Download Psychology Midterm Psychology Midterm and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! Psychology Midterm The study of information that is stored and activated by the brain, such as beliefs, thoughts, or forms of memories, is part of which branch of psychology? - cognitive pyschology Which of Hobbes's philosophical beliefs regarding materialism could be considered a precursor to the science of psychology? - Thought is a result of physical processes of the brain Hassam traveled to three different countries to study the differences among people and the ways by which people's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by their societies. Hassam is probably interested in _____ psychology. - Cultural psychology In his research, Dr. Madden attempts to relate learning experiences directly to behavioral changes and is relatively unconcerned with the mental processes. Dr. Madden is most likely a(n) _____ psychologist. - learning psychologist A psychologist attempts to understand why people are more likely to help in an emergency situation when there are only a few other individuals present at the scene versus when they are part of a large crowd. Understanding the influence that other people have on an individual's behavior is most consistent with a _____ level of analysis. - social level of analysis According to the theory of dualism, behavior is controlled by the - body and the soul A young child falls into the deep end of a pool. The child surfaces and swims to the edge of the pool without having prior swimming experience. This inborn behavior demonstrates which philosophy? - nativism 1 | P a g e Dr. Brown is interested in researching the role of the nervous system in a person's experience with anxiety attacks. What type of researcher is Dr. Brown? - behavioral neuroscientist One of Darwin's key ideas is that, because of natural selection, animals have an inborn tendency to behave in ways that help them to: - survive and reproduce Jim is conducting a series of experiments on obedience. His interest in the processes through which people are influenced by other people is consistent with _____ psychology. - social psychology Early physiologists like Johannes Muller and Paul Broca conducted physiological research that led to the idea that people experience vision when one part of the brain is active and hearing when another part is active. This research led to the concept of _____, which refers to the idea that _____. - localization of function; specific parts of the brain serve specific functions in the control of mental experience and behavior Colin argues with a colleague that one part of the brain controls anxious thoughts while another part controls the way they talk. What notion proposed in the nineteenth-century supports Colin's argument? - localization of function Wilhelm Wundt is credited as the founder of scientific psychology because he: - published the first textbook that defined psychology as a science In terms of modern levels of analysis, Darwin today would be considered a(n): - evolutionary psychologist Kant is associated with which movement in psychology? - nativism Which of Descartes' beliefs helped pave the way to scientific psychology? - 2 | P a g e A measure has criterion validity if it: - correlates with what it is intended to measure Lisa is handing out surveys assessing recycling habits to her fellow students. What type of data- collection method is she MOST likely employing? - self-report A _____, which is commonly used to visualize results of a(n) _____ study, allows researchers to show each participant's scores on two variables as a single point on the graph. - scatterplot; correlational The story of Clever Hans illustrates why scientists should: - practice skepticism to avoid observer-expectancy effects What is the purpose of using a placebo in a drug experiment? - To determine whether the drug's effect is due to the participant's own expectations As a technical term, bias refers to: - nonrandom effects due to extraneous factors A test that is based on common sense and seems to measure what it claims to measure has high: - face validity The horse named Clever Hans correctly answered the questions he was asked because he: - learned to respond to movements made unconsciously by his questioner and the audience Facilitated communication, in which autistic children were supposedly able to answer questions, express emotions, and describe events in their lives, provides a classic illustration of _____ effects. - observer-expectancy Research on selective listening shows that participants hearing two messages and shadowing one will: - 5 | P a g e notice only physical characteristics of the unattended message What is the purpose of the information-processing model of the mind? - It serves as a general framework for thinking and talking about the mind Timo Mäntylä asked participants to write down properties for each word on a list of 500 nouns. He then tested the participants' ability to remember the nouns and varied the types of retrieval cues. The results provided evidence for which of these ideas? - Cues present at the time of encoding and testing facilitate the best retrieval from long-term memory One line of evidence for the distinction between working memory and long-term explicit memory comes from studies of: - H. M. and patients with similar brain damage Each time Ari ties his shoes, he is accessing his _____ memory. - procedural memory Aristotle's principle of association by contiguity would NOT help explain one's ability to recall: - things that occur in different points in time Alec uses the mnemonic device "My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nachos" to remember the order of the planets from the Sun. Alec is using the process of: - chunking After playing 10 hours of an action video game, how will men and women perform on attention tasks? - Men and women show about the same ability on attention tasks People's knowledge of their own past experiences is considered _____ memory. - episodic memory 6 | P a g e After studying the planets for her astronomy exam for hours, Lila's friend asked her to guess what kind of car he had just purchased. Lila immediately replied, "A Saturn." Lila's prior exposure to stimuli related to planets influenced her response to her friend's question due to: - priming Pippin is getting ready to take the GRE for entrance into graduate school. Which strategy will MOST likely help him encode the word "jackanapes" and its definition into his long-term memory? - think of a time he behaved like jackanapes Neuropeptide Y is a _____ neurotransmitter, which ideally suits it to its function of _____ hunger by acting on hypothalamic neurons. - slow; increasing wanting? - dopamine liking? - endorphins If Imani has an intense fear of jellyfish, _____ would predict that seeing and perceiving a jellyfish when swimming would lead Imani to feel the emotion of fear while her level of body arousal would influence the intensity of fear she feels. - Schachter's cognition-plus-feedback theory A woman is eagerly waiting at a coffee shop for her fiancé to arrive. When she sees him approaching, she would most likely experience positive emotions associated with increased brain activity in her: - left prefrontal cortex When is the right pre-frontal cortex mostly active? - when experiencing negative emotions especially fear and disgust Research with rats indicates that male-female brain differences associated with adult sexual behaviors are determined by the presence or absence of _____ during _____. - testosterone; prenatal development 7 | P a g e 2. behavior and mental experiences are modified, over time, by experiences in an individual's environment 3. our bodies, which produce behavior and mental experiences, are products of evolution by national selection Law of association by contiguity - If two things happen close together in time, they will become "bound together" or associated in the mind such that the thought of one event might elicit the thought of another Immanuel Kant? - a priori knowledge- doesn't have to be learned. a posteriori knowledge- gained from experience Broca's area? - injury to a specific area of the brain serve specific functions in the control of mental experiences and behavior. Three types of memory stores? - sensory, working, and long-term memory control processes of the mind? - attention, rehearsal, encoding, and retrieval (aka remembering) priming - unconscious activation of info in long term memory stroop interference effect - presented words printed in colored ink to subjects and asked them to name the ink color of each as quickly as possible obligatory processing - processing that is impossible to suppress- mainly relevant to reading words 10 | P a g e memory span - as much as you can state aloud in 2 seconds what part of the brain serves as the neural hub for executive functions? - prefrontal cortex Case of H.M. - removed portions of his brain in surgery and cured the epilepsy, but left him unable to encode into LTM for events after the surgery- but he could retrieve info that entered the LTM prior to surgery Anterograde amnesia - (H.M) can't form LTMs of events after an injury Retrograde amnesia - cant form LTMs of events before an injury what part of brain is buried in the temporal lobe and is critically involved in long-term memory encoding? - hippocampus schemas - generalized mental representation of objects in space scripts - generalized mental organization of events in time dendrites - receive input from other neurons for interneurons and motor neurons , or directly from sensory signals for sensory neurons axon - carries messages to other neurons 11 | P a g e action potentials - messages from neuron to neuron, all or none, always the same strength each time. only difference is the rate of fire and whether or not it fires transduction - when a receptor cell produces an electrical change in response to physical stimulation smell - olfactory epithelium contains roughly 10 million olfactory sensory neurons. Each sensitive end contains 5-20 hair like cilia which are capable of binding molecules of specific odorants. Axons of the olfactory sensory neurons pass through the cribriform plate into the olfactory bulb of the brain. There, they form synapses upon other neurons in structures called glomeruli. sound - outer ear- pinna (piercings) a flap of skin and cartilage forming the visible portion of the ear- auditory canal- opening of the head that ends at the eardrum- the vibration of air outside the head (sound) causes air in the auditory canal to vibrate, which in turn causes the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to vibrate ossicles - hammer, anvil, and stirrup Where does transduction occur? - cochlea which type of deafness do conventional hearing aids help? - conduction deafness 12 | P a g e