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Gait Deviations and Kinesiology Concepts, Exams of Nursing

A wide range of topics related to gait deviations, kinesiology, and anatomy. It provides detailed information on various joint movements, muscle actions, nerve innervations, and special tests. The content is structured in a question-and-answer format, covering topics such as genu varum, hip hiking, normal step length, scapulohumeral rhythm, elbow carry angle, finger opposition, hand deformities, hip torsion deformities, knee ligament injuries, ankle and foot anatomy, trunk and neck muscles, and nerve innervations. The document serves as a comprehensive reference for students and professionals in the field of physical therapy and kinesiology, covering a broad spectrum of musculoskeletal and neurological concepts.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 07/17/2024

Toperthetop
Toperthetop 🇬🇧

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PTA 101 - Final Exam - Kinesiology and

Gait - study guide IMPOTANTE

Gait:

  1. THE CENTER OF GRAVITY IS LOCATED A. L B. S C. L D. T8 - correct answer ✔✔Answer B. S Source: http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=gait-101-review Gait:
  2. HOW MANY INCHES DOES THE PELVIS AND TRUNK SHIFT LATERALLY DURING GAIT A. 3" B. 2" C. 4" D. 1" - correct answer ✔✔Answer D. 1" Source: http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=gait-101-review

Gait Deviation: THIS TYPE OF LEG LENGTH DISCREPENCY IS CLINICALLY MEASURED FROM ASIS TO MM OR LM WITH PATIENT IN THE SUPINE POSITION A. STRUCTURAL B. FUNCTIONAL - correct answer ✔✔Answer A. STRUCTURAL Source: http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=gait-deviations-from- Gait Deviation: DURING INITIAL HEEL STRIKE: THE PATIENT PRESENTS WITH THEIR FOOT SLAPPING DOWN TO THE FLOOR WHERE IS THE POTENTIAL PROBLEM? A. IN THE ANKLE PLANTARFLEXORS B. IN THE QUADRICEPS C. IN THE ANKLE DORSIFLEXORS D. IN THE HAMSTRINGS - correct answer ✔✔DURING INITIAL HEEL STRIKE: THE PATIENT PRESENTS WITH THEIR FOOT SLAPPING DOWN TO THE FLOOR WHERE IS THE POTENTIAL PROBLEM?

C. IN THE ANKLE DORSIFLEXORS (Answer) Source: http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=gait-deviations-from- Gait: THE DISTANCE BETWEEN SUCCESSIVE CONTACT OF THE SAME LIMB IS CALLED A. STEP LENGTH B. CADENCE C. STRIDE LENGTH D. DOUBLE STANCE - correct answer ✔✔THE DISTANCE BETWEEN SUCCESSIVE CONTACT OF THE SAME LIMB IS CALLED C. STRIDE LENGTH (Answer) Source: http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=gait-101-review Gait: A GAIT CYCLE IS A. THE PERIOD IN GAIT WHEN BOTH LOWER EXTREMITIES ARE IN CONTACT WITH WALKING SURFACE IN REFERENCE LIMB B. NUMBER OF STEPS PER UNIT OF TIME C. A SERIES OF MOTIONS THAT OCCUR BETWEEN THE TIME OF HEEL STRIKE OF REFERENCE LIMB UNTIL HEEL STRIKE OF SAME REFERENCE LIMB

D. DISTANCE BETWEEN SUCCESSIVE CONTACT POINTS OF OPPOSITE LIMBS - correct answer ✔✔A GAIT CYCLE IS C. A SERIES OF MOTIONS THAT OCCUR BETWEEN THE TIME OF HEEL STRIKE OF REFERENCE LIMB UNTIL HEEL STRIKE OF SAME REFERENCE LIMB (Answer) Source: http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=gait-101-review Gait: HOW MANY STEPS PER MINUTE WOULD ONE NEED TO TAKE TO HAVE A FAST WALK? - correct answer ✔✔130 STEPS PER MINUTE Source: http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=gait-101-review Gait: REGARDING CADENCE , WHAT IS THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF STEPS PER MINUTE ONE COULD TAKE AND IT STILL BE CONSIDERED A SLOW WALK? A. 90 B. 120 C. 50 D. 70 - correct answer ✔✔REGARDING CADENCE , WHAT IS THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF STEPS PER MINUTE ONE COULD TAKE AND IT STILL BE CONSIDERED A SLOW WALK? D. 70 Source: http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=gait-101-review

