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Question Positive Behavior Support - Answer an approach used to support behavior change. The method is not designed to "fix" the person & never uses punishment. Main idea: teaching someone a more effective/ acceptable bx will decrease problem bx. Question Who is a bx support plan for? - Answer indv who display challenging bx to the extent that it severely impacts their life. -can be developed and used at any age. Question PBS in a School Setting - Answer Proact, Safety Care, Be aware of antecedant strategies, ensure safety of kiddo and others around. Question What is a good bx support plan look like? - Answer - more proactive strategies than reactive ones

• helps to ensure that the focus of the plan is on providing ways to support the person to have a good life, enabling the person to learn better and more effective ways of getting what they need. Question Proactive Strategies - Answer Intended to make sure the person gets what they need & includes ways to teach the person appropriate communication & life skills. Question Reactive Strategies - Answer Designed to keep the person & those around them safe from harm. They provide a way to react quickly when person is distressed & more likely to display challenging behavior. Question Functions of Behaviors & Alternatives - Answer Sensory:teach them to ask for desired object/ activity, use preferred sensory items to create new activities, have sensory time & structured activity so stimming doesn't take over Question Escape:Teach them to say yes/ no, ask for break/ all done, introduce them to a less preferred activity gradually, change the way you ask them to do something Question Attention: Teach them to tap/ vocalize sign for desired item; give frequent positive social attn Question Tangibles:teach them to ask for object/ activity, Give what they asked for as soon as appropriate, teach them to get something themselves, Make sure they are not left too long w/o food/drink/ something meaningful to do. Question What is Discrete Trial Training? - Answer a Method of teaching in simplified & structured steps. A skill is broken down into steps & built up one step at a time. Each attempt is a "trial".

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Question 5 steps of DTT - Answer 1.Antecedent-sets up the response (SD, environment) 2.Prompt 3.Response

4. Consequence for Correct Response/ Incorrect response
5. Inter-trial interval Question Pros of DTT - Answer Scripted to ensure all trials are consistent, can increase motivation & learning, numerous learning opportunities, can be easily individualized, clear beginning & end to each trial, can minimize failures Question Cons of DTT - Answer Difficult to generalize, boring, lacks naturalistic reinforcement, difficulty fading reinforcement Question Purpose of Person Centered Planning - Answer ongoing problem solving process used to help ppl w disabilities plan for the future: -To look at the ind a different way -To assist the focus person in gaining control of their own life -To increase opportunities for participation in the community -To recognize individual desires, interests & dreams -Through team effort, develop a plan to turn dreams into reality. Question Who is involved in Person Centered Planning? - Answer The focus person & whoever they would like. Works best when there is an unbiased facilitator & a person to record what is shared. Family members, professionals, friends, etc may be invited. Question Steps of Person Centered Planning: Profiling - Answer 1. Develop a history for focus person. (Background, critical events, medical issues, major developments, important relationships)
6. Description of quality of life for FP. (Comm participation, comm presence, choices/rights, respect & competence)
7. Personal preferences of FP. (Preferred activities, things they do not like) Question Person Centered Planning Meeting - Answer 1. Review the profile. Make comments & observations
8. Review trends/ongoing events in the environment.
9. Share visions for the future to increase opportunities.
10. ID obstacles & opportunities, things that could make vision a reality
11. ID strategies: action steps for implementation
12. Getting started: ID action steps that can be done in a short time.
13. ID the need for service delivery to be more responsive to ind needs. Question Who was Hans Asperger? - Answer 20th century, Austrian Pediatrician who published a profile in 1944 of four boys with a specific pattern of bx: "autisitic psychopathy".

