(Purdue) PS124 Introduction to Psychology Midterm Exam Guide Q & S 2024, Exams of Nursing

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PS

Introduction to

Psychology

Midterm Exam Guide

Q & S

1. Multiple Choice: Which psychological theory posits that behavior is motivated by unconscious drives and conflicts?
   • A) Behaviorism
   • B) Humanism
   • C) Psychoanalysis
   • D) Cognitive Psychology

Correct Answer: C) Psychoanalysis

Rationale: Psychoanalysis, developed by Sigmund Freud, emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior.

2. True/False: The James-Lange theory of emotion states that emotional experiences result from the perception of bodily reactions.
   • Answer: True Rationale: The James-Lange theory proposes that emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events.
3. Fill-in-the-Blank: The __________ perspective in psychology focuses on how we learn observable responses.
   • Answer: Behavioral Rationale: The behavioral perspective examines how we learn through rewards, punishments, and observation.

4. Multiple Choice: What is the term for the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging?
   • A) Fight-or-flight response
   • B) Stress appraisal
   • C) Coping
   • D) Homeostasis

Correct Answer: B) Stress appraisal

Rationale: Stress appraisal refers to the process of perceiving and responding to stressors.

5. True/False: The hippocampus plays a significant role in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory.
   • Answer: True Rationale: The hippocampus is involved in memory formation, particularly in converting short-term memory into long-term memory.
6. Fill-in-the-Blank: __________ is the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.
   • Answer: Behavior genetics Rationale: Behavior genetics explores how our genes and our environment influence our individual differences.
7. Multiple Choice: Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in mood regulation and is implicated in depression?

• A) Dopamine
• B) Acetylcholine
• C) Serotonin
• D) GABA

Correct Answer: C) Serotonin

Rationale: Serotonin is known to significantly affect mood and is linked to depression.

8. True/False: In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus naturally triggers a response.
   • Answer: True Rationale: In classical conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus is something that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any learning.
9. Fill-in-the-Blank: The __________ effect is the phenomenon in which expectations can influence perceptions.
   • Answer: Placebo Rationale: The placebo effect occurs when a person's expectations lead to a perceived or actual improvement in a condition.
10. Multiple Choice: What is the primary function of the myelin sheath?
    • A) To speed up the transmission of information within a neuron
    • B) To protect and insulate axons

• C) To produce neurotransmitters
• D) Both A and B

Correct Answer: D) Both A and B

Rationale: The myelin sheath speeds up neural impulses and also insulates and protects the neuron's axon.

11. True/False: The reticular formation is primarily responsible for controlling arousal and wakefulness.
    • Answer: True Rationale: The reticular formation is a network of neurons in the brainstem that is essential for regulating wakefulness and sleep-wake transitions.
12. Fill-in-the-Blank: The __________ bias is a tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions.
    • Answer: Confirmation Rationale: The confirmation bias affects our ability to think critically and consider alternative outcomes.
13. Multiple Choice: Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating voluntary movement and balance?
    • A) Amygdala
    • B) Hypothalamus
    • C) Cerebellum

• D) Frontal lobe

Correct Answer: C) Cerebellum

Rationale: The cerebellum is involved in the coordination of voluntary movements and balance.

14. True/False: The all-or-none principle states that a neuron's reaction is the same regardless of the intensity of the stimulus.
    • Answer: True Rationale: According to the all-or-none principle, if a neuron fires, it always fires at the same intensity; all action potentials are of the same strength. Fill-in-the-Blank: The concept of operant conditioning was pioneered by __.

Correct Answer: B.F. Skinner

Rationale: B.F. Skinner is renowned for his work on operant conditioning, which involves learning through consequences of actions. True/False: In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious mind has no influence on our behavior.

Correct Answer: False

Rationale: Freud believed that the unconscious mind plays a significant role in shaping our behavior and personality. Multiple Choice:

Which neurotransmitter is commonly associated with feelings of pleasure and reward? A) Serotonin B) Dopamine C) Acetylcholine D) GABA

Correct Answer: B) Dopamine

Rationale: Dopamine is a neurotransmitter linked to pleasure, reward, and motivation. Fill-in-the-Blank: The process of encoding refers to __ information into memory.

Correct Answer: storing

Rationale: Encoding involves converting sensory information into a form that can be stored in memory. True/False: According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, self-actualization is the most basic human need.

Correct Answer: False

Rationale: Self-actualization is the highest level in Maslow's hierarchy, representing the fulfillment of one's potential. Multiple Choice:

Which research method allows for the investigation of cause-and-effect relationships? A) Correlational study B) Experimental study C) Observational study D) Case study

Correct Answer: B) Experimental study

Rationale: Experimental studies involve manipulating variables to observe their impact on outcomes, establishing cause-and-effect relationships. Fill-in-the-Blank: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is categorized as an __ disorder.

