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An overview of the theoretical approaches and research methods used in psychology. It covers Wilhelm Wundt and the development of experimental psychology, classical conditioning, the cognitive approach, the biological approach, the psychodynamic approach, and motivational theory. It also discusses research methods such as independent groups design, matched pairs design, field experiments, and natural experiments. The document evaluates the strengths and limitations of each approach and method.
Typology: Exams
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Wilhelm Wundt ANSWER :- First Psychologist
ANSWER :- Use of experimental method
ANSWER :non-invasive imaging techniques such as PET and fMRI scans to help psychologists understand how the brain works PET ANSWER :Positron emission tomography fMRI ANSWER :Functional Magnetic Resonance imaging Evaluation of the Cognitive Approach ANSWER :- Applications in social cognition, dysfunctional behaviour
Phenotype ANSWER :The observable characteristics of an individual Evolution ANSWER :Change is genetic make-up of a population over time NeuroChemistry ANSWER :How chemical and neural processes associate with the nervous system Nervous System ANSWER :Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord) and the Peripheral Nervous System (somatic and autonomous systems) carries impulses around the body The Brain ANSWER :Co-ordinates the functioning of the body Frontal Lobes ANSWER :Functions like speech, though and learning Parietal Lobes ANSWER :Processes sensory information like touch, temperature and pain Occipital lobes
ANSWER :Processes visual information Temporal lobes ANSWER :Involved with hearing and memory Evaluation of the Biological Approach ANSWER :- Scientific
The id ANSWER :Unconscious, contains the libido, operates to the pleasure principle and wants instant gratification The ego ANSWER :Mediates between impulsive demands of the id and reality of the super ego The Super ego ANSWER :Your conscience and morals of societal rules, feelings of guilt, what you strive towards Libido ANSWER :Biological energy created by reproductive instincts Defense Mechanisms ANSWER :In the unconscious, mechanisms to help you deal with situations that are traumatic Repression ANSWER :Blocking unacceptable thoughts, may influence you even if you don't remember them Denial ANSWER :Refusal to accept reality and the pain that follows Displacement ANSWER :redirecting of thoughts or feelings in situations where you cannot express them to the actual situation
Psychosexual Stages ANSWER :Driving forces in development of sexual energy Oral ANSWER :0- 2 years focal point of sensation it biting things Anal ANSWER :2- 3 years beginning of ego development Expulsion of waste Phallic ANSWER :3- 6 years Energy is focused on genitals Oedipus Complex Castration Anxiety Latent ANSWER :6- 12 years Developing mastery of the world around them repress early years Genital
ANSWER :12+ years fixing of Sexual energy on genitals beginning of adult life and forming relationships Evaluations of the psychodynamic approach ANSWER :- Application in controlling the masses and therapy
ANSWER :Breathing, food, water Safety Needs ANSWER :Security, resources, morality, health Love needs ANSWER :Friendship, family Esteem need ANSWER :Self esteem, confidence, achievement Self-Actualisation ANSWER :Peak experience Creativity, problem solving, spontaneity The Self ANSWER :Our personal identity Congruence ANSWER :The similarity between yourself and your ideal self Conditions of worth ANSWER :Conditions imposed on someone in order to earn positive regard Unconditional positive regard
ANSWER :love and acceptance no matter what Conditional Positive Regard ANSWER :love and acceptance for a reason Evaluation of the humanistic approach ANSWER :- Maslow's Hierarchy is linked to economical development, countries with lower needs had lower development
ANSWER :The degree observed effects was die to experimental manipulation rather than confounding variables Mundane Realism ANSWER :How study mirrors real life Validity ANSWER :how close you are to measuring what you want to measure Directional Hypothesis ANSWER :States direction of predicted difference e.g. People who do homework without tv produce better results than those who don't Non-Directional Hypothesis ANSWER :Predicts simply that there is a difference e.g. People who do homework with the TV produce different results from those who dont Pilot Study ANSWER :A small-scale trial run of a study to test aspects of design Repeated Measures Design ANSWER :One group does all trials Limitations of repeated measures design ANSWER :Order effect e.g. practicing trial or getting tired Guessing the purpose of the test in second trial leads to demand charecteristics