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Question Characteristics of Aspergers (1944) - Answer "lack of empathy, little ability to form friendships, one-sided conversations, intense absorption in a special interest & clumsy movements." Question The term "Asperger Syndrome" was coined by: - Answer Lorna Wing, a British Researcher in 1981 in her research to counter Kanner's findings on Autism. Question Basic principles of Bx by Skinner (& others) - Answer Reinforcement -Prompting -Fading -Shaping -Schedules of Rx (Principles are the pure science, not the applied science.) Question -Principles used to describe how bx is lawful, observable, measurable & has an impact on the environment. Question DRO - Answer Reinforcement is contingent on absence of problem behavior. Question DRA - Answer Potential rx is presented contingent on occurrences of desired alternative to maladaptive bx. Maladaptive Bx is placed on extinction. Question Example of DRA: crying to escape - Answer Asking for a break. Crying doesn't result in a break. Question Replacement Bx for Attention: - Answer tap on shoulder, say "excuse me", raise hand in class, Question Replacement Bx for Escape: - Answer Asking for break, finish one more then break, take a walk, go get a drink. Question Replacement Bx for Tangibles: - Answer eating/ drinking on a schedule so kiddo isn't hungry/thirsty, Manding/tacting desired items, Completing task to earn tangibles, turn taking Question Replacement bx for Sensory: - Answer fidgets, private time/breaks for sensory stimming, mouthable necklaces, chewing gum, swinging at recess, Question What is PRT - Answer :a naturalistic model of ABA. Question Primarily Developed by Koegel Autism Center at UCSB in 1970s. Question There are several "pivotal" areas/ domains of bx that have positive impact on learning all other behaviors.

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Question 4 Pivotal Areas of Bx: - Answer 1. Motivation

2. Responsivity to multiple cues
3. Self Mgmt (of interfering bx)
4. Self Initiated Social Interactions Question PRT vs DTT: - Answer -PRT focuses on pivotal areas of bx. -PRT uses naturalistic rx. -PRT uses child's interests & motivation to lead the therapy sx. -DTT focuses on individual target bx. -DTT often uses unrelated rx. -DTT often requires therapist to lead sx. Question Motivation in PRT - Answer Using tasks, objects, convo topics that are of interest to the child can increase his/her motivation to participate in their environment and learn new skills. Question 6 components of motivation in PRT - Answer 1. Encourage shared control (child choices) & turn taking
5. Gain & maximize child attn
6. Ensure task Variation
7. Intersperse Maintenance & acquisition tasks
8. Use contingent & natural rx
9. Vary rx magnitude & rx attempts Question Reinforcement in PRT - Answer Naturalistic & Contingent: Getting what they wanted by producing the desired bx. (asking for something and getting it.) Question Reinforce attempts, but not with same magnitude as successful trials. Question Self Initiated Interactions - Answer Asking, "what's that?" "Help!" "Look!" "Where is it?" "What's happening?" etc. Question Using Joint Attention- looking, pointing, labeling, commenting. Question Prompt Heirarchy for Fading - Answer FPP PPP VP MP GP PP ViP Natural Cue Question Inter-observer agreement - Answer Percentage of data agreement for an interval/ observation period. Measurements in frequency, duration, intervals

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Question Total count IOA - Answer smaller count/larger count*100% Used for event recording Question Mean-Count-per-Interval IOA - Answer (Int 1 IOA +Int 2 IOA + ....+Int N IOA)/N intervals x 100% For Frequency counts Question Exact Count per Interval IOA - Answer % total intervals both observers recorded same count

intervals w 100% IOA/ n intervals x 100%

For frequency counts Question Partial Agreement w/in Intervals IOA - Answer Sum of all Interval IOA /#Intervals *100% same as "Mean count per interval" IOA For Frequency counts Question Interval by interval IOA - Answer # intervals w agreement/ Total # intervals x100% Interval counts Question Scored Interval IOA - Answer # int agreement occurred/ total # intervals where bx occurred (agree/disagree) x100% Interval counts Question Unscored interval IOA - Answer # int agreed not occur/ sum intervals did not occur (agree/ disagree) x 100% Interval counts Question Total duration IOA - Answer Shorter duration/ Longer duration x 100% Duration based data Question Mean Duration per occurence - Answer Sum (duration IOAs)/ # intervals x 100%

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Question What is Discriminated stimulus? - Answer a stimulus in the prescene of which a response has a higher probability of occurence as it is lkely to be reinforced Question What is TEACCH developed on? - Answer understanding the learning characteristics of individuals w/ autism and the use of visual supports to promote meaning and independence Question What are the principles of TEACCH? - Answer - understanding the culture of Autism