Correct Answer: anxiety

Rationale: PTSD is an anxiety disorder triggered by traumatic experiences. True/False: Classical conditioning was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov in his study with dogs.

Correct Answer: True

Rationale: Ivan Pavlov's famous experiment with dogs illustrated the principles of classical conditioning.

Multiple Choice: The Stanford Prison Experiment conducted by Philip Zimbardo aimed to study the impact of __ on behavior. A) Social norms B) Authority C) Deindividuation D) Situational factors

Correct Answer: D) Situational factors

Rationale: The Stanford Prison Experiment explored how situational factors can influence behavior and attitudes. Fill-in-the-Blank: The process of forgetting information stored in memory is known as __.

Correct Answer: retrieval

Rationale: Retrieval refers to the ability to access and bring forth stored information from memory. True/False: The concept of the 'self-schema' in social psychology refers to a person's self-concept that guides and organizes the processing of self-relevant information.

Correct Answer: True

Rationale: A self-schema is a cognitive structure that helps individuals process, organize, and interpret self-relevant information.

Multiple Choice: Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for regulating emotions and memory? A) Amygdala B) Hippocampus C) Cerebellum D) Frontal lobe

Correct Answer: A) Amygdala

Rationale: The amygdala plays a vital role in processing emotions and encoding emotional memories. Fill-in-the-Blank: The process by which newly formed memories can become more stable and long-lasting is called __.

Correct Answer: consolidation

Rationale: Consolidation involves strengthening and stabilizing newly acquired memories for long-term retention. True/False: The bystander effect states that individuals are more likely to offer help in an emergency situation when others are present.

Correct Answer: False

Rationale: The bystander effect suggests that individuals are less likely to intervene in an emergency when others are present due to diffusion of responsibility.

1. Which of the following is an example of implicit memory? a) Recalling a fact consciously b) Riding a bike without thinking about it c) Solving a math problem step by step d) Remembering a phone number to dial

Answer: b) Implicit memory involves unconscious memory such as

procedural memories like riding a bike.

2. The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information is known as: a) Sensory adaptation b) Perception c) Sensitization d) Memory consolidation

Answer: b) Perception refers to the organization and interpretation of

sensory information.

3. The theory that suggests that emotions result from the interpretation of bodily responses in reaction to external events is known as: a) James-Lange theory b) Cannon-Bard theory c) Two-factor theory d) Facial feedback hypothesis

Answer: a) The James-Lange theory proposes that emotions are the

result of our bodily responses to external stimuli.

4. Which of the following brain structures is responsible for the formation and storage of new memories? a) Hippocampus b) Amygdala c) Frontal lobe d) Cerebellum

Answer: a) The hippocampus is important for the formation and

storage of new memories.

5. Which of the following best describes operant conditioning? a) Learning from the consequences of behavior b) Learning by association between two stimuli

c) Learning through imitation of others d) Learning through exposure to repetitive stimuli

Answer: a) Operant conditioning involves learning from the

consequences of behavior.

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions:

6. In classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus becomes a ___________ after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Answer: conditioned stimulus (CS)

7. The process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information is collectively known as ___________.

Answer: memory

8. The process through which information is maintained over time is called ___________.

Answer: storage

9. The _______ is known for playing a crucial role in regulating emotions such as fear and aggression.

Answer: amygdala

10. The psychological term for the persistence of learning over time is known as ___________.

Answer: memory

True/False Questions:

11. True or False: Long-term potentiation refers to the strengthening of synaptic connections over time, leading to enhanced communication between neurons.

Answer: True - Long-term potentiation is an important mechanism for

the formation of memories in the brain.

12. True or False: Developmental psychology focuses on the study of changes that occur throughout a person's life span.

Answer: True - Developmental psychology examines changes in

behavior and mental processes over the entire life span.

13. True or False: The bystander effect suggests that individuals are more likely to help in an emergency situation when others are present.

Answer: False - The bystander effect states that individuals are less

likely to intervene in an emergency when others are present.

14. True or False: Psychoanalysis was a therapeutic approach developed by B.F. Skinner.

Answer: False - Psychoanalysis was developed by Sigmund Freud, not

B.F. Skinner.

15. True or False: The peripheral nervous system is responsible for gathering information from the external environment and transmitting it to the central nervous system.

Answer: True - The peripheral nervous system collects sensory

information and sends it to the brain and spinal cord for processing.