Gait: DURING TOE OFF; THE KNEE FLEXES TO? AND THE ANKLE PLANTARFLEXES TO ?(ANSWERS ARE IN DEGREES) A. 40, 60 B. 60, 40 C. 40, 20 D. 20, 40 - correct answer ✔✔DURING TOE OFF; THE KNEE FLEXES TO? AND THE ANKLE PLANTARFLEXES TO? (ANSWERS ARE IN DEGREES) C. 40, 20 (Answer) Source: http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=gait-101-review Gait: DURING CADENCE, IF THE DOUBLE SUPPORT IS 0 SECONDS YOU ARE RESTING A.TRUE B.FALSE - correct answer ✔✔DURING CADENCE, IF THE DOUBLE SUPPORT IS 0 SECONDS YOU ARE RESTING B.FALSE No double support in running. Source: http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=gait-101-review

Gait: DURING MIDSTANCE: THE PELVIS HAS AN EXAGGERATED DOWNWARD TILT ON THE LEFT SIDE WHERE IS THE POTENTIAL PROBLEM? A. THE LEFT HIP ADDUCTOR B. THE RIGHT HIP ABDUCTOR C. THE RIGHT HIP ADDUCTOR D. THE LEFT HIP ABDUCTOR - correct answer ✔✔DURING MIDSTANCE: THE PELVIS HAS AN EXAGGERATED DOWNWARD TILT ON THE LEFT SIDE WHERE IS THE POTENTIAL PROBLEM? B. THE RIGHT HIP ABDUCTOR (Correct Answer) Source: http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=gait-deviations-from- Gait Deviation: GENU VARUM A. KNOCKED KNEES B. BOWLEGGED - correct answer ✔✔GENU VARUM

B. BOWLEGGED (Answer) Source: http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=gait-deviations-from- Gait Deviation: TRENDELENBURG GAIT IS OBSERVED DURING STANCE PHASE ON THE AFFECTED SIDE A. TRUE B. FALSE - correct answer ✔✔TRENDELENBURG GAIT IS OBSERVED DURING STANCE PHASE ON THE AFFECTED SIDE A. TRUE (Answer) Source: http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=gait-deviations-from- Gait Deviation: THIS TYPE OF LEG LENGTH DISCREPANCY IS CLINICALLY MEASURED FROM THE PATIENTS UMBILLICUS TO MM IN THE SUPINE POSITION A. STRUCTURAL B. FUNCTIONAL - correct answer ✔✔THIS TYPE OF LEG LENGTH DISCREPANCY IS CLINICALLY MEASURED FROM THE PATIENTS UMBILLICUS TO MM IN THE SUPINE POSITION B. FUNCTIONAL (Answer) Source: http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=gait-deviations-from- Gait Deviation:

What muscle is weak in Trendelenburg Gait? Which pelvis droops, affected side or contralateral side? - correct answer ✔✔What muscle is weak in Trendelenburg Gait? Gluteus Medius (Answer) Which pelvis droops, affected side or contralateral side? Contralateral side (Answer) Source: PTA 101 intro to PT book, page 153 Gait: What are the causes of Hip Hiking? - correct answer ✔✔Answers:

  • Fused joint
  • Cast
  • Prosthesis too long Source: PTA 101 intro to PT book, page 158 Gait: NORMAL STEP LENGTH IS A. 12 INCHES B. 8 INCHES C. 15 INCHES D. 20 INCHES - correct answer ✔✔NORMAL STEP LENGTH IS C. 15 INCHES (Answer) Source: http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=gait-101-review

