Psychology Paper 2: Approaches, Biopsychology, Research Methods, and Brain Plasticity, Exams of Advanced Education

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PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 2 2023

Approaches question 1 - C One assumption of the cognitive approach - Is that psychology should only study internal mental processes such as memory Vicarious Reinforcement - S Daughter- Saw her mother being praised and rewarded for positive behaviour, she is more likely to repeat the behaviour through vicarious reinforcement G Daughter- Saw her mother being shouted at and negative punishment, less likely to repeat the behaviour Cognitive Neuroscience (8 marks) - - Combines methods and principles from cognitive psychology -Neuroscience studies relationship between the brain and cognitive processes -Aims to understand brain structures, mechanisms and processes -Contribute to mental processes

• Provides framework studying cognition, brain scanning techniques observe and analyse brain activity -Limitation = correlation evidence not causation
• Doesnt fully capture the complexity of processes in real-world contexts -Influence by individual differences Biopsychology question 1 - Endogenous= internal biological mechanisms, maintains our biological rhythms such as sleep/wake cycle and digestion Exogenous= external factors, help synchronise biological rhythms such as light Question 2 - Sympathetic nervous system- Mobilising the bodies resources in response to stress, release stress hormones (adrenaline)- heart rapid, breath quick, mouth dry Parasympathetic- Once threats passed, counteracts

DISCUSS RESEARCH INTO PLASTICITY AND FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY OF THE BRAIN AFTER TRAUMA.

REFER TO THE VIEWS OF THE TEACHER AND XAVIER IN YOUR ANSWER. - - research insight into brains ability to adapt following injury -Views of teacher and Xavier reflect different perspectives -Plasticity- Brain's capacity to reorganise and rewire itself in response to changes or damage -> Particular region damaged, other areas split up the functions

• Teacher's response= Brain injuries can have a long-lasting effect, impact on speech production -Xavier= Belief among youth brains are capable of self-recovery DISCUSS RESEARCH INTO PLASTICITY AND FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY OF THE BRAIN AFTER TRAUMA. REFER TO THE VIEWS OF THE TEACHER AND XAVIER IN YOUR ANSWER. evaluation - Maguire- function recovery London taxi drivers, hippocampus larger, positively correlate to how long they'd been driver. SUPPORTS NEURAL REORGANISATION, BRAIN ABILITY TO ADAPT Helmet- essential to minimise risk of traumatic brain injuries, helmet reduce the severity of potential damage Limitation- Maguire- while research SUGGETS THE BRAINS CAPACITY FOR PLASTICITY and recovery, extent VARIES IN INDIVIDUALS. Individual differences
• Doesnt include any women (androcentric)
• Cultural bias, no generalisability RESEARCH METHODS question 1 - B Repeated Measure - -Allow ppt to serve as own control -Condition A (exercise) and Condition B (normal activity) -> compare stress levels in the same individuals, effects are minimised Describe how the psychologist could have counterbalanced the students across the experimental conditions - -Psychologist divide 20 students into 2 group
• 1 week= Group 1 condition A and group 2 condition B
• 2 week= Swap Students self-reported their stress levels on a scale of 1-10.