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Radiographic Anatomy and Positioning of the Vertebral Column: A Comprehensive Guide, Assignments of Nursing

A detailed guide to the radiographic anatomy and positioning techniques for the vertebral column. It covers various aspects, including the anatomy of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae, as well as specific projections for different regions. Detailed instructions for positioning, cr angles, and breathing instructions, making it a valuable resource for students and professionals in the field of radiography.

Typology: Assignments

2024/2025

Available from 11/15/2024

Evelyn-piper
Evelyn-piper 🇬🇧

29 documents

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116 THORACIC, SCOLIOSIS, CERVICAL (

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS) GRADED A+

LATEST UPDATED 2024.

  1. the vertebral column forms the..... - Solution central axis of the skeleton
  2. the vertebral column is centered in the ___________ plane - Solution midsagittal
  3. the vertebral column is located in the _______trunk - Solution posterior
  4. what are 3 functions of the vertebral column - Solution a)encloses & protects spinal cord b)supports trunk & skull c)provides muscle attachments
  5. the first compensatory curve in the thoracic region is known as the.... - Solution cervical curvature (concave) (lordotic)
  6. the first primary curve in the thoracic region is known as the.... - Solution thoracic curvature (convex)
  7. the second compensatory curve in the thoracic region is known as the... - Solution lumbar curvature (concave) (lordotic)
  8. the second primary curve in the thoracic region is known as the.... - Solution sacral curvature (convex)
  9. which curves form first, compensatory or primary - Solution primary 10.the first compensatory curve forms when infants.... - Solution lift their heads 11.the second compensatory curve forms when infants... - Solution start to walk 12.definition of kyphosis - Solution exaggerated thoracic curvature "humpback"

13.kyphosis is increased... - Solution convexity 14.definition of lordosis - Solution exaggerated lumbar curvature "swayback" 15.lordosis is increased... - Solution concavity 16.definition of scoliosis - Solution abnormal lateral curvatures 17.scoliosis is commonly detected in __________ years - Solution adolescent 18.scoliosis is caused by.... - Solution disease, surgery/trauma, idiopathic (unknown cause) 19.if scoliosis is not detected & treated, it may progress to point of.... - Solution debilitation 20.what are 2 distinctive features of thoracic spine - Solution - rib articulations (facets & demifacets)

  • caudally pointed spinous processes 21.T1-T10 have facets for _________ joints - Solution costotransverse 22.T11-T12 do not have facets for __________ joints - Solution costotransverse 23.T1-T4 resemble.... - Solution cervical vertebrae 24.T5-T8 are typical... - Solution thoracic vertebrae 25.T9-T12 resemble.... - Solution lumbar vertebrae 26.T10-T12 have single __________ on each side for costovertebral joints - Solution costal facet 27.how are the costotransverse joints formed - Solution tubercle of rib with transverse process 28.how are the costovertebral joints formed - Solution head of rib with vertebral body

29.what degree of rotation is needed to visualize zygapophyseal joints in thoracic region - Solution 70 - 75* LPO 30.LPO best demonstrates _____ zygapophyseal joints in thoracic region - Solution right 31.RPO best demonstrates ______ zygapophyseal joints in thoracic region - Solution left 32.posterior obliques best demonstrate ______ zygapophyseal joints in thoracic region - Solution upside 33.intervertebral disk spaces & intervertebral foramina are best demonstrated in the ______ view of thoracic spine - Solution lateral 34.what are the topographic landmarks for T-spine - Solution - vertebra prominens (T1)

  • jugular notch (T3)
  • sternal angle (T4-T5)
  • mid thorax (T7)
  • xiphoid tip (T10-T11) 35.for an AP T-spine use a..... - Solution compensating filter 36.where is the CR at for AP T-spine - Solution T7 (3-4" below jugular notch) 37.what IR size & orientation is used for AP T-spine - Solution 14x17 LW 38.what is the breathing for every T-spine projection except for lateral - Solution expiration 39.what is the breathing for lateral T-spine - Solution orthostatic breathing 40.what is the kVp for T-spine projections - Solution 80 - 90 41.where is the CR at for lateral T-spine - Solution T7 (3-4" below jugular notch)

42.if the spine is not parallel during lateral T-spine projections, use a ____________ angle - Solution 10 - 15* cephalic 43.what is the IR size & orientation for lateral T-spines - Solution 14x17 LW 44.for lateral T-spines, kVp may need to be ______ because of breathing technique - Solution reduced 45.during lateral T-spines, the shoulders may cover.... - Solution T1 and T 46.for AP/PA T-spine obliques, what is the patient rotation - Solution 70* 47.where is the CR at for AP/PA T-spine obliques - Solution T7 (3-4" below jugular notch) 48.what is the IR size & orientation for AP/PA T-spine obliques - Solution 14x17 LW 49.where is the CR at for cervicothoracic lateral (swimmers) T-spine - Solution T1 (1" above jugular notch) 50.to separate the shoulders in a cervicothoracic (swimmers) T-spine projection, what kind of angle do you use - Solution 3 - 5" caudal 51.what is the IR size & orientation for cervicothoracic (swimmers) T-spine - Solution 10x12 LW 52.what is the SID for all thoracic projections - Solution 40" 53.scoliosis radiography demonstrates.... - Solution amount/degree of curvature that occurs w/ force of gravity acting on body 54.scoliosis is also used to evaluate..... - Solution fixation devices (such as Harrington rods) 55.bending scoliosis studies are used to differentiate between.... - Solution primary & compensatory curves 56.is upright or recumbent preferred for scoliosis projections - Solution upright

