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116 THORACIC, SCOLIOSIS, CERVICAL (
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS) GRADED A+
LATEST UPDATED 2024.
- the vertebral column forms the..... - Solution central axis of the skeleton
- the vertebral column is centered in the ___________ plane - Solution midsagittal
- the vertebral column is located in the _______trunk - Solution posterior
- what are 3 functions of the vertebral column - Solution a)encloses & protects spinal cord b)supports trunk & skull c)provides muscle attachments
- the first compensatory curve in the thoracic region is known as the.... - Solution cervical curvature (concave) (lordotic)
- the first primary curve in the thoracic region is known as the.... - Solution thoracic curvature (convex)
- the second compensatory curve in the thoracic region is known as the... - Solution lumbar curvature (concave) (lordotic)
- the second primary curve in the thoracic region is known as the.... - Solution sacral curvature (convex)
- which curves form first, compensatory or primary - Solution primary 10.the first compensatory curve forms when infants.... - Solution lift their heads 11.the second compensatory curve forms when infants... - Solution start to walk 12.definition of kyphosis - Solution exaggerated thoracic curvature "humpback"
13.kyphosis is increased... - Solution convexity 14.definition of lordosis - Solution exaggerated lumbar curvature "swayback" 15.lordosis is increased... - Solution concavity 16.definition of scoliosis - Solution abnormal lateral curvatures 17.scoliosis is commonly detected in __________ years - Solution adolescent 18.scoliosis is caused by.... - Solution disease, surgery/trauma, idiopathic (unknown cause) 19.if scoliosis is not detected & treated, it may progress to point of.... - Solution debilitation 20.what are 2 distinctive features of thoracic spine - Solution - rib articulations (facets & demifacets)
- caudally pointed spinous processes 21.T1-T10 have facets for _________ joints - Solution costotransverse 22.T11-T12 do not have facets for __________ joints - Solution costotransverse 23.T1-T4 resemble.... - Solution cervical vertebrae 24.T5-T8 are typical... - Solution thoracic vertebrae 25.T9-T12 resemble.... - Solution lumbar vertebrae 26.T10-T12 have single __________ on each side for costovertebral joints - Solution costal facet 27.how are the costotransverse joints formed - Solution tubercle of rib with transverse process 28.how are the costovertebral joints formed - Solution head of rib with vertebral body
29.what degree of rotation is needed to visualize zygapophyseal joints in thoracic region - Solution 70 - 75* LPO 30.LPO best demonstrates _____ zygapophyseal joints in thoracic region - Solution right 31.RPO best demonstrates ______ zygapophyseal joints in thoracic region - Solution left 32.posterior obliques best demonstrate ______ zygapophyseal joints in thoracic region - Solution upside 33.intervertebral disk spaces & intervertebral foramina are best demonstrated in the ______ view of thoracic spine - Solution lateral 34.what are the topographic landmarks for T-spine - Solution - vertebra prominens (T1)
- jugular notch (T3)
- sternal angle (T4-T5)
- mid thorax (T7)
- xiphoid tip (T10-T11) 35.for an AP T-spine use a..... - Solution compensating filter 36.where is the CR at for AP T-spine - Solution T7 (3-4" below jugular notch) 37.what IR size & orientation is used for AP T-spine - Solution 14x17 LW 38.what is the breathing for every T-spine projection except for lateral - Solution expiration 39.what is the breathing for lateral T-spine - Solution orthostatic breathing 40.what is the kVp for T-spine projections - Solution 80 - 90 41.where is the CR at for lateral T-spine - Solution T7 (3-4" below jugular notch)
42.if the spine is not parallel during lateral T-spine projections, use a ____________ angle - Solution 10 - 15* cephalic 43.what is the IR size & orientation for lateral T-spines - Solution 14x17 LW 44.for lateral T-spines, kVp may need to be ______ because of breathing technique - Solution reduced 45.during lateral T-spines, the shoulders may cover.... - Solution T1 and T 46.for AP/PA T-spine obliques, what is the patient rotation - Solution 70* 47.where is the CR at for AP/PA T-spine obliques - Solution T7 (3-4" below jugular notch) 48.what is the IR size & orientation for AP/PA T-spine obliques - Solution 14x17 LW 49.where is the CR at for cervicothoracic lateral (swimmers) T-spine - Solution T1 (1" above jugular notch) 50.to separate the shoulders in a cervicothoracic (swimmers) T-spine projection, what kind of angle do you use - Solution 3 - 5" caudal 51.what is the IR size & orientation for cervicothoracic (swimmers) T-spine - Solution 10x12 LW 52.what is the SID for all thoracic projections - Solution 40" 53.scoliosis radiography demonstrates.... - Solution amount/degree of curvature that occurs w/ force of gravity acting on body 54.scoliosis is also used to evaluate..... - Solution fixation devices (such as Harrington rods) 55.bending scoliosis studies are used to differentiate between.... - Solution primary & compensatory curves 56.is upright or recumbent preferred for scoliosis projections - Solution upright
57.what is the SID for scoliosis projections - Solution 60" 58.what is the IR size & orientation for scoliosis projections - Solution 14x LW 59.what is a benefit & risk for AP scoliosis projections over PA - Solution benefit: less OID between spine & IR 60.risk: dose to breasts & thyroid is increased 90% 61.what is a benefit & risk for PA scoliosis projections over AP - Solution benefit: dose to breasts & thyroid is reduced 90% 62.risk: increased OID 63.what is the kVp for AP/PA scoliosis projections - Solution 80 - 90 64.what is the kVp for lateral scoliosis projections - Solution 90 - 100 65.what are the breathing instructions for all scoliosis projections - Solution expiration 66.where is the CR at for ALL scoliosis projections - Solution lower IR border 1 - 2" below iliac crest 67.for the Ferguson Method: Scoliosis Series, you elevate the ______ side - Solution convex (low) 68.for AP right & left bending: scoliosis series, the pelvis remains ________ - Solution stationary (pivot point) 69.the AP right & left bending: scoliosis series demonstrates.... - Solution spinal mobility 70.for hyperflexion & hyperextension scoliosis projections, the pelvis is the.....
