Docsity
Docsity

Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity


Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan


Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips

Psychology: Theoretical Approaches and Research Methods, Exams of Nursing

An overview of the theoretical approaches and research methods used in psychology. It covers Wilhelm Wundt and the development of experimental psychology, classical conditioning, the cognitive approach, the biological approach, the psychodynamic approach, and motivational theory. It also discusses research methods such as independent groups design, matched pairs design, field experiments, and natural experiments. The document evaluates the strengths and limitations of each approach and method.

Typology: Exams

2022/2023

Available from 04/26/2023

perfectsolutions
perfectsolutions 🇺🇸

4.1

(56)

912 documents

Partial preview of the text

Download Psychology: Theoretical Approaches and Research Methods and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

Wilhelm Wundt ANSWER :- First Psychologist

  • First Lab in Germany
  • Experimental Conditions
  • Structuralism and Introspection Introspection ANSWER :Person Gains knowledge about their mental state by examining their conscious thoughts and feelings Empiricism ANSWER :Knowledge is derived from sensory experience, characterised by the use of the scientific method Scientific Method ANSWER :The investigative methods that are:
  • Objective
  • Systematic
  • Reliable Evaluation of Wundt ANSWER :- methods were unreliable as it relied on non-observable

AQA Psychology A-Level Paper 2 (EXAM)

ELABORATION Q&A UPDATED

VERSION

  • Introspection is not accurate because people are often unaware of are behaviours Evaluation of the Scientific Approach ANSWER :- its objective and systematic
  • Rely on determinism
  • Self corrective
  • Create non-naturalistic environments
  • Human behaviour is not always observable to the rules of science Classical Conditioning ANSWER :Pavlov - When a neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an unconditional stimulus so that it takes on the properties on the stimulus and is able to produced a conditioned response Classical Conditioning steps ANSWER :UCS - > UCR NS - > No Response UCS+NS - > UCR CS - > CR Features of CC ANSWER :- If time interval is too great between conditioning it does not work
  • CR will become extinct in the absence of the UCS after a while
  • If extinct and paired again they pair more quickly (Spontaneous Recovery)
  • Stimulus generalisation, CR is created to things similar to CS Operant Conditioning ANSWER :Skinner - Learning through reinforcement or punishment, a behaviour is more likely if followed by a desirable concequence Positive Reinforcement ANSWER :Behaviour Produces a response that is desirable Negative Reinforcement ANSWER :Doing something to stop unpleasant response Reinforcement ANSWER :Strengthening a response Punishment ANSWER :An unpleasant consequence following a behaviour Features of Classical Conditioning ANSWER :- Scheduling reinforcement makes it stronger
  • Punishment Evaluation of Classical Conditioning ANSWER :- Applications in treatment of phobias
  • Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans because they have different needs to learn Evaluation of Operant Conditioning

ANSWER :- Use of experimental method

  • Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans Modelling ANSWER :Individuals learn behaviour be observing others Imitation ANSWER :Copying a models behaviour Identification ANSWER :Individual adopts attitudes and behaviours of a model because they want to be like them Vicarious Reinforcement ANSWER :Individuals learn about the likely consequences by observing a model's experiences and adjust their behaviour to obtain the same experience The Role of the meditational Processes ANSWER :Observer forms a mental representation pf the behaviour displayed of the model and the probable consequences it will also happen to them Evaluation of Social Learning Theory ANSWER :- Applications in human behaviour
  • research support (Bandura)
  • Problems with causality, it may not be observing but rather people already have this a try to find people similar
  • Approach disregards other potential influences like gender Bandura Procedures ANSWER :Children were exposed to aggressive or non aggressive models interacting with a bobo doll Bandura Findings ANSWER :Children who had aggressive models were aggressive to the doll Children who had non-aggressive models were not aggressive to the doll Cognitive ANSWER :Refers to mental processes such as perception, memory and reasoning Schema ANSWER :A cognitive framework that helps us organise and interpret information Why are Schemas useful? ANSWER :They help us make sense of new information by filling in gaps Theoretical Models ANSWER :Pictorial representations of cognitive processes based on research evidence Computer Model ANSWER :Computer analogy of input process storage output to represent the human cognitive Cognitive Neuroscience