What motions happen in Sagittal Plane, Frontal Axis? What motions happen in Frontal Plane, Sagittal Axis? - correct answer ✔✔Sagittal Plane, Frontal Axis:

  • Flexion/Extention Frontal Plane, Sagittal Axis:
  • Abduction/Adduction
  • Radal/Ulnar Deviation
  • Eversion/Inversion Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 3 Difference between an Agonist and Antagonist? - correct answer ✔✔Agonist: A muscle or group of muscles whose contractions may be considered primarily responsible for causing a movement (Prime Mover) Antagonist: A muscle that can oppose the action of an agonist. Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 8 Difference between Concentric contraction and Eccentric contraction? - correct answer ✔✔Concentric contraction: A contraction in which the origins and insertions of the contracting muscles are brought CLOSER together owing to the action of the muscle. Eccentric contraction: A contraction in which the origins and insertions of a contracting muscle are moved AWAY from each other by an external force.

Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 8 Difference between Isometric contraction and Isokinetic contraction? - correct answer ✔✔Isometric contraction:

  • A contraction in which No Noticeable Shortening of the muscle takes place. Isokinetic contraction (not isotonic):
  • Not really a type of muscle contraction
  • constant VELOCITY movement
  • No unique contractile event Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 8 Shoulder: What bones make up the shoulder girdle? - correct answer ✔✔- Scapula
  • clavicle
  • to the lesser degree, sternum Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 9 Shoulder: Scapulohumeral Rhythm: The Shoulder moves how many degrees? The Scapula moves how many degrees? - correct answer ✔✔The Shoulder moves 2 degrees. The Scapula moves 1 degrees.

Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 16 Shoulder: What muscle is affected and which nerve is involved with Scapula Winging? - correct answer ✔✔Muscle: Serratus Anterior Nerve: Long Thoracic Nerve Serratus Anterior prevents scapula winging. Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 17 Shoulder: What muscles produce the action of Retraction? What muscles produce the action of Protraction? - correct answer ✔✔Retraction: Middle trapezius, rhomboids Protraction: Serratus anterior, pectoralis minor Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 15 Shoulder: What does the Drop Arm Test indicate? - correct answer ✔✔To detect any tears in the rotator cuff. Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 36 Elbow:

What bones make up the Elbow joint complex? - correct answer ✔✔- Humerus

  • Radius
  • Ulna Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 38 Elbow: What is the carry angle for women and men? - correct answer ✔✔Women: 15 degrees Men: 10 degrees Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 40 Elbow: What is the origin of the biceps brachii short head? - correct answer ✔✔- Coracoid process of scapula Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 46 Elbow: What nerves innervated the biceps brachii? What nerves innervated the triceps brachii? - correct answer ✔✔Biceps brachii: Musculocutaneous Nerve Triceps brachii: Radial Nerve

Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 46 Elbow: Where are the attachment points for the Annular Ligament? - correct answer ✔✔Attaches anteriorly and posteriorly to the radial notch of the ulna. Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 44 Wrist:

  1. From Radius to ulna, what are the carpal bones in proximal row of the hand?
  2. From Radius to ulna, what are the carpal bones in distal row of the hand? - correct answer ✔✔Proximal row: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisform Distal row: Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 52 Hand: Which finger and joint allows for a small amount Finger Opposition? - correct answer ✔✔5th finger CMC joint allows for a small amount of Fifth finger opposition. Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 57 Hand:
  3. How are the MCP, PIP, and DIP joints bent in Swan Neck Deformity?
  4. How are the MCP, PIP, and DIP joints bent in Boutonniere Deformity? - correct answer ✔✔Swan Neck Deformity:

MCP - flexed, PIP - extended, DIP - flexed Boutonniere Deformity: MCP - extended, PIP - flexed, DIP - extended Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 63 Hand: What is Power Grip? What are the power grips? - correct answer ✔✔Power Grip - no movement between hand and the object being held Power Grips:

  1. Spherical - ball
  2. Cylindrical - bat
  3. Hook - briefcase Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 63 Hand:
  4. What is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)?
  5. What ligament can be surgically cut to relieve CTS?
  6. What tests are used to indicate CTS? - correct answer ✔✔1.Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Compression of the median nerve in carpal tunnel.
  7. Transverse carpal ligament can cut relieve CTS pain.
  1. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome tests:
  • Phalen test
  • Tinel's test Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 63 and 69 Hip:
  1. What bones make up the pelvis/pelvic girdle?
  2. What 3 bones make up the hip bones? - correct answer ✔✔Pelvis/Pelvic girdle:
  • Hip bones
  • Sacrum
  • Coccyx Hip bones:
  • ilium
  • Ischium
  • Pubis Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 74 Hip: How does the iliofemoral ligament reinforces the capsule? a. anteriorly b. medially and inferiorly c. posteriorly

How does the pubofemoral ligament span the hip joint? a. anteriorly b. medially and inferiorly c. posteriorly How does the ischiofemoral ligament cover the capsule? a. anteriorly b. medially and inferiorly c. posteriorly - correct answer ✔✔Hip: iliofemoral ligament (inverted Y shape) a. anteriorly pubofemoral ligament b. medially and inferiorly ischiofemoral ligament c. posteriorly Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 81 Hip: Difference between Coxa Valga and Coxa Vara? - correct answer ✔✔Coxa Valga: femur neck is > 125 degrees Coxa Vara: femur neck is < 125 degrees Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 91

Hip: Difference between Anteversion and Retroversion? - correct answer ✔✔Shaft and neck of femur angle of torsion deformities: Anteversion - increased angle of torsion "toed in" Retroversion - decreased angle of torsion "toed out" Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 91 Hip: What does Ober Test indicate? - correct answer ✔✔If a patient has iliotibial (IT) band contraction

  • Positive sign: leg remains in air instead of dropping when the PT or PTA removes their hands from the patient's leg. Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 102 Hip:
  1. What nerve innervates the Hamstrings: semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris - long head (not short head)?
  2. What nerve innervates the Rectus Femoris? - correct answer ✔✔1. Hamstrings - Sciatic nerve Note: Biceps femoris - short head - Common peroneal nerve
  3. Rectus femoris - Femoral nerve Note: femoral nerve innervates all quadriceps muscles.

Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 86 Knee: Screw home mechanism:

  1. What does weight bearing extension cause femur to do on tibia?
  2. What does non - weight bearing extension cause tibia to do on femur? - correct answer ✔✔Knee: Screw home mechanism:
  3. What does weight bearing extension cause femur to do on tibia?
  • Spin
  1. What does non - weight bearing extension cause tibia to do on femur?
  • externally rotate Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 104 Knee: Where is Q angle measured from? And normal ranges of Q angle? - correct answer ✔✔- ASIS to patella AND
  • Tibial tubercle to patella Normal range: 13 - 19 degrees Wider in females than males Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 104

Knee: **This was stated as a question for the Final Exam in class. In the Pes anserine muscle group, all cross knee medially and joint together to attach distally on what area of the tibia? - correct answer ✔✔Anterior medial surface of proximal tibia. Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 108 Knee: Which ligaments and meniscus are damaged in the Terrible Triad? - correct answer ✔✔- Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

  • Medial collateral ligament (MCL)
  • Medial meniscus Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 111 Knee: What does the Anterior draw sign test for? - correct answer ✔✔Anterior draw sign - ACL tear Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 123 Ankle and Foot: It was stated that this was important to know in class. What is the first (most common) torn ligament in the foot? Also is the ligament torn with an inward twist or outward twist? - correct answer ✔✔Most Common torn - The Anterior talofibular (ATF) ligament - inward twist

