Psychology Midterm Psychology Midterm, Exams of Psychology

Download Psychology Midterm Psychology Midterm and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! Psychology Midterm Dr. Badal is a psychologist who studies achievement motivation among groups of african american, latino and asian american people. Dr. Badal likely practices the _______ to psychology - Sociocultural approach Dr. Hammer studies the connection between chocolate consumption and memory by manipulating the amount of chocolate she gives to different groups, and then measuring their performance on different memory tasks. One group eats two chocolate bars, one group eats one bar and the control group eats no chocolate. Within this study, what is the dependent variable - Performance on the memory task A ___ is a broad idea or clostely related set of ideas that attempts to explain observatinos and to make predictions about future observations. - Theory Dr. Isaacs has found a strong correlation between GPA and the number of hours a person spends watching TV. Specificially, she has found that the more TV a person watches each week, the lower his GPA is likely to be. Put another way, she has found that as TV watching increases, GPA decreases. Which of the following correlation coefficients describes her findings? - -0.80 Which of the following concepts refers to the degree to which an experimental design actually reflects the real-world issues it is supposed to address? - External Validity According to the principle of ____, all research participants must know what their participation will involve and what risk might develop. - informed consent Dr. Burrhus approaches by studying only the observable things that people do. She says the are the only elements of human nature that are measurable, and so the science of psychology should focus only on these things, and not on internal mental processes. Dr. Burrhus likely describes herslef as which type of pscyhologist? - Behaviorist 1 | P a g e Dr. Ziggy is conduting a study of flirting behavior. He says that flirting is "Behavior that is used to attract the attention of a potentially desirable opposite oro same sex partner", and decides that data collection will include elements such as eye contact, touching, laughter, smiling, and several other behaviors. IN doing this, Dr. Ziggy has created a _______ of flirting. - operational definition Professor WOng measured the intelligence and temperament of a group of preschoolers. He plans to follow the same group of participants over time and collect similar data when the children are in 3rd grade, 6th grade and 9th grade. This is an example of which type of research design? - Longitudinal Dr. Wagner's approach to psychotherapy stresses the roles of unconscious processes and unresolved childhood conflicts. With which psychological approach does this align? - Psychodynamic A psychologist who scientifically studies the structure, function and biochemistry of the brain and nervous system likely takes which approach to psychology? - Neuroscience Dr. Hammer studies the connection between chocolate consumption and memory by manipulating the amount of chocolate she gives to different groups, and then measuring their performance on a different memory tasks. One group eats two chocolate bars, one group eats one bar, and the control group eats no chocolate. Within this study, what is the independent variable? - Amount of chocolate consumed. Dr. Hammer wants to demonstrate a cause and effect relationship between chocolate consumption and memory. Which of the following research methods should she use? - Experimental method Sonja believes the pill her doctor gave her has cured her of her anxiety disorder, even though the pill contained no active ingredients. Sonja's belief that she is better now is an example of the _____effect. - placebo 2 | P a g e Which of these brain imaging methods lets us examine brain function? - fMRI In the human cell, threadlike structures that come in 23 pairs, one member of each pair originating from each parent, and that contain DNA are called_____________. - chromosomes The neurons in the brain and spinal cord are collectively referred to as the _________. - Central nervous system The ______sends message to other neurons; the ______ receives messages from other neurons. - Axon, dendrite Fred has sustained a stroke to a large part of the temporal lobe in his left hemisphere. What symptoms might we expect him to experience? - Difficulty with language processing Select the four answers below which describe functions of the structures of the hindbrain: - 1. Control of vital functions, such as breathing and heart rate. 2. Sleep and arousal. 3. Regulation of reflexes. 4. Motor coordination As you walk down the street, you are suddenly frightened by a barking dog. You initial response is one of arousal, and your heart rate increases. However, then you see that the dog is behind a fence, and your body starts calming down again. Within this scenario, the _______ nervous system is responsible for the initial arousal, whereas the _______ nervous system is responsible for calming you down again. - Sympathetic; parasympathetic The _____ is a small forebrain structure that monitors pleasurable, survival-related activites (e.g. eating, drinking, and sex), emotion, stress, and reward. - hypothalamus Match the following neurotransmitters with the best description of their primary functions. 