Can be solved by counterbalancing Counterbalancing ANSWER :AB or ABBA when repeating an experiment it ensures each condition is tested in equal amounts Independant Groups Design ANSWER :Two Different Groups do two different trials Limitations of independent group design ANSWER :Cannot control participant variables Needs more participants Can be solved by randomly allocating Matched Pairs Design ANSWER :Two groups in which each participant is matched with a similar version of them in the other group Limitations of Matched Pairs ANSWER :Time-consuming and difficult to match It is not possible to match all characteristics Can be solved by using twins of conducting piolet studies Field Experiment
ANSWER :A controlled experiment outside a lab Lab Experiment ANSWER :An experiment in a controlled setting Evaluation of Field experiments ANSWER :- Control over variables
ANSWER :extent to which respondents can tell what the items are measuring Concurrent Validity ANSWER :the extent to which two measures of the same trait or ability agree Ecological Validity ANSWER :The extent to which a study is realistic or representative of real life. Temporal validity ANSWER :the degree to which the results can be generalised across time Empirical Method ANSWER :gaining knowledge through the observation of events, the collection of data, and logical reasoning Replicability ANSWER :when a study's findings are able to be duplicated, ideally by independent investigators Falsifiability ANSWER :a feature of a scientific theory, in which it is possible to collect data that will prove the theory wrong Science ANSWER :A body of systematic knowledge with principle of laws that are natural Hypothesis Testing
ANSWER :make and test an educated guess about a problem/solution Theory Construction ANSWER :A collection of principles that help us explain observations and integrate facts. This is the process of assembling a theory into coherent wholes. Paradigms in Research ANSWER :an overall belief system or way of viewing the nature of reality and the basis of knowledge Paradigm shifts ANSWER :Shifts in scientific thinking that occur when the majority of scientists in a field or related fields agree that a new explanation or theory is better than the old one. Primary Data ANSWER :information collected for the specific purpose at hand Secondary Data ANSWER :information that already exists somewhere, having been collected for another purpose Quantitative Data ANSWER :numerical data Qualitative Data ANSWER :descriptive data
mean ANSWER :average Median ANSWER :the middle score in a distribution mode ANSWER :the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution Advantages of mean ANSWER :easily understood easy to calculate uses all the data values Advantages of mode ANSWER :It can be used with any type of data Not affected by extreme scores Advantages of median ANSWER :Easy to calculate
not affected by extreme scores Works on ordinal data Evaluation of Natural and Quasi Experiments ANSWER :- Lack of control of the IV
ANSWER :Can easily be distorted by extreme values It cannot be used with nominal data Disadvantages of median ANSWER :Not as sensitive as the mean because exact values are not reflected Disadvantages of the mode ANSWER :does not use all the data values May not exist if there is not a more common value Disadvantages of range ANSWER :Does not take into account distribution of numbers Disadvantages of standard deviation ANSWER :May hide some characteristics of data set e.g. extreme values Demand Characteristics ANSWER :A cue that makes participants consciously aware of the aims of the study and thus act how the aims tell them to Evaluation of correlation ANSWER :- no conclusion can be made from one variable causing another
ANSWER :The investigator designs the experiment to make a result more likely Dealing with demand / investigator effects ANSWER :- single/double blind
ANSWER :Participants are picked based on there proportion to the rest of the population Evaluation of Stratified Sampling ANSWER :- Representative
Inductive Method ANSWER :Works from specific theories and observe to broader theories Systematic Sampling ANSWER :Use a predetermined technique e.g. every 6th participant Evaluation of Systematic Sampling ANSWER :- Unbias