• developing an individualized person- family- centered plan for each clien rather than using a standard curriculum
• structuring the physical enviornment
• using visual supports to make the sequence of daily activities predictable and understandable
• using visual supports to make indv tasks understandable Question Why autism is considered a spectrum disorder? - Answer ASD can have a range of symptoms Question Identify the currently accepted prevalence rates of autism. - Answer 1 in 59 Question What does DSM stand for? - Answer Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Question Identify characteristics of autism. - Answer Problems with social interactions, repetitive behaviors, limited or delayed communication, limited or focused interests Question Possible causes of autism - Answer Vaccinations, genetic links, premature birth, exposure to chemicals during pregnancy. Question Minimum number of CEUs per year - Answer 20 Question Target Behavior - Answer Behavior selected for change Question What is an observable and measurable behavior? - Answer A behavior that can be seen and measured. Question Difference between classical and operant conditioning. - Answer Classical-involuntary response and a stimulus Question Operant- associate a voluntary respinse and consequence Question primary reinforcer - Answer an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need (food, water, sleep, sex)

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Question secondary reinforcer - Answer any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars Question three part contingency - Answer discriminative stimulus, operant response, and reinforcer or punishment Question Two main types of behavior - Answer Operant and respondent Question skill deficit - Answer the absence or insufficiency of a needed behavior or skill Question performance deficit - Answer when a student knows how to perform the desired behavior but chooses not to or is incapable of doing so owing to anger, frustration, or some other condition Question Incidental teaching - Answer Structuring and sequencing learning opportunities so that they occur within a natural setting and which is used to give the learner an opportunity to practice a skill Question naturalistic teaching strategies - Answer instructional techniques that are used with children having neurodevelopmental disorders and that move away from traditional desk instruction toward more natural social interactions Question task analysis - Answer The process of breaking a complex skill or series of behaviors into smaller, teachable units; also refers to the results of this process. Question discrimination training - Answer requires one response and two antecedant stimulus conditions. The response in the presence of one stimulus is reinforced while a response in the presence of the other is not. We are teaching them to make choices. Question stimulus control - Answer A situation in which the frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus. Question Stimulus control transfer - Answer A procedure used to teach independence by transferring stimulus from a prompt to something natural in the environment Question Stimulus fading - Answer highlighting a physical dimension of a stimulus to increase the likelihood of a correct response then the highlighted or exaggerated dimension is eventually faded out (ex: using traffic safety cones to mark a boundary to stay within and removing them slowly after the learner knows the boundaries)

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Question Sources of Sensory Information - Answer Exteroception (external) and proprioception (internal) Question Sensory challenges of people with autism - Answer language delays or deficits fine and gross motor delays strong sensory interests sensory aversions an inability to interact with people and objects an inability to stay within an interaction repetitive sensory stereotypies (stimming) and much more Question events that increase anxiety for people with autism and how to manage them - Answer Unstructured time, waiting, academic pressure, large crowds, sensory issues (overstimulation and/or seeking input) Question Sensory input, Fidgets to improve self-regulation, Sensory Integration Therapy Visual schedules Routines Question biomedical approaches - Answer Diets and Supplements - such as the gluten-free, casein-free diet, omega-3 fatty acids, and probiotics Alternative Medical Procedures - such as chelation, hyperbaric therapy, and stem cell therapy Medications - such as antipsychotics, immune globulins, and oxytocin Question appropriate indicators to use to signify transitioning - Answer visual schedules, timers, cues, first/then (premac) Question visual supports for ASD - Answer Visuals supports can be pictures, objects, sign language or text. Question Episodic Severity - Answer the measure of intensity or gravity of a behavioral incident Question Phases of escalated behavior - Answer 1. Calm

2. Trigger
3. Agitation (support, choices, proximity, relaxation)
4. Acceleration (limit verbal interaction, calm, assess situation)
5. Peak (assess safety, institute plan, room clears, coordinate with staff)
6. De-escalation (monitor, give space, non-judgemental discussion, easy/concrete tasks)
7. Recovery (assist in returning to regular tasks)