5 | P a g e Serotonin - A GABA - B Acetylcholine - C Dopamine - D Oxytocin - E - A- Sleep, mood, attention and learning B. Keeps neurons from firing; low levels are tied to anxiety. C. Muscle action, learning, memory; low levels found in people with Alzheimer's Disease. D. Control of voluntary movement; affects sleep, mood, attention, learning, and the ability to recognize rewards in the environment. E. Tied to love and social bonding According to the dominant-recessive genes principle _______. - The dominant gene overrides the recessive gene. Which school of thought in perception is best summarized by the statement, "The whole is different than the sum of its parts"? - Gestalt The _____theory states that cells in the visual system respond to complmentary pairs of red-green and blue-yellow colors; a given cell might be excited by red and inhibited by green, whereas another cell might be excited by yellow and inhibited by blue. - opponent-process 6 | P a g e The simlultaneous distribution of sensory information across different neural pathways is called _______. - parallel processing Jennifer is a chain smoker. When her friend Irene, a non smoker, gets in the car with her, she is overwhelmed by the smell of smoke. One day she mentioned this fact to Jennifer, who was surprised by comment. Jennifer claims that when she sniffs her hair and clothing she can't sense the smoky smell. Jennifer's inability to detect the smell is an example of __________. - sensory adaptation Looking at your computer screen close up and from the left casts a different image on your retina compared to looking at it from across the room and from the right; yet, we know that the monitor remains the same and retains the same dimensions. This phenomenon is known as _________. - perceptual constancy Jane is having trouble sleeping. As she lies in the dark, her eyes adjust to the low light and she can see her room, though not with very good perception of color. THis is because vision in the low light conditions ______. - depends on the rods When you hear a song for the first time you are liekly to rely on _____ processing to process it. When you have heard the song frequently enough that you can easily process the complex arrangement of notes with a single label, you are now using ______ processing. - bottom up; top-down The major function of the ____ is to amplify vibrations and pass them onto the inner ear. - hammer, anvil, and stirrup As Jerry walks along the top of a narrow wall, he tries to maintain his balance. Balance is primarily tied to which sense? - Vestibular As you walk barefoot in the park, your nose conveys to your brain the smell of the freshly cut grass, your skin sends information about the feel of the gentle breze and your ears trasmit the sound of 7 | P a g e Which class of drugs has the lowest level of physical dependence? - Hallucinogens Which stage of sleep has delta waves for more than 50% of the time? - Stage 4 States of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other mental activities are called ______? - automatic processes Which class of drugs mimics the effects of the body's natural endorphins? - Opiates _____ is a subjective state of being conscious of what is going on, whereas ____ is a physiological state of being engaged with the environment. - Awareness / arousal Diagnosis of addiction: - Can be diagnosed by either or both of physical or psychological dependence. Awareness and arousal are associated with different parts of the brain. Awareness involves the _____. Arousal is determined by the _____. - Cerebral cortex / reticular activating system Nicotine raises ____ levels in the brain. - dopamine Which of these describes a typical night of sleep? - Several sleep cycles, within each of which we go through up to five stages of sleep The biological cycle that regulates our pattern of sleep is called _____? - 10 | P a g e circadian rhythm Colin has been a regular coffee drinker for months. One day, he doesn't have any coffee in the morning, and for most of the morning he has a headache. This is likely a sign that Coline has developed a ______ on coffee. - Physical dependence Approximately what proportion of individuals who drink will become alcoholics? - one in nine Homer goes to his psycholotherapist and describes his recent dreams where he flies like an eagle through the sky. His therapist listens and then offers the interpretation that his dream symbolizes Homer's unconscious desires to be free of his family obligations. Homer's therapist is displaying an interest in _____. - the latent content of Homer's dream Match each theory of dreaming with its correct description. Freud's theory - C Cognitive theory - B Activation-synthesis theory - A - C - Distinguishes between manifest and latent content of dreams. B. Dreaming may be a variation on daydreaming, driven by the default network of the brain. A. Cerebral cortex works to create a logical understanding of random firing from lower brain. Which is the world's most widely used drug? - Caffeine 11 | P a g e The ____ is a small brain structure that uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark. - suprachiasmatic nucleus Spanking is a form of ____; timeout is a form of _____. - positive punishment ; negative punishment ____ is a theory of learning that focuses soley on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping. - Behaviorism Edward sees that his older brother recieves a reward every time he cleans his room. So, Edward decides to clean his room, expecting a reward himself. This demonstrates which process in observational learning? - Vicarious reinforcement Dr. Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes. On days when he springs a pop quiz on his students, he typically goes to the classroom door and closes it. Students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr. Meyer closes the classroom door. Closing the door has become a _____ - conditioned stimulus Match each type of operant conditioning to an example that fits it. Positive Reinforcement - D Negative Reinforcement - C Positive Punishment - B Negative Punishment - A - D - You give your child $5 every time they bring home a report card with good grades, in order to increase the likelihood they do so again in the future. 12 | P a g e Colin's cat used to think it was feeding time whenever she heard the sound of a can opener on TV; however, Colin conditioned his cat to tell them apart, so now she responds only to the sound of the can opener in Colin's kitchen. This demonstrates which principle of conditioning? - Discrimination Long-term potentiation is a concept that explains _____. - how memory functions at the neuron level. The fact thatwe hear about airplace crashes on the news more often than we hear about automobile crashes may lead us to believe that we are more likely to die in a plane than a car. This is an example of a ______. - availability heuristic Brianna is very politically opinionated. She seeks out all of her political news only from media which she knows she agrees with, and she avoids other media sources thare likely to criticize her positions. Brianna is guilty of : - Confirmation bias Gene has a flashbulb memory for the moment he heard about the bombing of Pearl Harbor. What is the best description of this type of memory? - It is likely to be vivid and detailed, but not necessarily accurate. According to Baddeley's view of the three components of working memory, the ____ acts like a supervisor who monitors which information deserves our attention and which we should ignore. - central executive Joe has to learn several new concepts for an exam. He does so by building a number of connections between each new concept and his own personal experience. Joe is using which apporach to memory encoding? - Elaboration Attention, deep processing, elaboration, and the use of mental imagery are ____ processes. - encoding 15 | P a g e Which of these is true of the Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory of Memory? - Short-term memory receives information from both sensory memory and long-term memory. Which of these statements best describes the current understanding of repression? - Most studies of traumatic memory indicate that a traumatic life event is very likely to be remembered. Kai is a two year old who lives in a home with a cat. When he sees a horse outside one day, he points and calls it a cat, because it has four legs and a tail. Upon which approach to concept formation is Kai relying? - Prototype model Beth finds that she can memorize material for her exam better if she creates a mental image of it. Which hypothesis supports this approach, saying that such imagery is stored in memory as both an image and a verbal code? - Dual-code hypothesis, In which subsystem of long-term memory is your knowledge of how to drive a car and how to ride a bike stored? - Nondeclarative (implicit) memory Monique routinely uses a shredder to shred her junk mail into confetti-sized pieces of paper, which she then just throws away. When packing her glassware to move into a new apartment, she runs out of protective styrofoam packing material. Suddenly Monique gets the idea to empty her shredder and use the shredded junk mail confetti for packing material. Monique has _____. - overcome functional fixedness Margaret fell down her basement stairs and suffered serious injury to her amygdala. What memory problems is she most likely to have now? - Margaret will have difficulty with emotional memories. Most adults do not lose in games of Tic-Tac-Toe because they follow a set of steps that guarantee they will not lose. Which kind of strategy is this? - Algorithm 16 | P a g e Jennifer has sustained a brain injury and is no longer able to create new memories. Her son may come into her room just five minutes after he last saw her and she will react like she hasn't seen him in years. What type of memory disorder does she have? - Anterograde amnesia. All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. THerefore, Socrates is mortal. This is an example of which form of reasoning, which begins with a general case? - Deductive reasoning Although Jim had never been in a college psychology class before, based on past experience with other college classes he knew when he arrived in the classroom that he should sit down, that he should pay attention to the professor, that he should take notes, and that he should expect to have a complete assignments and tests. He knew this because he has a ____ for the general experience of being in a college class. - Script George knows that the classroom where he takes his exam always is cold and always has a buzz in the background from the air conditioner. So, as he studies for his exam, he makes sure his own dorm room is cold and has a buzz in the background. In doing this, George is trying to take advantage of which concept in memory? - Context-dependent memory Colin studied French several years ago, when he was in college. Now he is learning German. He finds that when he tried to remember words from French, instead he recalls words from German. What is going on here? - Retroactive interference 17 | P a g e