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Experiment 1 You have read about Social Learning Theory and Social Cognitive Theory. The famous Bobo Doll Experiment (Bandura) answers many questions in understanding patterns of human behaviour. Visit the link below, read the self-learning material and answer the questions: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0iWpSNu3NU o Difference between Social Learning Theory and Social Cognitive Theory. o Applications of Social Learning Theory. o Based on the theory and its application; do you think violence is contagious? Question 1. Difference between Social Learning Theory and Social Cognitive Theory. Ans: Both Social cognitive theory and social learning theory are theories attempt to define the learning in the social point of view, with the focus on how people acquire new behaviours by reflection. Both theories focus solely on behaviour, in terms of what can be learned, setting aside other things such as knowledge or cognitive skills. The dictionary meaning of SOCIAL is “ an informal social event for members of a group ”. The word ‘ social’ mean the influence of social interactions on how we acquire new behaviours which may not necessarily be social in nature, and how we perpetuate them. Both of these theories are rooted in behaviourist traditions in that focus on learned behaviour and excluding thought and emotion. Still, both theories do acknowledge the cognitive processes that play a role in learning and behaviour. The two theories are similar in nature; however, they delineate on few points. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY (Albert Bandura,1986) The social cognitive theory, also called reciprocal determinism is a learning theory which states that people acquire new behaviours by observing a model, and

that personal (or cognitive) factors, the behaviour itself and the environment (in the form of reinforcements) are engaged in a triadic feedback relationship, which influences the reproduction of the learned behaviour. This theory was proposed by Albert Bandura officially in his 1986 book, Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory.^1 This theory is based on the idea that we learn from our interactions with others in a social context. Separately, by observing the behaviours of others, people develop similar behaviours. After observing the behaviour of others, people assimilate and imitate that behaviour, especially if their observational experiences are positive ones or include rewards related to the observed behaviour. According to Bandura, imitation involves the actual reproduction of observed motor activities. (Bandura 1977). SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY has become perhaps the most influential theory of learning and development. It is rooted in many of the basic concepts of traditional learning theory. This theory has often been called a bridge between behaviourist learning theories and cognitive learning theories because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation. (Muro & Jeffrey 2008). However, with regards, Bandura believes that direct reinforcement could not account for all types of learning. For that reason, in his theory he added a social element, arguing that people can learn new information and behaviours by watching other people. According to the elements of this theory there are three general principles for learning from each other. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY^2 The principles of social learning are assumed to operate in the same way throughout life. Observational learning may take place at any age. In so far as exposure to new influential, powerful models who control resources may occur at life stage, new learning through the modelling process is always possible. (Newman B.M. & P.R, 2007). Based on these general principles, learning can occur without a change in behaviour. Behaviourists say that learning has to be represented by a permanent change in (^1) http://www.differencebetween.net/science/difference-between-social-cognitive-theory-and-social-learning- theory/#:~:text=Social%20cognitive%20theory%20and%20social%20learning%20theory%20are,other %20things%20such%20as%20knowledge%20or%20cognitive%20skills. (^2) https://th.bing.com/th/id/R.14d5861a698d5a85cf2bb8e2dd16225c?rik=aI0%2fFSXsNiagxw&riu=http%3a%2f %2fged578.pbworks.com%2ff %2f1303802832%2felaboration+theory+diagram.jpg&ehk=jlL8TEVfTa7gb08QXZJ72AlXf7sJAeJQVIuZ821Lolk %3d&risl=&pid=ImgRaw

