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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

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Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Oral Communication in Context Alternative Delivery Mode First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Undersecretary: Assistant Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Diosdado M. San Antonio Alma Ruby C. Torio Development Team of the Module Author: Dorcas Menoc Bandiala Content Editor: Language Editor: Proofreader : Illustrator/s: Layout Artist: Development Team: Chairperson: Daryl A. Pamisa Ma. Alemil L. Fontilar Ma. Alemil L. Fontilar Xyrujon Alfred M. Bandiala and Caille B. Antiporta Ivy O. Niñeza Dr. Arturo B. Bayocot, CESO III Regional Director Co-Chairpersons: Dr. Victor G. De Gracia Jr. CESO V Assistant Regional Director Jonathan S. dela Peña, PhD, CESO V Schools Division Superintendent Rowena H. Para-on, PhD Assistant Schools Division Superintendent Mala Epra B. Magnaong, Chief ES, CLMD Members: Neil A. Improgo, PhD, EPS-LRMS ; Bienvenido U. Tagolimot, Jr., PhD, EPS-ADM ; Erlinda G. Dael, PhD, CID Chief ; Maria Teresa M. Absin, EPS (English) ; Celieto B. Magsayo, LRMS Manager ; Loucile L. Paclar, Librarian II ; Kim Eric G. Lubguban, PDO II Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education - Alternative Delivery Mode (DepEd-ADM) Office Address: Masterson Avenue, Upper Balulang, Zone 1, Cagayan de Oro City, Cagayan de Oro, Lalawigan ng Misamis Oriental Telefax: E-mail Address: i

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Oral Com m unication in Context Module No. 2 Models of Communication

First Semester

First Quarter

2 hours

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and/or universities. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at [email protected]. We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover Page Copyright Page Title Page i ii Table of Contents Module Overview General Instruction iv 1 2 Module Lesson : Models of Communication What I Need to Know What I know

What’s In 5 What’s New Activity 1: My Y and Y What Is It?

Topic : Common Models 6 Activity 2: Agree / Disagree Activity 3: Seen Scenario Activity 4: Key Ideas

Activity 5: Compare and Contrast 12 What’s More? Activity 6: Comic Strips Analysis What I Have Learned Activity 7: Reality Check What I Can Do

Activity 8: Follow Your Lead Assessment Activity 9: How Well Do You Know Self-Check: Activity 10: Self-checking 19 Additional Activity: Activity 11: Reflection Time Let’s Sum Up Post Test Key to Answers References

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OVERVIEW In the previous module, you have learned about the various elements that support the process of communication. It is about time to learn the different models of communication to further understand the process of communication and how communication happens. These communication models are conceptual models. Conceptual models are structures that simplify the explanation of how something or how a system works. Because communication is a process as discussed in the previous module, the communication models will do a better way of explaining the process. This module focuses on the various models of communication introduced by communication experts and contains essential learning competencies especially crafted by the Department of Education. Understanding the underlying models will enable you to have a better grasp of the process of communication. The lesson in this module jump-starts with the basic definition of communication, down to its function, nature, elements and processes that will help you achieve your role as effective communicator. Hence, this module contains the following: LEARNING COMPETENCIES: ➢ ➢ Differentiate the various models of communication. ( EN 11/ 12 OC-1a-3) Distinguish the unique feature(s) of one communication process from the other.( EN 11/ 12 OC-1a-4) Semester: Quarter: 1 st^ Semester 1 st^ Quarter Number of Hours: 2 Hours Stay with me in this journey through learning the models of communication! Your Speech Teacher

GENERAL INSTRUCTION

To attain the goals of this module, do the following: ⚫ Do not put some markings on this Module as there are still other students who will be using it. You will need a separate COMMUNICATION ACTIVITY NOTEBOOK where you will write all your answers and writing activities of this module. Be sure to LABEL your work according to the Module, lessons, and the date you work on it. ⚫ ⚫ Each Module has a brief instruction and followed by a list of objectives. Read them and follow instructions carefully. Before going over the activities, answer the PRETEST first then find out how well you did by checking your answers given in the self-assessment activity. Each activity must be according to the objectives of this Module. ⚫ ⚫ ⚫ Take note of the skills or strategies you are trying to develop. After each activity, you need to go over the items which you think you failed. Wait for the teacher’s instruction as to when to take the POST TEST. This is usually done when you have mastered the previous lessons. ⚫ Always make sure you read the module carefully and all the indicated instructions. ⚫ ⚫ ⚫ Follow the directions and instructions in the activities conscientiously. Ensure that all exercises are answered and activities are complied. Equip yourself with the necessary vocabulary and terminology in each given lesson.