Least common torn - Posterior talofibular (PTF) ligament - outward twist Source: stated during PTA 101 lecture Ankle and Foot: What are the 3 parts of the foot? Also what are the bones of each part? - correct answer ✔✔Hind foot - talus and calcaneus Mid foot - navicular, cuboid, and 3 cuneiforms Forefoot - 5 metatarsals and all phalanges Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 126 Ankle and Foot: Which bones does the Deltoid ligament attach to? - correct answer ✔✔Deltoid ligament attaches to:

  • talus
  • navicular
  • calcaneus Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 130 Ankle and Foot: What is the difference between Pes Cavus and Pes Planus? - correct answer ✔✔Pes Cavus - abnormally high arch

Pes Planus - Loss of longitudinal arch, flat foot Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 134 Ankle and Foot: What's Hallux Valgus? - correct answer ✔✔Valgus deformity of the great toe by pathological changes. Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 134 Trunk: *** As stated in lecture this trunk muscle will be on the test. What trunk muscle laterally bends trunk and is involved in Hip Hiking? - correct answer ✔✔Trunk muscle: Quadratus Lumborum (QL)

  • originates at iliac crest
  • inserts at 12th rib, transverse processes of all 5 lumbar vertebrae.
  • Innervated by 12th thoracic and 1st lumbar nerves
  • Laterally bends
  • Involved in Hip Hiking Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 157 Neck:

Which vertebrae and bone is involved with the Altano-Occipital joint? Also what motions are involved? - correct answer ✔✔- Articulation of the head and C1 (atlas)

  • Main motion flexion and extension (nodding head for yes) Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 149 Neck: Which vertebrae and bone is involved with the Altanoaxial joint? Also what motions are involved? - correct answer ✔✔- Articulation between C1 and C2
  • Lateral bending that occurs between C1 and C2.
  • Rotation of head - occurs in transverse plane (shaking head for no) Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 149 Trunk and Neck: In the vertebrae:
  1. What's the opening formed by joining the body and neural arch? - correct answer ✔✔1. What's the opening formed by joining the body and neural arch?
  • Vertebral Foramen (Answer) Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 151 Trunk and Neck:

In the vertebrae:

  1. What's the portion of the neural arch posterior to body and anterior to lamina? - correct answer ✔✔2. What's the portion of the neural arch posterior to body and anterior to lamina?
  • Pedicle (Answer) Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 151 Trunk and Neck: In the vertebrae:
  1. What's the posterior portion of neural arch that unites each side in midline? - correct answer ✔✔3. What's the posterior portion of neural arch that unites each side in midline?
  • Lamina (Answer) Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 151 Trunk and Neck: In the vertebrae:
  1. What's formed by union of lamina and pedicle? - correct answer ✔✔4. What's formed by union of lamina and pedicle?
  • Transverse Process

Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 151 Trunk and Neck: Degeneration of annulus fibrosus that allows nucleus pulposus to bulge through annulus, what is this vertebral pathology? - correct answer ✔✔Herniated disks Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 151 Trunk and Neck: One vertebrae slips forward in relation to an adjacent vertebrae, what is this vertebral pathology? - correct answer ✔✔Spondylolisthesis Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 151 Spine: What does the Valsalva test indicate? - correct answer ✔✔This test increases intrathecal pressure.

  • Tell patient to bear down, like when pooping.
  • Indicates a space-occupying lesion, such as a herniated disc or a tumor, in the cervical canal. Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 165 Thoracic: What is the difference between rib separation and rib dislocation - correct answer ✔✔rib separation - dislocation between rib and it's costal cartilage.

rib dislocation - displacement of the costal cartilage from sternum. Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 171 Nerves: What nerve innervates the upper, middle, and lower trapeius? - correct answer ✔✔Spinal accessory nerve Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 18 Nerves: What nerve innervates the supraspinatus and infraspinatus? - correct answer ✔✔Suprascapular nerve Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 27 Nerves: What nerve innervates the adductor longus, brevis, and magnus? - correct answer ✔✔Obturator nerve Source: PTA 101 intro to Kinesiology book, page 86 Functional activities: Push up from chair Gym: Triceps Extension What muscle is being used? - correct answer ✔✔Triceps Source: PTA 101 lab book, page 122