ANSWER :non-invasive imaging techniques such as PET and fMRI scans to help psychologists understand how the brain works PET ANSWER :Positron emission tomography fMRI ANSWER :Functional Magnetic Resonance imaging Evaluation of the Cognitive Approach ANSWER :- Applications in social cognition, dysfunctional behaviour

  • Scientific
  • Computer models are to simplistic for a human mind, and at the same time suggest that we never forget or never make mistakes
  • ignores emotion and motivation (tells us how not why)
  • Lack ecological validity Biological Approach ANSWER :Views humans as biological organisms and provides biological explanations for all psychological functioning Genes ANSWER :A part of the chromosome that carries genetic information Genotype ANSWER :The genetic make-up of an individual

Phenotype ANSWER :The observable characteristics of an individual Evolution ANSWER :Change is genetic make-up of a population over time NeuroChemistry ANSWER :How chemical and neural processes associate with the nervous system Nervous System ANSWER :Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord) and the Peripheral Nervous System (somatic and autonomous systems) carries impulses around the body The Brain ANSWER :Co-ordinates the functioning of the body Frontal Lobes ANSWER :Functions like speech, though and learning Parietal Lobes ANSWER :Processes sensory information like touch, temperature and pain Occipital lobes

ANSWER :Processes visual information Temporal lobes ANSWER :Involved with hearing and memory Evaluation of the Biological Approach ANSWER :- Scientific

  • Application into Neurochem, drug development and psychological rhythms
  • Approach is reductionist (blames everything on one factor)
  • Does not take into account cultrual factord Iceberg analogy: ANSWER :tip = conscious just underwater = preconscious deep underwater = unconcious Concious ANSWER :Reality, Conscious mind, thoughts Preconcious ANSWER :Memories Unconcious ANSWER :The majority: rooted fears, creativity, dreams

The id ANSWER :Unconscious, contains the libido, operates to the pleasure principle and wants instant gratification The ego ANSWER :Mediates between impulsive demands of the id and reality of the super ego The Super ego ANSWER :Your conscience and morals of societal rules, feelings of guilt, what you strive towards Libido ANSWER :Biological energy created by reproductive instincts Defense Mechanisms ANSWER :In the unconscious, mechanisms to help you deal with situations that are traumatic Repression ANSWER :Blocking unacceptable thoughts, may influence you even if you don't remember them Denial ANSWER :Refusal to accept reality and the pain that follows Displacement ANSWER :redirecting of thoughts or feelings in situations where you cannot express them to the actual situation

Psychosexual Stages ANSWER :Driving forces in development of sexual energy Oral ANSWER :0- 2 years focal point of sensation it biting things Anal ANSWER :2- 3 years beginning of ego development Expulsion of waste Phallic ANSWER :3- 6 years Energy is focused on genitals Oedipus Complex Castration Anxiety Latent ANSWER :6- 12 years Developing mastery of the world around them repress early years Genital

ANSWER :12+ years fixing of Sexual energy on genitals beginning of adult life and forming relationships Evaluations of the psychodynamic approach ANSWER :- Application in controlling the masses and therapy

  • case study approach is pioneering
  • Scientific support because of use of scientific methodology in case studies
  • gender bias approach to men
  • Culture bias to western culture e.g. china tends to ignore feelings while we have therapy Free Will ANSWER :The ability to act at one's own discretion Hierarchy of needs ANSWER :Motivational theory proposed by Maslow Self actualisation Esteem Love Safety Psychological Psychological Needs