- Solution fulcrum (pivot point) 71.hyperflexion & hyperextension scoliosis projections are done after spinal fusion surgery to evaluate.... - Solution spinal mobility 72.for hyperflexion & hyperextension scoliosis projections, if you know the site of fusion, you can.... - Solution center there & at MCP
73.hyperflexion & hyperextension scoliosis projections can either be done ________ or _______ - Solution upright or recumbent 74.size of C1-C7 progressively get ________ - Solution larger 75.C3-C6 are _______ cervical vertebrae - Solution typical 76.C7 has vertebrae prominens which have.... - Solution extra long & more horizontal spinous processes (palpable) 77.C1 is known as... - Solution atlas 78.C2 is known as.... - Solution axis 79.what are the 3 total foramina that run vertically through cervical vertebrae - Solution - vertebral foramen
- 2 transverse foramina 80.the 2 transverse foramina from the cervical vertebrae is a passage for... - Solution vessels & nerves 81.what are the bifid spinous tips on the cervical vertebrae - Solution double pointed end to spinous process 82.definition of overlapping vertebral bodies of cervical region - Solution anterior end of vertebral body extends inferiorly 83.definition of articular pillars on cervical vertebrae - Solution short column of bone that is located between superior & inferior articular processes 84.the articular pillars of the cervical vertebrae is thicker & more supportive than.... - Solution similar area of bone in rest of spinal column 85.what is the articular pillar called when referring to C1 - Solution lateral mass 86.the cervical zygapophyseal joints are formed by... - Solution articulation between superior & inferior articular processes
87.the zygapophyseal joints between C2-C7 are located at..... - Solution 90* from MSP 88.(true lateral position) 89.the zygapophyseal joint between C 1 - C2 are seen in a _______ projection - Solution true AP (open mouth) 90.a lateral cervical projection best demonstrates..... - Solution zygapophyseal joints between C2-C 91.AP open mouth cervical projection best demonstrates... - Solution zygapophyseal joint between C1-C 92.injury high in spinal cord can result in.... - Solution serious paralysis and death 93.the zygapophyseal cervical joints should appear perfectly... - Solution symmetric 94.what can cause the appearance of asymmetry in the cervical region - Solution injury or rotation of skull 95.cervical intervertebral foramina are formed by.... - Solution inferior & superior borders of pedicles 96.the demonstrate the cervical intervertebral foramina rotate the patient.... - Solution 45* 97.while also rotating the patient 45* to demonstrate the cervical intervertebral foramina, also use a ______ tube angle - Solution 15* 98.what are the 2 requirements to open cervical intervertebral foramina - Solution - 45* patient oblique
- 15* tube angle 99.LPO/RPO cervical projections require a _______ tube angle to open the intervertebral foramina - Solution 15* cephalic
- LAO/RAO cervical projections require a _____ tube angle to open the intervertebral foramina - Solution 15* caudal
- the LPO & RAO cervical projections best demonstrates the _____ foramina - Solution right
- the RPO & LAO cervical projections best demonstrates the _____ foramina - Solution left
- to demonstrate C2-C7 zygapophyseal joints what position is done - Solution 90* lateral
- 90* lateral C2-C7 have the right & left zygapophyseal joints _______
- **Solution** superimposed
- to demonstrate C1-C2 zygapophyseal joints what position is done - Solution AP open mouth
- AP open mouth C1-C2 have the left & right joint spaces ______ - Solution equal
- b/c C1 (atlas) doesnt have a body, what are the 2 things that replace the body - Solution anterior arch & anterior tubercle
- b/c C1 (atlas) doesnt have spinous processes, what are the 2 things that replace the spinous process - Solution posterior arch & posterior tubercle
- superior facets of C1 (atlas) form articulation with... - Solution occipital condyles of skull
- the articulation between the superior facets of C1 & occipital condyles of skull form the _____________ joint - Solution atlantooccipital
- the transverse processes of C1 (atlas) are... - Solution smaller
- the articular pillars of C1 are called lateral masses b/c they.... - Solution support weight of head & assist in rotation
- C2 (axis) has a... - Solution dens/odontoid process
- definition of dens/odontoid process - Solution conical process that projects up from body of C2 & articulates with C
- the dens/odontoid process is held in place by the.... - Solution transverse atlantal ligament of C
- rotation of the head primarily occurs between.... - Solution C1-C
- what are the 4 positioning landmarks for cervical projections - Solution - mastoid tip (1" below EAM) - C
- gonion (jaw angle) - C
- thyroid cartilage ("Adam's Apple") - C
- vertebra prominens (spinous process of C7) - T
- what does EAM stand for - Solution external acoustic (auditory) meatus
- what is the SID for the oblique & lateral cervical projections - Solution 72"
- what is the SID for the AP cervical projections - Solution 40"
- why is there a 72" SID for oblique & lateral cervical projections - Solution to help compensate for increased OID
- what is the kVp range for the cervical projections - Solution 70 - 80
- what are the breathing instructions for all the cervical projections - Solution expiration
- what are the 3 reasons erect cervical is preferred over supine - Solution - demonstrates alignment & ligament stability
- demonstrates natural curve of spine
- helps to depress shoulders
- where is the CR at for AP open mouth cervical projections - Solution through center of mouth
- for AP open mouth cervical projections, the upper incisors & base of skull should be... - Solution superimposed
- AP open mouth cervical projections should be collimated down to a....
