Public Health Priorities and Challenges in the 21st Century, Exams of Nursing

Download Public Health Priorities and Challenges in the 21st Century and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE: MPH 500 Public Health vs Medicine...how are they different? - correct answer The biggest difference between public health and medicine is that public health deals with health from the perspective of populations, while medicine deals with health from the perspective of individuals. In medicine, the patient is the individual person. In public health, the patient is the entire community. Healthy People 2020 and its importance - correct answer Healthy People provides science-based, 10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans. For 3 decades, Healthy People has established benchmarks and monitored progress over time in order to: -Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death. -Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups. -Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all. Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages. Public health priorities 21st century - correct answer 1. Reduce poverty in the poorest countries of the world, and to eliminate the pockets of poverty that exist within countries, including among refugees. 2. Safeguard the gains already achieved in public health depends through sharing health and medical knowledge, expertise and experience on a global scale. 3. Enhance health potential in the future by preventing and reducing premature mortality, morbidity and disability, enabling people of all ages to achieve over time their maximum potential, intellectually and physically through education, the development of life skills and healthy lifestyles. 4. Strive to better understand healthy aging - the physical and mental characteristics of old age and their associated problems 5. Public health achievements in 20th and 21st century - correct answer 20th century Immunizations Motor vehicle safety Workplace safety Control of infectious diseases (which includes immunizations) Declines in deaths from heart disease and stroke Safer and healthier foods Healthier mothers and babies Family planning Fluoridation of drinking water to prevent dental caries (cavities) Reduction of tobacco use 21st century Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Tobacco Control Maternal and Infant Health Motor Vehicle Safety Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Occupational Safety Cancer Prevention Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Improved Public Health Preparedness and Response Leading causes of death in US and "actual" root causes of death—how does this relate to health promotion? - correct answer Heart disease Cancer Accidents (unintentional injuries) Chronic lower respiratory diseases Stroke (cerebrovascular diseases) 10. Research for new insights, innovative solutions to health problems Public health professional core competencies - correct answer Analytic/Assessment Skills Policy Development/Program Planning Skills Communication Skills Cultural Competency Skills Community Dimensions of Practice Skills Basic Public Health Sciences Skills Financial Planning and Management Skills Leadership and Systems Thinking Skills Differences in governmental level responsibilities in public health - correct answer Federal since health is not mentioned in Constitution, primary responsibility belongs to states Ensure all levels of govt. have capabilities to provide essential public health services Act when health threats may span more than one state, a region, or entire nation Act where solutions may be beyond the jurisdiction of individual states Act to assist states when they lack the expertise or resources to effectively respond in a public health emergency (e.g., a disaster, bioterrorism, or an emerging disease) Facilitate formulation of public health goals (in collaboration with state and local governments and other relevant stakeholders) State Coordinate with other government departments: governmental planning and priorities; education, social welfare, labor, agriculture, mental health, and financing of universities. Establish standards; finance, develop, advise, and supervise local health departments. Legislate and regulate health-related matters: preparation, assistance, and enforcement. Plan and set health priorities and targets. Provide epidemiological and laboratory services to local health departments. Maintain and publish vital statistics, epidemiology, and health information systems. Develop standards and monitor quantity, quality, and distribution of diagnostic and treatment services. Ensure occupational health supervision. Ensure environmental health monitoring and supervision. Local County and city health departments 'day to day' responsibility for PH matters Funding sources are variable Enact and enforce local public health laws Maintain health and sanitation supervision Inspect water systems Inform public regarding disease prevention & health promotion Registration and vital statistics Licensing and supervision of health facilities Social vs market justice - correct answer Social justice: common good; minimal levels of income, basic housing, employment, education, and health care fundamental rights Market justice: Individual responsibility; minimal obligation to common good, and freedom for individuals to act autonomously Primary sources of controversy in public health - correct answer Economic impact Individual liberty Moral and religious concerns Politics vs. Science Census data and relevance to public health Flaws of census data - correct answer Valid census information is critical to ensure that policy makers and public health practitioners have the evidence needed to: (1) establish incidence rates, mortality rates, and prevalence for the full characterization of emerging health issues; (2) address disparities in health care, prevention strategies and health outcomes among vulnerable populations; and (3) plan and effectively respond in times of disaster and emergency. FLAWS- defining omissions, duplications, erroneous enumerations, and errors of geography and demographic characteristics Epidemiological studies - Framingham heart study and Doll and Hill study—contributions to field - correct answer Framingham heart study -Long term, ongoing cardiovascular cohort study on residents of the city of Framingham, Massachusetts. Doll and Hill study—The British Doctors' Study was a prospective cohort study which ran from 1951 to 2001, and in 1956 provided convincing statistical proof that tobacco smoking increased the risk of lung cancer. Key terms related to epidemiology - correct answer Study distribution determinants health-related states or events specified populations application Frequency, surveillance, distribution, determinants, descriptive vs. analytic epid, outbreak, epidemic, endemic - correct answer Frequency surveillance distribution determinants descriptive vs. analytic epid, outbreak, epidemic, endemic Environmental teratogens—what are they? Examples? - correct answer Trends of smoking over time E-cigarette trends- pros & cons - correct answer Contributing factors to obesity - correct answer Strategies to reduce obesity and increase healthy eating and physical activity - correct answer Injury pyramid—what is it and how does it work? - correct answer Analyzing injuries using host-agent-environment - correct answer Risk communication vacuum—what is it? Examples in public health - correct answer Maternal health—infant mortality rate (IMR) differences between countries...why might US be ranked so low? - correct answer Strategies to reduce IMR Safe to Sleep campaign - correct answer Mental illness from a lifespan perspective - risk factors and strategies to address mental illness - correct answer Strategies to reduce air pollution from cars and industry - correct answer Irrationality of systems to address food borne illness - FDA vs USDA budget, authority, etc. - correct answer Controversy surrounding direct to consumer drug ads - correct answer Diversity and cultural competence - importance of addressing each - correct answer Aging population - correct answer Trends of aging in the population -Methods to prevent falls among older adults -Ethical issues behind rationing of health care -Methods to reduce health care costs from a public health perspective -What is compression of morbidity? - correct answer Population growth as a public health concern How has public health contributed to population growth? J curve vs S curve How is climate change a public health issue? - correct answer