ANSWER :Breathing, food, water Safety Needs ANSWER :Security, resources, morality, health Love needs ANSWER :Friendship, family Esteem need ANSWER :Self esteem, confidence, achievement Self-Actualisation ANSWER :Peak experience Creativity, problem solving, spontaneity The Self ANSWER :Our personal identity Congruence ANSWER :The similarity between yourself and your ideal self Conditions of worth ANSWER :Conditions imposed on someone in order to earn positive regard Unconditional positive regard

ANSWER :love and acceptance no matter what Conditional Positive Regard ANSWER :love and acceptance for a reason Evaluation of the humanistic approach ANSWER :- Maslow's Hierarchy is linked to economical development, countries with lower needs had lower development

  • Research support for conditions of worth (adolescents)
  • Fails to establish causal variables
  • unrealistic view of human nature as it suggest we all want to be good
  • Cultural differences in hierarchy of needs e.g. in china love is the first stage but here it is needs Confounding Variables ANSWER :A variable that is not the IV but changes the depending variable Control ANSWER :The extent a variable is held constant External Validity ANSWER :The degree research can be generalised Extranous Variables ANSWER :Nuisance variables that makes it difficult to detect changes in experiments Internal Validity

ANSWER :The degree observed effects was die to experimental manipulation rather than confounding variables Mundane Realism ANSWER :How study mirrors real life Validity ANSWER :how close you are to measuring what you want to measure Directional Hypothesis ANSWER :States direction of predicted difference e.g. People who do homework without tv produce better results than those who don't Non-Directional Hypothesis ANSWER :Predicts simply that there is a difference e.g. People who do homework with the TV produce different results from those who dont Pilot Study ANSWER :A small-scale trial run of a study to test aspects of design Repeated Measures Design ANSWER :One group does all trials Limitations of repeated measures design ANSWER :Order effect e.g. practicing trial or getting tired Guessing the purpose of the test in second trial leads to demand charecteristics

Can be solved by counterbalancing Counterbalancing ANSWER :AB or ABBA when repeating an experiment it ensures each condition is tested in equal amounts Independant Groups Design ANSWER :Two Different Groups do two different trials Limitations of independent group design ANSWER :Cannot control participant variables Needs more participants Can be solved by randomly allocating Matched Pairs Design ANSWER :Two groups in which each participant is matched with a similar version of them in the other group Limitations of Matched Pairs ANSWER :Time-consuming and difficult to match It is not possible to match all characteristics Can be solved by using twins of conducting piolet studies Field Experiment

ANSWER :A controlled experiment outside a lab Lab Experiment ANSWER :An experiment in a controlled setting Evaluation of Field experiments ANSWER :- Control over variables

  • Low ecological Validity Evaluation of Lab experiments ANSWER :- more natural
  • may lack realism
  • ethical issues with deception
  • extraneous variables Natural Experiments ANSWER :The IV occurs naturally and the DV is tested e.g. The IV of romanian orphans occurred and it was tested but we did not create the romaninan orphans Quasi Experiments ANSWER :The IV is something that just exists and the DV is tested e.g. gender face validity

ANSWER :extent to which respondents can tell what the items are measuring Concurrent Validity ANSWER :the extent to which two measures of the same trait or ability agree Ecological Validity ANSWER :The extent to which a study is realistic or representative of real life. Temporal validity ANSWER :the degree to which the results can be generalised across time Empirical Method ANSWER :gaining knowledge through the observation of events, the collection of data, and logical reasoning Replicability ANSWER :when a study's findings are able to be duplicated, ideally by independent investigators Falsifiability ANSWER :a feature of a scientific theory, in which it is possible to collect data that will prove the theory wrong Science ANSWER :A body of systematic knowledge with principle of laws that are natural Hypothesis Testing