VARIOUS MODELS OF COMMUNICATION “Communicationis a skill that you can learn. Ifyou’rewilling to work at it, you can rapidly improve the quality of every part of your life.”-Brian Tracy- WHAT I NEED TO KNOW At the end of this module you are expected to: 1 2 3

. identify the three standard communication models; . differentiate the various models of communication; and . distinguish the unique feature(s) of one communication process from the other. WHAT I KNOW Before the discussion of the models of Communication, let us see your background knowledge on this topic by taking the PRETEST first. Read the statement carefully and answer the question that follows. Write your answers on your Communication Activity Notebook.

1. Which proponent of the communication model says that Communication is linear? a) Schramm Model b) b) Charles Osgood's Model c) Shannon-Weaver d) Dance
2. This theorist refers transmission model of Communication as that involves signal. a) Shannon-Weaver b) Charles Osgood's c) Schramm d) Dance
3. It is the medium that transmits the signal from the transmitter to the receiver. a) The channel c) receiver

b) messenger d) television 4 5

. The a) the channel b) The receiver is to whom the message is intended to be sent. c) sender d) barrier . He showed Communication as a dynamic or two-way process in which there is interactive relationship between the source and the receiver of the message. a) Osgood b) Schramm c) Shannon d) Weaver

6. The following elements are added to the Transactional Model, EXCEPT: a) nonverbal communication b) feedback c) context d) meaning 7 8 . Transactional Model says people can be both sender and receiver, is proposed by: c) Osgood d) Schramm c) Shannon d) Weaver . Communication is a) verbal only b) from ONLY one to many only c) transmission of information with passive recipients d) a process
7. Which of the following is NOT true of the Shannon Weaver Model of Communication? a) message does not consist of written and spoken words b) the model does not introduce the concept of noise. c) It is a two-way process d) all of the above 1 0. The following are the main elements of Wilbur Schramm's simplified communication model (1954), except; a) barrier b) speaker / Source c) channel d) receiver Here’s another thumbs up for you! You did a great job and I guess, you are just as excited as I am to discover new things related to communication.

WHAT’S IN? In our previous lessons, you have been acquainted with the elements of communication. These elements are the sender, receiver, message, encoding, decoding, channel, feedback, barrier and context which are all essential in the communication process. The next lesson will shade light on how some language and communication experts developed the models in communication and how significant these models are to the world. Among the models, we will only tackle 3 standard models of communication. WHAT’S NEW? Activity 1: My X and Y Instruction: On your Communication Activity Notebook, Think of a possession (thing) you consider very important to you that you acquired or that your parents bought you 5 - 10 years ago. It could be a cell phone, bag, shoes, laptop, car, etc. Follow the example in the matrix and fill it in with the needed details. Note: The activity is named “My X and Y” referring to past important items (Ex) and the reason for liking it (Why) Name of the object Ex. Cellphone My X and Y ITEM ACQUISITION Year

1 ST^2 ND^3 RD^4 TH

Model / brand Nokia 3310 It has torchlight Nokia 7280 Sony Ericsson Motorola A Special feature Why chose the product It was affordable and durable Answer the following questions after doing the matrix.

. Why did you like that object? . Why did you choose that brand/model? . Why do you think brands/models keep changing? . Do you agree with the modifications of these brands? Why or why not? . What do you think is the relevance of this activity to our new lesson?

Very good! You just did a great job. Now, let us find out first what does "MODEL" mean? A model is a graphic representation designed to explain the way a variable works. It is a pattern, a plan, representation or 5 description to sh ow the structure or workings of an object, system and concept.

