Stagnation
12. Integrity vs. Despair Trust vs. mistrust - Correct answer-Ages 0 - 18 months Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - Correct answer- 18 months - 3 years Industry vs Inferiority - Correct answer- 3 - 5 years Initiative vs. Guilt - Correct answer-Ages 5 - 13 Identity vs Role Confusion - Correct answer- 13 - 21

Intimacy vs Isolation - Correct answer- 21 - 39 Generativity vs. Stagnation - Correct answer- 40 - 65 Integrity vs. Despair - Correct answer- 65 and older AA Brill - Correct answer-Career Theory Jean Piaget - Correct answer-Cognitive Child Development Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development - Correct answer-1. sensorimotor

2. preoperational
3. concrete operational
4. formal operational Criticism of Piaget's Theory - Correct answer-Too much time studying his own kids, not wide enough sample Jay Haley - Correct answer-Brief, Strategic Therapy, Paradox Technique John B. Watson - Correct answer-Father of American Behaviorism Martin Segliman - Correct answer-learned helplessness, positive psychology Alfred Adler - Correct answer-Father of Individual Psychology Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development - Correct answer-Pre-conventional (consequences, reward and punishment) Conventional (desire to meet standards of family, society, nation) Post-conventional (universal ethical principles of justice, equality, common good) Lev Vygotsky - Correct answer-zone of proximal development John Bowlby - Correct answer-Attachment Theory

Harry Harlow - Correct answer-Attachment and Rhesus Monkeys Key Events in Career Counseling Development: - Correct answer--Industrial revolution

• great depression
• WW FLSA: Fair Labor Standards Act (1938): - Correct answer-established a national minimum wage, overtime entitlement, prohibited employment of minors Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970: - Correct answer-ensured safe working conditions, enforcing health standards Section 504/Rehabilitation Act 1973: - Correct answer-Prohibits discrimination against an individual with a disability in a program sponsored by federal agencies, federal financial assistance or federal employment/contracting ADA (1990): - Correct answer-Prohibits employers from discriminating against qualified individuals with disabilities. Includes denying employment opportunities, failing to advance/promote, firing and not providing reasonable accommodations IDEA (2004) - Correct answer-ensures children with disabilities receive special ed and related services to meet their needs (last from birth-age 21) Trait and Type Career Theories: - Correct answer-Person-environment theories, Parsons, match individual's traits with occupational characteristics Trait and Factor Theory: - Correct answer-Parsons, Williamson, match individual characteristics with work/career characteristics in order to derive satisfaction Aptitude (capability to learn/grow) Interests Values Personality Achievement (what someone has learned/accomplished) Theory of Work Adjustment: - Correct answer-Dawis and Lofquist, concerned with actual performance on the job

John Holland's Career Typology - Correct answer- 6 personality/work types, RIASEC (Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional) Brown's Values Based Theory: - Correct answer-Role of values in life decisions, crystallized and prioritized set of values, occupational choices congruent with values = life satisfaction Gottfredson's Theory of Circumscription, Compromise and Self-Creation: - Correct answer-life span theory, emphasizes career development in childhood, development of self-concept, role of gender/prestige in making career choices

• circumscription: eliminating incompatible career options
• compromise: process of giving up highly desirable career options for those more accessible Lifespan Career Theory: - Correct answer-Donald Super, life-span, life-space, self- concept Schlossberg's Transition Theory - Correct answer-Nancy Schlossberg, 4 types of transition: anticipated, unanticipated, chronic hassles, nonevents, Hopson and Adams Model of Adult Transition: - Correct answer- 2 types of transition: voluntary and involuntary Tiedman and O'hara's theory of career decision making: - Correct answer-Exploration, crystallization, choice, specification Emic: - Correct answer-emphasizes differences between cultures, insider perspective etic perspective - Correct answer-Emphasizes similarities between cultures, outsider perspective 3 Basic Categories of Conflict: - Correct answer-Approach-Approach (like both options) Approach-Avoidance (both positive and negative things) Avoidance- Avoidance (dislike both options)

