QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH TECHNIQUES + STATISTICS – PEREGRINE WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GUARANTE, Exams of Nursing

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QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH TECHNIQUES + STATISTICS

– PEREGRINE WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS

GUARANTEED PASS

A company developed a smartphone whose average lifetime is unknown. In order to estimate the average, 200 smartphones are randomly selected from a large production line and tested; their average is found to be 5 years. The 200 smartphones represent: - ANSWER - >a sample Significance level - ANSWER - >Measures the reliability of a statistical inference inferential statistics - ANSWER - >Process of using sample statistics (mathematics) to draw conclusions about population parameters mutually exclusive - ANSWER - >Events that cannot occur at the same time. sampling error - ANSWER - >the difference between the results of random samples taken at the same time non-sampling error - ANSWER - >occurs when the sample data are incorrectly collected, recorded, or analyzed. Three types of errors: data acquisition errors, non-response errors (or bias), selection bias

Design of a good survey components - ANSWER - >short survey, short/simple questions, start with demographic questions, ues dichtomous (yes-no) and multiple choice Direct observation - ANSWER - >example: counts backpacks on campus for a day stratified random sample - ANSWER - >a sample from selected subgroups of the target population in which everyone in those subgroups has an equal chance of being included in the research example: The manager of a customer service division wants to know if the customers in the past 12 months are satisfied with their purchase of CD's. There are four types of CD's. Joint Probability - ANSWER - >the probability of the intersection of two events Union of two events - ANSWER - >The union of events A and B is the event containing all sample points that are in A or B or both Marginal Probability - ANSWER - >the probability of a single event without consideration of any other event Conditional Probability - ANSWER - >the likelihood that a target behavior will occur in a given circumstance Bayes Law - ANSWER - >calculates posterior probability

exhaustive - ANSWER - >including everything possible; very thorough or complete Central Limit Theorem (CLT) - ANSWER - >The name of the theorem stating that the sampling distribution of a statistic (e.g. x ) is approximately normal whenever the sample is large and random. Allows us to draw conclusions about the population based on strictly sample data. sampling distribution of the mean - ANSWER - >1. the sampling distribution of the mean has a different mean from the original population

2. the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean is referred to as the standard deviation
3. if the original population is not normally distributed, the sampling of the mean will be normal Suppose you are given 3 numbers that relate to the number of people in a sample. The three numbers are 10, 20 and 30. If the standard deviation is 10, the standard error equals - ANSWER - >5. To find the standard deviation, find the mean of the data set ( 10, 20,

30. then calculate in excel. Watch video Bozeman Science Standard Error Find the sample standard deviation of 5, 10, 15 and 20. - ANSWER -

standard deviation - ANSWER - >a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score Type 1 error - ANSWER - >Rejecting null hypothesis when it is true type 11 error - ANSWER - >false negative Type 1 error criminal - ANSWER - >Innocent person is wrongly convicted The hypothesis of most interest to the researcher is: - ANSWER - >the alternative hypothesis p-value - ANSWER - >The probability level which forms basis for deciding if results are statistically significant (not due to chance). Variance - ANSWER - >the square of the standard deviation one-tailed test - ANSWER - >A hypothesis test in which rejection of the null hypothesis occurs for values of the test statistic in one tail of its sampling distribution. unbiased estimator - ANSWER - >a sample statistic which has an expected value equal to the value of the population parameter Suppose a population of blue whales is 8000. Researchers are able to garnish a sample of oceanic movements from 100 blue whales within the population. Thus,

• researchers do not have a significant sample size
• researchers need a larger population of blue whales
• the finite population correction factor is necessary
• researchers can ignore the finite population correction factor - ANSWER - >researchers can ignore the finite population correction factor In a sample proportion, represented by p = x/n, what does X refer to? - ANSWER - ># of successes in the sample The branches in a decision tree are equivalent to - ANSWER - >events and acts What is needed to compute posterior probabilities? - ANSWER - >The sum of all the P(sj and li)'s, likelihood probabilities, p (li/sj) doing inferential statistics. - ANSWER - >The process of using sample statistics to draw conclusions about population parameters is called The confidence level - ANSWER - >measures the proportion of times an estimation procedure will be correct in the long run Parameter - ANSWER - >a summary measure that is computed sample space - ANSWER - >the set of all possible outcomes of a probability experiment

prior probabilities - ANSWER - >initial estimates of the probabilities of events the standard error of the sample mean - ANSWER - >standard deviation of the distribution of the sample means , Standard deviation/sq rt (population size) Business Statistics - ANSWER - >the collection, summarization, analysis, and reporting of numerical findings relevant to a business decision or situation descriptive statistics - ANSWER - >uses graphical or numerical techniques to summarize and present data mean - ANSWER - >average measure of variability - ANSWER - >how closely scores bunch up around the central point; a statistic that indicates the spread of distribution range - ANSWER - >the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution Median - ANSWER - >the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it Mode - ANSWER - >the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

Variance - ANSWER - >the average of the squared deviations from the mean standard deviation - ANSWER - >the square root of the variance and provides a measure of the standard, or average, distance from the mean Three concepts that a statistical inference problem contains - ANSWER -

the population, the sample, and the statistical inference Parameter - ANSWER - >a descriptive measure of a population statistic - ANSWER - >a number that describes a sample statistical inference - ANSWER - >process of making an estimate, prediction, or decision about a population based on a sample confidence level - ANSWER - >Proportion of times that an estimating procedure will be correct Confidence level + significance level - ANSWER - >= 1 simple random sampling - ANSWER - >A sampling procedure in which each member of the population has an equal probability of being included in the sample. (example - tickets in a bin each assigned a number)

stratified random sampling - ANSWER - >obtained by separating the population into mutually exclusive sets of data (strata) then drawing a simple random sample from each stratum cluster sampling - ANSWER - >random sample of the groups or clusters of elements versus a simple random sample of individual objects Probability of any outcome must be between - ANSWER - >0 and 1 Sum of all probabilities must equal: ____ - ANSWER - > 1 Three approaches to assigning probability - ANSWER - >classical approach, relative frequency approach, subjective approach Classical Approach to Probability - ANSWER - >associated with games of chance. If an experiment has N possible outcomes, this method would assign probability of 1/n to each customer. For example, the probability of a heads and tails in the flip of a coin are equal to each other. Because the sum must be 1, the probability is 1/2, or 1/6 for a dice. relative frequency approach to probability - ANSWER - >defines probability as the long run frequency in which something occurs. Example: the last 1000 students took a course, 200 got an A. The relative frequency is 20% - estimate of students that will get an A subjective approach to probability - ANSWER - >the probability is obtained on the basis of personal judgement; often the only method of

assigning likelihood to an outcome; educated guess based on knowledge available union of two events - ANSWER - >Given by the outcomes that belong either to one or to both events. calculate conditional Probability - ANSWER - >P (A1/B2) Complement Probability - ANSWER - >event that occurs when A does not occur. P(A) + P(Ac) = 1 multiplication rule - ANSWER - >To determine the probability, we multiply the probability of one event by the probability of another. Addition Rule of Probability - ANSWER - >P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(AB) standard error - ANSWER - >the standard deviation of a sampling distribution Complement of an event - ANSWER - >