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A comprehensive review of the radiographic anatomy and positioning techniques for various regions of the spine, including the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae, as well as the sacrum and coccyx. It covers the bony structures, joint spaces, and specific projections required to best demonstrate these anatomical features. The document also addresses common pathological conditions, such as ankylosing spondylitis and osteoporosis, and how they impact the radiographic technique. Additionally, it discusses the importance of factors like collimation, breathing techniques, and the use of compensating filters to optimize image quality. This detailed information can be valuable for radiography students, technologists, and healthcare professionals involved in the imaging and assessment of spinal conditions.
Typology: Exams
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The bony structures connected directly to the vertebral body are the: pedicles The joints between articular processes of vertebrae are termed ______ joints zygapophyseal Which of the following features makes the cervical vertebra unique as compared with other vertebrae of the spine? All of the above The zygapophyseal joints for the typical cervical vertebrae lie at an angle of _____ in relation to the midsagittal plane 90 degrees Which of the following pathologic conditions is defined as "a condition of the spine characterized by rigidity of a vertebral joint"? Ankylosing spondylitis Which of the following clinical conditions will require a decrease in manual technical factors? advanced osteoporosis Which position or projection of the cervical spine will best demonstrate the zygapophyseal joint spaces between C1 and C2? AP open-mouth This radiographic image (of the dens) represents which of the following projections and/or positions? AP open-mouth projection In the same radiographic image, the structure labeled A, which should be well demonstrated on this projection, is the: odontoid process Along with the upper incisors, what other bony landmarks must be aligned for the AP open-mouth projection? base of skull Which of the following is the first compensatory spinal curvature to develop in the young child? cervical
A lateral projection of the thoracic spine reveals that the upper aspect, which is a primary area of interest on this patient, is obscured by the patient's shoulders. Which of the following changes will best demonstrate this region of the spine? Perform a cervicothoracic (swimmer's) lateral position The zygapophyseal joints for the thoracic spine lie at an angle of _______ in relation to the midsagittal plane. 70 to 75 degrees T2-T3 intervertebral disk space is found at the level of the: jugular notch Which factor is the most important to open up the intervertebral joint spaces for a lateral thoracic spine projection? Keep vertebral column parallel to tabletop Which of the following positions will best demonstrate the left zygapophyseal joints of the thoracic spine? RPO Which of the following factors will enhance the visibility of the vertebral bodies during a lateral projection of the thoracic spine? Use a breathing technique A radiograph of an AP thoracic spine projection reveals that the upper thoracic spine is overexposed. The lower vertebrae have acceptable density and contrast. Which one of the following modifications will improve the visibility of the upper thoracic spine? Use a compensating (wedge) filter A radiograph of a lateral thoracic spine reveals that there is excessive density along the posterior aspect of the spine. Even with good collimation, the scatter radiation reaching the image receptor obscures the spinous processes. What can the technologist do to improve the visibility of the posterior elements of the spine? Place a lead mat on the tabletop just posterior to the patient T or F: The anterior oblique thoracic spine demonstrates the upside zygapophyseal joints False Which of the following projections will best demonstrate a compression fracture of the thoracic spine? Lateral projection The intervertebral joints in the lumbar spine are classified as: cartilaginous/amphiarthroidal Which aspect of the Scottie Dog is the inferior articular process? D Which aspect of the Scottie Dog is the superior articular process?
Which aspect of the Scottie Dog is the transverse process? A Which aspect of the Scottie Dog is the pedicle? B Why should the hips and knees be flexed for an anteroposterior (AP) projection of the lumbar spine? D. Both A and B are correct Which of the following statements is NOT true about the lateral L5-S1 projection? A 14x17 inch (35x43 cm) IR should be used T or F: The anterior oblique (RAO and LAO) positions of the lumbar spine will demonstrate the zygapophyseal joints closest to the image receptor. False Which of the following lumbar spine projections will best demonstrate the extent of a compression fracture? lateral Studies have shown that a AP projection results in proximally ___% reduction in dose to the breast as compared with an AP taken during scoliosis study 90% The zygapophyseal joints of the upper lumbar vertebrae are _____ in relationship to the midsagittal plane. 50 degrees The eye of the "Scottie Dog" represents the ____ of the lumbar vertebrae. pedicle Where is the CR centered for an AP Axial projection of the sacrum? 2 inches (5 cm) above the symphysis pubis What type of CR angulation is required for an AP axial projection of the coccyx? 10 degrees caudad What CR angulation should be used for an AP axial projection of the L5-S1 joint space on a male patient? 30 degrees cephalad T or F: The AP and lateral projections for a pediatric scoliosis study should include their entire lumbar and thoracic spine. True A key advantage of a posteroanterior (PA) projection taken during a pediatric scoliosis study as compared with the AP projection is that it reduces breast and thyroid dose by 90%.
What CR angle should be used for a lateral sacrum/coccyx projection? None; CR is perpendicular to the image receptor A radiograph of an AP axial sacrum reveals that it is foreshortened and the sacral foramina are not clearly seen. The patient was in an AP supine position, and the technologist angled the CR 10 degrees cephalad. What specific positioning error is present on this radiograph? Insufficient CR angulation A radiograph of an AP axial coccyx reveals that the symphysis pubis is superimposed over the distal end of the coccyx. Which of the following modifications will correct this problem during the repeat exposure? Increase the CR angulation A young patient comes to radiology for a scoliosis study. The patient has had this series performed frequently. How much will the breast dose be decreased if a PA rather than an AP projection is taken? 90% For a lateral L5-S1 projection, the CR must be parallel to the: interiliac line How much obliquity of the body is required for posterior oblique positions for the sacroiliac joints? 25 to 30 degrees T or F: The LPO positions for the sacroiliac joints will best demonstrate the right joint. True A radiograph of the left sacroiliac joint demonstrates it open and clearly seen. Which of the following positions was performed? RPO Where is the CR centered for posterior oblique projections of the SI joints? 1 inch (2.5 cm) medial to upside ASIS Radiographs of oblique projections of the SI joints do not clearly demonstrate the inferior/distal aspect of the joints. What can the technologist do to better demonstrate this region? angle CR 15 to 20 degrees cephalad