Autoplastic - Correct answer-the subject changes himself/the internal environment Alloplastic - Correct answer-the subject tries to change the situation/ external environment Imprinting - Correct answer-making an attachment during a critical period In Research, P = - Correct answer-Probability Probability sampling - Correct answer-sampling a known population, purposeful Probability Sampling: Simple random sampling - Correct answer-every member of population has equal chance of being selected Probability Sampling: Systematic Sampling - Correct answer-every nth one is chosen Probability Sampling: Stratified Random Sampling - Correct answer-A population is divided into subgroups based on characteristics, researchers draw randomly from subgroups Probability Sampling: Cluster Sampling - Correct answer-researcher identifies existing subgroups Probability Sampling: Multi-stage sampling - Correct answer-two-stage or three-stage random sampling Nonprobablibily sampling - Correct answer-accessing samples of convenience Nonprobability Sampling: Convenience Sampling - Correct answer-an easily accessible population is selected Nonprobability Sampling: Purposeful sampling - Correct answer-researcher selects sample form population who will be host helpful/informative Nonprobability Sampling: Quota Sampling - Correct answer-similar to cluster/stratified but without randomization Blind study - Correct answer-Participant doesn't know which group they're assigned to

Double Blind: - Correct answer-neither researcher nor participant knows which group they've been assigned to Internal Validity Threat: History - Correct answer-extraneous incidents occur outside of the research experiment Internal Validity Threat: Selection - Correct answer-group differences exists before experiment due to lack of random assignment Internal Validity Threat: Statistical Regression - Correct answer-participants chosen for their extreme scores, regress towards means Internal Validity Threat: Testing - Correct answer-the test itself has an impact on individuals Internal Validity Threat: Instrumentation - Correct answer-changes in the instrument effect results Internal Validity Threat: Attrition - Correct answer-Participants Drop Out/ Die Internal Validity Threat: Maturation - Correct answer-changes in participants overtime impact variables Internal Validity Threat: Diffusion of treatment - Correct answer-the effects of an intervention are felt by those in another group Internal Validity Threat: Experimenter Effects - Correct answer-bias of the researcher influences participant's responses Halo Effect - Correct answer-Researcher's positive first impressions of researcher are generalized to other traits/characteristics Hawthorne Effect - Correct answer-the presence of the investigator affects participant's responses, regardless of intervention, also called reactivity

Internal Validity Threat: Subject Effects - Correct answer-participants change their behaviors or attitudes based on their understanding of their role as participant i.e. demand characteristics External Validity Threats: Novelty Effects - Correct answer-A new treatment produces positive results just because it's new to the participant External Validity Threat: Experimenter Effects - Correct answer-Same as for Internal Validity External Validity Threat: History of Treatment Effect - Correct answer-An experiment is conducted during a particular time where it would be impossible to replicate External Validity Threats: Measurement of the Dependent Variable - Correct answer-the effectiveness of a program may depend on the type of measurement being used in the study External Validity Threat: Time of Measurement by Treatment Effect - Correct answer- timing of the administration of a posttest may influence the posttest results, immediately after vs. 6 months later Mixed-Methods Research - Correct answer-uses both quantitative and qualitative techniques Cross Sectional Research - Correct answer-compares multiple segments of a population at a single time Defense Mechanism: Denial - Correct answer-blocking external events from awareness Defense Mechanisms: Displacement - Correct answer-shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person Defense Mechanism: Projection - Correct answer-individuals attributing their own unacceptable thoughts/feelings to another person Defense Mechanisms: Rationalization - Correct answer-Attempting to make excuses or formulate logical reasons to justify unacceptable feelings or behaviors

Defense Mechanism: Reaction Formation - Correct answer-a person goes beyond denial and acts in the opposite way he/she is thinking or feeling Defense Mechanisms: Repression - Correct answer-keeping disturbing or unpleasant thoughts from consciousness Defense Mechanisms: Sublimation - Correct answer-satisfying an impulse in a socially acceptable way WISC - Correct answer-Children's IQ Test WAIS - Correct answer-Adult IQ (16 or Older), most common IQ test Assimilation - Correct answer-interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas Accomodation - Correct answer-adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information Approach-Approach Conflict - Correct answer-Conflict that results from having to choose between two attractive alternatives Approach-Avoidance Conflict - Correct answer-when one option has both positive and negative aspects Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict - Correct answer-Conflict that results from having to choose between two distasteful alternatives Double approach-avoidance - Correct answer-conflict in which the person must decide between two goals, with each goal possessing both positive and negative aspects Skeleton Key - Correct answer-Solution-focused Brief Counseling technique that can be used to help all clients, no matter what presenting problem. IQ Distribution - Correct answer- 100 = average, Standard Deviation of 15, 55 = low, 145 = high