WHAT IS IT? Communication models describe the process of communication, visually show the relationship among variables and help find and correct communication problems. What are the three standard models of communication?

1. Linear Model of Communication (Transmission Model) The linear model was the first kind of model that experts have made to understand the process of communication. It has improved and has been updated over the years. The following are the remarkable characteristics of the linear model:

1. Unidirectional - Linear model is one-way communication where the speaker sends messages to the receiver with or without effect. Senders can only transmit messages while receivers can only receive the messages. This model of communication applies to mass communication.
2. Simple - This model presents a simple communication acts because the transmission of message shows only the beginning and the end and that there is no interchanging of roles between the sender and receiver. 3) Persuasion not Mutual understanding This model shows the one-way direction of communication which promotes advice and influence rather than mutual understanding between receiver and sender. The first three characteristics emphasize the lack of feedback in this model which has been criticized as a missing element in the communication process 4) Values psychological over social effects: This model focuses more on the psychological effects (such as understandingthe messages) rather than the social effects (like building the relationship among communicators). The Shannon-Weaver model (1949), also known as the transmission model and the mother of all communication models is one best example of a one-way or linear process of communication consisting of five elements (see diagram below) which have been criticized for missing one element in the communication process, feedback.

In module 1, all the elements were discussed and will be elaborated further in the next module. But the Shannon-Weaver Model acknowledges only 5 elements in the linear process and noise is a kind of disturbance coming from people, the environment, internal knowledge, beliefs, etc. which hinders the receiver from getting and understanding the message. The Shannon-Weaver Model illustration above shows the characteristics of the Linear Model of Communication. First, as shown in the direction of the arrow, it is a unidirectional or one-way direction where the speaker sends messages to the receiver with or without effect. Second, it is simple as it only shows beginning and end of communication , but there is no interchanging of communication roles between communicators. The first two characteristics emphasize persuasion and understanding the message rather than mutual understanding and social relationship. Example of the elements of the Shannon-Weaver Model Elements Example: Sender You Receiver channel encoder Decoder Noise Your friend Your mobile network Your mobile’s network company The receiver’s Smartphone your friend receives only parts of the SMS message you tried to send due to disruption of mobile signal Have you learned something about the Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication? What do you think is the most striking “YOU CANNOT COMMUNICATE?” Let’s try the next activity and see your stand based on the lesson, are you ready?

Activity 2: Agree / Disagree

Write A if you agree to the statement and D if you disagree. Please write

your answer in BIG LETTERS in the column provided. Write your answers on

your Communication Activity Notebook. Statements Agree / Disagree

1. In the Shannon - Weaver Model of Communication, the receiver can only receive the message.
2. If the role of the receiver in this model is to only receive the message, then it means that there is no way the sender will know whether the sent message was understood or not. 3. The linear model is a one-way direction of communication which promotes advice and influence rather than mutual understanding between receiver and sender.
3. Feedback from the receiver happens in the Shannon - Weaver Model.

. The decoder changes the message into a signal then sends it over the communication channel. . The Shannon-weaver model is considered as the mother of all communication models. . This model is said to have effects more on building

relationship with the communicators rather than understanding the messages.

8. The channel is the medium the sender uses to transmit the message/s.

. Shannon-Weaver model is different from transmission model.

1 0. In a linear model, the element of feedback is present.

Activity 3: Seen Scenario Fill out the empty boxes with a simple scenario reflecting a linear model of communication. Write this on your Communication Activity Notebook. Right! the Shannon - Weaver model is considered as the mother of all models and is also known as the transmission model. It was being criticized because the model does not include feedback among its elements. Now let us take a look at the second model of communication. You may watch video here. (insert video)

Transactional Communication Model The Transactional Model of Communication illustrates how the sender and receiver take turns in conveying and receiving messages and are called as “communicators .” The sender and receiver’s roles are reversed each time sending and receiving messages occur at the same time. Since both sender and receiver are necessary to keep the communication alive in Transactional Model, the communicators are also interdependent to each other. Thus, if the receiver is not listening to the sender, Transactional Communication is not possible. Frank Dance (1967) introduced the Helix model that best illustrates the Transactional Model by showing how the development of communication is based on previous experiences or behaviors as well as how the knowledge-base of a person deepens and expands throughout life. He emphasized , “that communication while moving forward is at the same time coming back to itself and being affected by its past behavior…” Dance’s model also shows how the external and internal factors that are learned throughout life influence the person’s understanding of a message.