ANSWER :make and test an educated guess about a problem/solution Theory Construction ANSWER :A collection of principles that help us explain observations and integrate facts. This is the process of assembling a theory into coherent wholes. Paradigms in Research ANSWER :an overall belief system or way of viewing the nature of reality and the basis of knowledge Paradigm shifts ANSWER :Shifts in scientific thinking that occur when the majority of scientists in a field or related fields agree that a new explanation or theory is better than the old one. Primary Data ANSWER :information collected for the specific purpose at hand Secondary Data ANSWER :information that already exists somewhere, having been collected for another purpose Quantitative Data ANSWER :numerical data Qualitative Data ANSWER :descriptive data

mean ANSWER :average Median ANSWER :the middle score in a distribution mode ANSWER :the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution Advantages of mean ANSWER :easily understood easy to calculate uses all the data values Advantages of mode ANSWER :It can be used with any type of data Not affected by extreme scores Advantages of median ANSWER :Easy to calculate

not affected by extreme scores Works on ordinal data Evaluation of Natural and Quasi Experiments ANSWER :- Lack of control of the IV

  • You cannot use random allocation due to biases
  • Sample may have unique characteristics which would bias results Range ANSWER :the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution Advantages of range ANSWER :Easy to calculate includes extremes standard deviation ANSWER :a measure of variability that describes an average distance of every score from the mean Advantages of standard deviation ANSWER :Takes all exact values into account Not difficult to calculate with a calculator Disadvantage of a mean

ANSWER :Can easily be distorted by extreme values It cannot be used with nominal data Disadvantages of median ANSWER :Not as sensitive as the mean because exact values are not reflected Disadvantages of the mode ANSWER :does not use all the data values May not exist if there is not a more common value Disadvantages of range ANSWER :Does not take into account distribution of numbers Disadvantages of standard deviation ANSWER :May hide some characteristics of data set e.g. extreme values Demand Characteristics ANSWER :A cue that makes participants consciously aware of the aims of the study and thus act how the aims tell them to Evaluation of correlation ANSWER :- no conclusion can be made from one variable causing another

  • correlation does not equal causation
  • intervening variables may be the cause
  • lacks internal/external validity
  • correlations are useful for following trends
  • correlations are useful for finding significance external Validity ANSWER :extent to which we can generalise findings to real-world settings Content Coding ANSWER :a technique used by researchers to analyse specific content delivered in the mass media so as to enable the scientific study of that content's effect on audiences Thematic Analysis. ANSWER :a method of categorizing data into thematic categories Effect Size ANSWER :the magnitude of a relationship between two or more variables Investigator Effect ANSWER :Cues from the investigator that encourage certain behaviours Indirect Investigator Effects

ANSWER :The investigator designs the experiment to make a result more likely Dealing with demand / investigator effects ANSWER :- single/double blind

  • experiemental realism, make task engaging experimental realism ANSWER :Experiment is made engaging so participants pay attention to that instead of realising they are being observed Opportunity Sample ANSWER :Recruit People who are most convenient e.g. waling by Evaluation of Opportunity Sample ANSWER :- Easy
  • Bias because you are drawn to certain people Random Sample ANSWER :Randomly pick people using the lottery technique (picking names out of a hat) or a random number table (population is assigned a number and you randomly pick it) of a computer generated random picker Evaluation of random sampling ANSWER :- Unbias
  • Need a list of all participants Stratified Sampling

ANSWER :Participants are picked based on there proportion to the rest of the population Evaluation of Stratified Sampling ANSWER :- Representative

  • Time consuming Key features of science ANSWER :Hypothesis can be tested Empirical Objective Systematic Key features of non Science ANSWER :Not testable Intuitive Subjective Deductive Method ANSWER :Begins with a general theory and narrows down into a specific hypothesis

Inductive Method ANSWER :Works from specific theories and observe to broader theories Systematic Sampling ANSWER :Use a predetermined technique e.g. every 6th participant Evaluation of Systematic Sampling ANSWER :- Unbias

  • Not truly random unless you get a random number and sample every nth time Volunteer Sampling ANSWER :Advertising for volunteers Evaluation of volunteer sampling ANSWER :- gives access to a variety of participants
  • bias to more motivated participants Bias ANSWER :A systematic distorition Informed Consent ANSWER :Participants must have information concerning the nature and purpose of the research in order to give consent Deception