Sequential Explanatory Research Design - Correct answer-Quantitative, Qualitative, Data Interpretation Sequential Exploratory Research Design - Correct answer-Qualitative, Quantitative, Data Interpretation concurrent research - Correct answer-Both qualitative and quantitative research is gathered at the same time Internal Locus of control - Correct answer-I have agency/power to control my choices/fate External locus of control - Correct answer-Things happen to me, I have no power/control Raymond Cattell - Correct answer-intelligence: fluid & crystal intelligence; personality testing: 16 Personality Factors (16PF personality test) crystallized intelligence - Correct answer-one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age Fluid Intelligence - Correct answer-our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood Virginia Satir - Correct answer-experiential conjoint family therapy, leading figure in experiential fam therapy Weiner - Correct answer-Cybernetics theory Whitaker - Correct answer-dean on experiential family therapy, psychotherapy of the absurd Premack - Correct answer-principle of law, fam member must complete unpleasant task before pleasant one Ackerman, Framo, Skynner - Correct answer-psychodynamic family therapy First-Order Change - Correct answer-Temporary or superficial change

Second-Order Change - Correct answer-Deep Structural Change , more desirable than first-order change Madanes and Haley - Correct answer-strategic family therapy, pretend techniques, restrainin Double-Bind - Correct answer-no-win situation, characterized by contradictory messages Incongruous Hierarchy - Correct answer-children use symptom to try and change their parents Positioning - Correct answer-occurs when a helper accepts the client's predicament and then exaggerates the condition. Minuchin - Correct answer-Structural Family Therapy, memesis (copying family's style) Intergenerational family therapy - Correct answer-Bowen, Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy Dawis & Lofquist - Correct answer-Theory of work adjustment, PEC = person, environment, correspondence Coefficient of determinatio - Correct answer-squaring the correlation coefficient Coefficient of nondetermination - Correct answer-subtract the coefficient of determination from 100 Goleman - Correct answer-Emotional Intelligence (EQ) Barnum effect - Correct answer-Individual will accept general predictions/results and believe it applies specifically to them Tryptophan (an amino acid) - Correct answer-related to serotonin in the brain Virginia May Axline - Correct answer-child-centered play therapy Platykurtic - Correct answer-normal curves that are short and more dispersed (broader)

Mesokurtic - Correct answer-normal curves that have peaks of medium height and distributions that are moderate in breadth Leptokurtic - Correct answer-normal curves that are tall and thin, with only a few scores in the middle of the distribution having a high frequency Bimodal - Correct answer-two distinct peaks 5 dimensions of wellness (Indivisible Self) - Correct answer-Creative, Coping, Social, Essential, Physical 7 Domains of Multimodal Counseling (BASIC ID) - Correct answer-Behavior, Affect, Sensation, Imagery, Cognition, Interpersonal relationships and drugs/biological functions/nutrition/exercise T-test - Correct answer-compares two means for one variable Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) - Correct answer-involves having at least one independent variable in a study with three or more groups or levels. Factorial ANOVA - Correct answer-an analysis of variance involving two or more independent variables or predictors. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) - Correct answer-This test includes an independent variable as a covariate, or a variable that needs to be statistically adjusted and controlled in order to look at the relationship of other independent variables and the dependent variable. MANOVA - Correct answer-is similar to an ANOVA, but involves multiple dependent variables MANCOVA - Correct answer-similar to an ANCOVA, but involves multiple dependent variables. Cross's Nigrescence Model (PEIII) - Correct answer-Pre-encounter: Haven't experienced racism Encounter: have experienced racism

Immersion/Emersion: prompts the individual to seek others from culture Internalization: more accepting of one's race/Culture Internalization: Acceptance of Race/Culture, Advocacy Helm's People of Color Racial Identity Development Model (CDIII) - Correct answer- 1.Conformity: poc may embrace racial stereotypes, white people might not socialize with people of color, no awareness of racism 2.Dissonance: Crisis that increases awareness of racism 3.Immersion: actively reject white culture/increased racial pride 4.Internalization: increasingly identified with individuals of other oppressed cultures