- **Solution** 4x
- the dens is prone to fractures caused by... - Solution whiplash
- rotation of skull during AP open mouth cervical projections can imitate.... - Solution pathology (unequal spaces between lateral masses & dens)
- the zygapophyseal joint between C1-C2 is the __________ joint - Solution atlantoaxial
- if teeth are superimposed on upper dens for AP open mouth cervical projections, you can fix it by.... - Solution - slight hyperextension of neck
- if base of skull superimposed dens for AP open mouth cervical projections, you can fix it by.... - Solution - slight hyperflexion of neck
- if base of skull & upper incisors are superimposed & dens is still not well visualized in an AP open mouth cervical projection, what methods can be done - Solution Judd or Fuchs
- what is the CR angle for AP axial cervical projections - Solution 15 - 20* cephalic
- where is the CR at for AP axial cervical projections - Solution C (lower thyroid cartilage)
- erect AP axial cervical projections requires a ______ CR angle - Solution 20* cephalic
- supine AP axial cervical projections require a ______ CR angle - Solution 15* cephalic
- the cephalic angle for AP axial cervical projections open up intervertebral joint spaces b/c.... - Solution bodies have slight overlap for cervical vertebras
- posterior cervical oblique projections require a _____ CR angle - Solution 15 * cephalic
- anterior cervical oblique projections reluire a ______ CR angle - Solution 15* caudal
- where is the CR at for both posterior & anterior oblique cervical projections - Solution C4 (lower thyroid cartilage)
- posterior & anterior oblique cervical projections require a patient rotation of... - Solution 45*
- why are anterior cervical obliques preferred over posterior - Solution dose to thyroid & breasts is reduced by 10x
- where is the CR at for lateral cervical projections - Solution C (lower thyroid cartilage)
- lateral cervical projections require the patients shoulders to be... - Solution relaxes & dropped
- if C7 can't be seen in a lateral cervical projection, what projection should be done - Solution swimmers
- trauma cervical lateral projections need to be done... - Solution CTL
- lateral flexion & extension cervical projections are a _________ study
- **Solution** functional
- lateral flexion & extension cervical projections are useful in diagnosing ____________ & evaluating ____________ after spinal fusion surgery - Solution whiplash injuries; spinal mobility
- where is the CR at for lateral flexion & extension cervical projections
- **Solution** C4 (lower thyroid cartilage)
- hypeflexion lateral cervical projections have the spinous processes.....
- **Solution** well separated
- hyperextension lateral cervical projections have the spinous processes... - Solution in close proximity
- where is the CR at for the AP Fuchs Dens cervical method - Solution inferior mandible
- the CR should be parallel to _______ in the AP Fuchs Dens cervical method - Solution MML
- what does MML stand for - Solution mentomeatal line
- the MML connects the ______ to ___________ - Solution EAM to mentum (chin)
- where is the CR at for PA Judd Dens cervical method - Solution level of mastoid processes
- the CR should be parallel to ______ in the PA Judd Dens cervical method - Solution MML
- during the AP "Wagging Jaw" Ottonello cervical method, the mandible... - Solution moves during exposure
- where is the CR at for the AP "Wagging Jaw" Ottonello cervical method - Solution C4 (lower thyroid cartilage)
- the AP axial vertebral arch (Pillars) cervical method requires the neck to be.... - Solution hyperextended
- what is the CR angle for the AP axial vertebral arch (Pillars) cervical method - Solution 20 - 30* caudal
- where is the CR at for the AP axial vertebral arch (Pillars) cervical method - Solution lower margin of thyroid cartilage (C5)