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Question Tips for creating visual supports - Answer They should be clear and concise Question Continuous Measurement Procedures - Answer Measurement conducted in a manner such that all instances of the response class of interest are detected during the observation period. Question Discontinuous Measurement Procedures - Answer Measurement conducted in a manner such that some instances of the response class of interest may not be detected. Question ABC Contingency - Answer Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence Question Four empirically supported pivotal behaviors - Answer motivation, responding to multiple cues, self-management,social initiation Question Functional Behavior Assessment - Answer a collection of different procedures of gathering information on antecedants, behaviors, and consequences in order to determine the factors that lead to maintaining problem behavior. Question Indirect Assessment - Answer Assessment that relies on information from others. The information on the problem behavior, antecedents, and consequences is not derived from direct observation but from retrospective report in interviews and questionnaires. Question direct assessment - Answer Behavioral assessment involving direct observation and recording of the behavior as it occurs. Direct assessment may also refer to direct observation and recording of the antecedents and consequences of the behavior. Question FBA hypothesis - Answer Summarize what is known about triggers, behaviors, and maintaining consequences and offers an informed guess about purpose of behavior Question Purpose of developmental disability support services - Answer The help those with disabilities to achieve their full potential. Question Advocacy - Answer support; active pleading on behalf of someone or something Question Professionalism - Answer the competence or skill expected of a professional Question QASP scope of practice - Answer Behavioral health and ABA

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Question Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) - Answer HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996) is United States legislation that provides data privacy and security provisions for safeguarding medical information. Question Exceptions to client confidentiality - Answer 1) Required by law or court order to disclose

2. To obtain legal or ethical advice for a lawyers. Use of hypotheticals is ok if discreet to protect the identity of the client.
3. To prevent the client from committing a crime
4. To prevent reasonably certain death or substantial bodily harm, which allows the lawyer to disclose client confidences to protect third-parties from serious harm in extraordinary circumstances
5. To rectify a fraud on a tribunal committed by the lawyer's own client
6. Disclosure expressly authorized to advance the client's best interests Question Duty to Warn/Duty to Protect - Answer Exceptions to HIPPA determined in the 1974 case of Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California that allows a therapist to not only warn someone of their patients intentions to harm them, but to also protect them by calling the authorities or taking whatever other steps necessary Question PCP - Answer Person Centered Planning is a process for identifying goals and implementing intervention plans that stands in sharp contrast to traditional program centered planning Question Discribe how PCP works to help to enable individuals w/ disabilities to increase their self-determination & independence - Answer Specific individual needs are considered w/n the context of the normalization & inclusion values perspectives, to produce an intervention plan that emphasizes community participation, meaningful social relationships, enhancing opportunities to make choices, creating roles for the person that engender respect from others, and continued development of personal competencies (PCP seeks to empower individuals w/ disabilities, it almost invariably leads to a focus on the issue of self-determination) Question Self-determination - Answer is a multidimensional construct that includes but is not limited to process elements involving choice and decision making, problem solving,personal goal setting, self management, self instruction, and self advocacy Question Self-realized - Answer if people use a comprehensive, and reasonably accurate, knowledge of themselves and their strengths and limitations to act in such a manner as to capitalize on this knowledge in a beneficial way Question Explain why Self-determination is important to all individuals - Answer Enhanced quality of life for all persons, gain control over there life, having skills to be successful

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Question Identify how traditional models have disempowered individuals w/ disabilities - Answer -there is emerging evidence that self determination skills are important for more successful adult & educational outcomes for youth w/ disabilities -people w/ disabilities continual to stress the need for more control & choice in their lives to improve their quality of life -people w/ mental retardation experience limited self-determination & few opportunities to make choices & decisions Question Who are the primary authorities on the person's life direction? - Answer The person at the focus of planning and those who love the person, are the primary authorities on the person's life direction. Question According to John O'Brien and Hebert Lovett in " Finding a way toward everyday lives", is also another know term known as... - Answer Person Centered Planning Question Person Centered Planning refers to... - Answer family of approaches to organizing and guiding community change in alliance w/ people w/ disabilities and their families and friends Question IEP: How long does the school have to evaluate my child once written consent is provided - Answer Generally 60 days Question How long of a notice do schools need to provide for an IEP meeting - Answer 7 days Question How long does the school have to write an IEP once the meeting / eval has been done - Answer 30 days