5. Integrative awareness: more complex view of racism groups, work to eliminate oppression Helm's White Racial Identity Development Model (CDRPIA) - Correct answer-1.Contact: white have no awareness of racism 2.Disintegration: white become uncomfortable with notion of racial superiority 3.Reintegration: demonstrate intolerance and anger towards different racial groups 4.Pseudo-independence: superficial commitments to racism 5.Immersion and Emersion: renew their efforts to address racism
6. Autonomy: advocacy for whites, strive to relinquish white privilege Helm's Racial Interaction THeory (PRP) - Correct answer-1. Parallel: similar statuses, more harmonious race-based communications
7. Regression: one is at a lower racial identity than
8. Progressive: one individual has higher social power and more advanced racial identity status than other Hardiman's white racial identity development model (NARRI) - Correct answer- 1.Naievete: categorizing others by racial groups/stereotyping 2.Acceptance: all people have save opportunities, white = gold standard 3.Resistance: conflict and anxiety about racial issues 4.Redefinitions: self-reflection about whiteness, exploration of other ethnic groups

5.Internalization: whites define themselves independent of the anxiety Most popular sexual identity development model: - Correct answer-Cass John Crites - Correct answer-Career Maturity Inventory Three Types of Classism - Correct answer-1. Modern (lower status might also exhibit classism)

2. Structural (promotes current status quo/arrangement of classes)
3. Internalized (person feels shame for their class) MMPI creators - Correct answer-Hathaway and Mckinley Tay-Sachs disease - Correct answer-characterized by the body's incapacity to metabolize fatty substances. Sharif v. New York State Educational Department (1989) - Correct answer-As a school counselor you must provide students with testing information that is in their primary language. Most Consistent Holland Code - Correct answer-IAS Independent t-test - Correct answer-two different groups Dependent t-test - Correct answer-two similar groups or the same group Four Components of Effective Modeling (Bandura) - Correct answer-attention, retention, motivation, reproduction Solution-focused brief therapy: visitors - Correct answer-client who are not willing/ready to change, don't recognize a problem exists Solution Focused Brief Therapy: Complainants - Correct answer-can recognize/define problem, no commitment to solve it

Solution Focused Brief Therapy: Customers - Correct answer-recognize problem and that it needs to be fixed, committed to finding a solution Fritz Perls - Correct answer-Gestalt therapy Gesalt Therapy - Correct answer-Focuses on needs, "unfinished business", here-and- now, psychodrama, empty chair Measures of Central Tendency - Correct answer-Mean, Median, Mode If distribution is skewed, measure of central tendency is - Correct answer-median Positively skewed distribution - Correct answer-tail is on the right Negatively skewed distribution - Correct answer-tail is on the left Donald Super's 9 Major Life Roles - Correct answer-child, student, citizen, spouse, homemaker, parent, worker, leisurite, pensioner Super's 5 Vocational Development Tasks - Correct answer-1. Crystallization (ages 14 - 18)

2. Specification (ages 18 - 21)
3. Implementation (ages 21 - 24)
4. Stabilization (ages 24 - 35)
5. Consolidation (ages 35 - onward) Delusion of Persecution - Correct answer-a false belief that one is being mistreated, abused, or harassed Delusion of reference - Correct answer-client believes everything in the environment references him/her Delusion of Control - Correct answer-False belief that a person's will, thoughts, or feelings are being controlled by external forces.

Delusion of Grandeur - Correct answer-Client believes he/she is an important/famous person, such as God. Krumboltz - Correct answer-Career choices are influenced by genetic endowment, environmental factors and previous learning experiences 5 stages of group development - Correct answer-forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning Cultural Encapsulation - Correct answer-Therapist doesn't understand a client's culture and evaluates/conceptualizes client from dominant culture, including imposing dominant cultural values Forebrain - Correct answer-Controls higher-order behavior and conscious thought According to Frued, what is the "balancing mechanism" of the personality? - Correct answer-Ego (balances Id and Super Ego) Theorists associated with Analytic movement - Correct answer-Freud, Jung, Adler Rudolph Dreikurs - Correct answer-was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice The first studies, which demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic processes, were conducted by - Correct answer-Neil Miller Therapeutic relationship in reality therapy - Correct answer-like that of a friend who asks what's wrong Musterbations (Ellis) - Correct answer-shoulds and oughts A counselor utilizes role-playing combined with a hierarchy of situations in which the client is ordinarily nonassertive. Assertiveness trainers refer to this as... - Correct answer- Behavioral Rehearsal Existentialist Philosophers - Correct answer-Sartre, Buber, Binswanger, and Boss, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Tillich, Heidegger, Dostoevsky, and Jaspers

REBT philosopher - Correct answer-Epicetus The APGA (later AACD and now ACA) division that was initially the most instrumental in pushing for licensing was ... - Correct answer-American Counselor Education and Supervision. The most popular paradigm of mental health consultation has been proposed by... - Correct answer-Caplan