behaviour; while in contrast social learning theorists say that because people can learn through observation alone, their learning may not necessarily be shown in their performance. (Bandura, 1965). Learning may or may not result in a behaviour change. (Bandura, 2006b). Bandura demonstrated that cognition plays a role in learning and more than30 years social learning theory has become increasingly cognitive in its interpretation of human learning; these points supported by (Newman B.M. & P.R, 2007). BEHAVIOURS LEARNED THROUGH MODELING The people who are being observed are called models and the process of learning is called modelling. This point supported by (Newman B.M. & P.R, 2007). Bandura’s stated second and third stages of social learning, imitation and behaviour modelling, will occur if a person observes positive, desired outcomes in the first stage. If, for example, an instructor attends and observes a course in-world and is entertained, informed, and approves of the way students act, they are more likely to want to teach a course in-world themselves. They can then use the behaviour they experienced to imitate and model other instructors’ teaching styles in-world (Bandura, 1986) SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY CONCEPTS Based on the literature, there are three concepts in SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY. Firstly, people can learn through observation which is known as observational learning. Secondly, mental states are important factor for learning it is also named as intrinsic reinforcement. Finally, it refers to this point that learning does not necessarily lead to a change in behaviour and it follows by modelling process. Observational Learning In 1961 Bandura conducted his famous experiment known as the Bobo doll experiment, to study patterns of behaviour, at least in part, by social learning theory, and that similar behaviours were learned by individuals shaping their own behaviour after the actions of models. Bandura's results from the Bobo Doll Experiment changed the course of modern psychology, and were widely credited for helping shift the focus in academic psychology from pure behaviourism to cognitive. The study was significant because it departed from behaviourism’s insistence that all behaviour is directed by reinforcement or rewards. The children received no encouragement or incentives to beat up the doll; they were simply imitating the behaviour they had observed. Bandura termed this phenomenon observational learning and characterized the elements of effective observational learning as attention, retention, reciprocation and motivation. He demonstrated that children learn and imitate behaviours which they have observed in other people. On this process, he identified three basic models of observational learning:

• A live model, which involves an actual individual demonstrating or acting out a behaviour.
• A verbal instructional model , which involves descriptions and explanations of a behaviour.

• A symbolic model , which involves real or fictional characters displaying behaviours in books, films, television programs, or online media. CORE CONCEPTS Core concepts in the social cognitive theory are human agency, observational learning and its four meditational processes (attention, retention, production, motivation), triadic reciprocal determinism between cognitive, behavioural and environment factors, and self-efficacy. In social learning theory, the core concepts are observational learning, reinforcement (direct or vicarious), learning as a cognitive-behavioural process, and identification with a model. Role of Cognitive factors In the social cognitive theory, cognitive factors play an important and equal role with environmental factors in the acquisition of new behaviour and in its production. In social learning theory, the cognitive factors are only acknowledged to play a role in the acquisition of new behaviour but not much or none at all in its production. DIFFERENCE^3 BETWEEN TWO THEORIES: Definitions Social Learning Theory: Social learning theory highlights that people acquire new behaviour (learn) through observation of others. Social Cognitive Theory: The social cognitive theory highlights that the acquisition, maintenance, and change of behaviour is a result of the interplay of personal, behavioural, and environmental influences. Characteristics of Social Cognitive Theory and Social Learning Theory: Connection: The social cognitive theory has its roots in social learning theory. Self-Efficacy: Social Learning Theory: Self-efficacy cannot be identified in social learning theory. Social Cognitive Theory: The concept of self-efficacy is unique to social cognitive theory. (^3) http://www.differencebetween.net/science/difference-between-social-cognitive-theory-and-social-learning- theory/#:~:text=Social%20cognitive%20theory%20and%20social%20learning%20theory%20are,other %20things%20such%20as%20knowledge%20or%20cognitive%20skills.

Focus on Cognition: Unlike in the case of the social learning theory, in the social cognitive theory the focus on cognition is greater. Conclusion Social cognitive theory and social learning theory are very similar as learning theories. Their similarity is due in large part to the great contribution of Albert Bandura to these theories. Social cognitive theory is the expanded form of Albert Bandura’s social learning theory where he emphasized the role of cognitive factors in the process of social learning. He also added self-efficacy and conceptualized humans as active agents, capable of shaping their environment and of self-regulation.