The characteristics of Transactional Model 1 2 3 4

. Communication evolves from the very first day (origin) until the existing moment. . Communication is largely dependent on its past. . Concept of time. . Communication process is the product of what we learned. . So to put it in simple terms, Transactional Model of Communication involves three principles: . people send messages continuously and simultaneously . communication events that have a past, present, and future, and; . participants play certain roles in the conversation.

How does the second model of communication look to you? Do you think

the second model is better than the first model? Why or why not?

Activity4. Key Ideas

This is to check your grasp of the topics discussed earlier. Write down on your Communication Activity Notebook the essential ideas needed.

The 3 basic characteristics of Transactional Model

The 4 characteristics of linear model

The two other names of linear model

The other name of transactional model

Activity 5: Compare and Contrast

Create Venn diagram on your Communication Activity Notebook, then

compare and contrast the first 2 models of communication discussed in this

module and afterwards, discuss your diagram and the most striking

characteristics/differences between the two models.

actional Model

There you go! How was your experience so far with the first two models of communication? Ready to venture to the third one? Watch this video first. Insert

WHAT’S MORE? Activity 6: Comic Strips Analysis Study how the process of communication is shown in this comic strip. Then answer the questions posed below as direct as possible. Write your answers on your Communication Activity Notebook. Analysis Questions:

1. In comic strip 1, who is the source of the message and what is the medium of communication?
2. Which comic strip shows the message of the conversation? Cite and explain.
3. Are the elements such as noise, feedback involved in the process? Cite and explain
4. What do you think is being talked about in comic strips 4? Is there any sharing of field of experience? Cite and Explain.
5. Can you say that this conversation depicts a good communication model? Why or why not?

You did a great job in the previous lessons. Voila! We are now down to the last model of communication, so, buckle up! Interactive Communication Model This model, also known as the convergence model or the Schramm Model of Communication emphasizes the coding and decoding elements of the process which also focuses on the message exchanges between the sender and receiver and vice versa. Rather than linear or a one-way process, communication is a two-way street, with a sender and a receiver. Wilbur Schramm introduced the interactive communication model where he emphasized the need for the source to encode the message as well as for the receiver to decode the message. These messages will always be affected by the “field of experience” from various factors namely; social, cultural, psychological, situational experiences or gained knowledge. In this model, noise is considered as a form of barrier in communication. The following elements are included in this model of Communication: Elements Functions

1. Sender sends the message (transmitter)
2. Encoder converts the message into codes before sending gets the encoded message then converts it into the language understandable by the receiver tries to understand and analyze the message. The message is considered received after the interpretation is done and message is understood. Interpreter and receiver are the same.
3. Decoder
4. Interpreter 5 6 7

. Receiver . Message . Feedback gets the message. Decoding and interpreting is also part of his/her role. data sent by the sender and information that the receiver gets. process where in receiver responds to the received message

8. Medium or^ channel used^ to^ send^ the^ message. media
9. Noise interference disruptions during the process. This is / also created when the intended meaning sent by the sender is different from what was interpreted by the receiver. (interference disruptions) 1 0. Field of patterns which affect the communication process. This can be from society, culture, situations, psychological or sociological events or experiences of the sender and receiver. Experience

Let us study the illustration below. Figure 2: Schramm Model of Communication Features of Interactive Communication Model

1. It has a never-ending process of communication and feedback where there is role- switching between the sender and the receiver as they continue the exchange of messages. It means that in the next flow of communication, the sender may become the receiver while the receiver in the first communication process becomes the sender in the next communication flow when gives his feedback or response.

2. Feedback is seen as an important part of this model to ensure that communication takes place. With feedback, it gives the sender the chance to know whether his / her receiver got the message the way he / she intended it to be understood. Feedback in short, helps communicator to seek for clarification.

3. The field of experience affects the messages being exchanged. It means that the background of the persons involved in the communication process plays a role in how they interpret the messages received or how they encode the messages they will be sending.

4. It encourages interaction. This means that the Interactive model triggers the communicators to give their responses because they share common experiences and thus share a common understanding. “If there is no commonality in the sender and receiver field of experience. Then, communication does not take place.”

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED Activity 7: Reality Check Read and Answer the questions to the best of your ability based from the lessons you have learned. Write your answers on your Communication Activity Notebook.

1. Go back to your memory lane and recall a situation when you sought for a piece of advice from a friend. A. What was the situation: B. What was the advice: C. Why do you think your friend was able to give you that piece of advice?
2. If a man has no common experience, do you think there will be an understanding among peoples in the world? Defend your answer:
3. How does the field of experience make communication better and more effective?
4. At home, share and analyze a situation where the Interactive Model of Communication is used, meaning there is the common sharing of a field of experiences. How does this process add harmony to your home?

WHAT I CAN DO Activity8. Follow Your Lead This is a 1 - minute follow-all-instructions activity. Your Teacher will provide you a copy of what to do. Do not write anything on this activity sheet. Write your answers on your Communication Activity Notebook. You start as soon as the teacher tells you to do so and stop when time is up. Instructions: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1

. Read all instructions first. . Write your favorite color anywhere on the paper. . Draw a big circle at the center of your paper. . Write your birthday at the upper right corner of your paper. . Write a big “#1” below the big circle. . Write your Nickname below your birthday. . Draw a box in the lower left corner of this paper. . Draw any object that represents your dream profession inside the big circle. . Write the name of your crush inside the box.

1. Draw a star on top of the big circle.
2. Write the lesson of this module right after #1
3. Draw a smiley anywhere on your paper.
4. Put a checkmark before #1.
5. Write “I love Oral Communication” anywhere on your paper.
6. Ignore all other instructions and write your name on top of this paper. Whoa! That was cool, isn’t it? Did you have fun with what you did? Were you able to follow the instruction? Well, that is what communication is in the real sense. And based on this lesson, we need encoding to be able to put in the right message we intend to send to our listeners and we also need feedback to clarify whether our listener got the correct instruction. Do you remember which model of communication introduced feedback? Right! Wilbur Schramm did!

ASSESSMENT Activity 9: How well do you know the models? Copy the matrix below on your Communication Activity Notebook and fill it out with the necessary information indicated in the first column. Communication Models of Communication Features Linear Transactional Interactive Proponent/s Common Features Striking Feature Advantages Disadvantages Best Time to Use 1 2

. I can identify the three standard communication models; . I can differentiate the various models of communication; and

3. I can distinguish the unique feature(s) of one communication process from the other. I guess, you are indeed ready for a self-check.

SELF-CHECK! Activity 10: Self-checking Great job! You have completed the lesson successfully! Before going to the next lesson, check the icon that best shows your learning experience. I have understood the lesson well and I can even teach what I learned to others. I have understood the lesson but there are still other things that I need to review and relearn. I need to do additional work to be able to master the lesson. I need help in some tasks. If you checked the first icon, you are ready for Module 3. If you have checked the second icon, you need to review the things that you need to relearn. If you have checked the third icon, it would be best if you read more from the links given above and ask help from your teacher, parents , or peers in clarifying the lessons that you find difficult. Be honest so that you will truly

Activity 11: Reflect and Answer. Write your reflection on your Communication Activity Notebook. Wonderful! You had great things to reflect on! Have you also reflected on this, that there is no such thing as wrong models? There may be better or best models though! Experts made improvements on the models of communication based on their observation and analysis and over the years, new theories sprang out as they (theorists/ experts) keep on digging deeper into communication structure. Okay, so shall we do the wrapping up of our lesson now?