57.what is the SID for scoliosis projections - Solution 60" 58.what is the IR size & orientation for scoliosis projections - Solution 14x LW 59.what is a benefit & risk for AP scoliosis projections over PA - Solution benefit: less OID between spine & IR 60.risk: dose to breasts & thyroid is increased 90% 61.what is a benefit & risk for PA scoliosis projections over AP - Solution benefit: dose to breasts & thyroid is reduced 90% 62.risk: increased OID 63.what is the kVp for AP/PA scoliosis projections - Solution 80 - 90 64.what is the kVp for lateral scoliosis projections - Solution 90 - 100 65.what are the breathing instructions for all scoliosis projections - Solution expiration 66.where is the CR at for ALL scoliosis projections - Solution lower IR border 1 - 2" below iliac crest 67.for the Ferguson Method: Scoliosis Series, you elevate the ______ side - Solution convex (low) 68.for AP right & left bending: scoliosis series, the pelvis remains ________ - Solution stationary (pivot point) 69.the AP right & left bending: scoliosis series demonstrates.... - Solution spinal mobility 70.for hyperflexion & hyperextension scoliosis projections, the pelvis is the.....

  • Solution fulcrum (pivot point) 71.hyperflexion & hyperextension scoliosis projections are done after spinal fusion surgery to evaluate.... - Solution spinal mobility 72.for hyperflexion & hyperextension scoliosis projections, if you know the site of fusion, you can.... - Solution center there & at MCP

73.hyperflexion & hyperextension scoliosis projections can either be done ________ or _______ - Solution upright or recumbent 74.size of C1-C7 progressively get ________ - Solution larger 75.C3-C6 are _______ cervical vertebrae - Solution typical 76.C7 has vertebrae prominens which have.... - Solution extra long & more horizontal spinous processes (palpable) 77.C1 is known as... - Solution atlas 78.C2 is known as.... - Solution axis 79.what are the 3 total foramina that run vertically through cervical vertebrae - Solution - vertebral foramen

  • 2 transverse foramina 80.the 2 transverse foramina from the cervical vertebrae is a passage for... - Solution vessels & nerves 81.what are the bifid spinous tips on the cervical vertebrae - Solution double pointed end to spinous process 82.definition of overlapping vertebral bodies of cervical region - Solution anterior end of vertebral body extends inferiorly 83.definition of articular pillars on cervical vertebrae - Solution short column of bone that is located between superior & inferior articular processes 84.the articular pillars of the cervical vertebrae is thicker & more supportive than.... - Solution similar area of bone in rest of spinal column 85.what is the articular pillar called when referring to C1 - Solution lateral mass 86.the cervical zygapophyseal joints are formed by... - Solution articulation between superior & inferior articular processes

87.the zygapophyseal joints between C2-C7 are located at..... - Solution 90* from MSP 88.(true lateral position) 89.the zygapophyseal joint between C 1 - C2 are seen in a _______ projection - Solution true AP (open mouth) 90.a lateral cervical projection best demonstrates..... - Solution zygapophyseal joints between C2-C 91.AP open mouth cervical projection best demonstrates... - Solution zygapophyseal joint between C1-C 92.injury high in spinal cord can result in.... - Solution serious paralysis and death 93.the zygapophyseal cervical joints should appear perfectly... - Solution symmetric 94.what can cause the appearance of asymmetry in the cervical region - Solution injury or rotation of skull 95.cervical intervertebral foramina are formed by.... - Solution inferior & superior borders of pedicles 96.the demonstrate the cervical intervertebral foramina rotate the patient.... - Solution 45* 97.while also rotating the patient 45* to demonstrate the cervical intervertebral foramina, also use a ______ tube angle - Solution 15* 98.what are the 2 requirements to open cervical intervertebral foramina - Solution - 45* patient oblique

  • 15* tube angle 99.LPO/RPO cervical projections require a _______ tube angle to open the intervertebral foramina - Solution 15* cephalic
  1. LAO/RAO cervical projections require a _____ tube angle to open the intervertebral foramina - Solution 15* caudal
  2. the LPO & RAO cervical projections best demonstrates the _____ foramina - Solution right
  3. the RPO & LAO cervical projections best demonstrates the _____ foramina - Solution left
  4. to demonstrate C2-C7 zygapophyseal joints what position is done - Solution 90* lateral
  5. 90* lateral C2-C7 have the right & left zygapophyseal joints _______
- **Solution** superimposed 
  1. to demonstrate C1-C2 zygapophyseal joints what position is done - Solution AP open mouth
  2. AP open mouth C1-C2 have the left & right joint spaces ______ - Solution equal
  3. b/c C1 (atlas) doesnt have a body, what are the 2 things that replace the body - Solution anterior arch & anterior tubercle
  4. b/c C1 (atlas) doesnt have spinous processes, what are the 2 things that replace the spinous process - Solution posterior arch & posterior tubercle
  5. superior facets of C1 (atlas) form articulation with... - Solution occipital condyles of skull
  6. the articulation between the superior facets of C1 & occipital condyles of skull form the _____________ joint - Solution atlantooccipital
  7. the transverse processes of C1 (atlas) are... - Solution smaller
  8. the articular pillars of C1 are called lateral masses b/c they.... - Solution support weight of head & assist in rotation
  9. C2 (axis) has a... - Solution dens/odontoid process
  1. definition of dens/odontoid process - Solution conical process that projects up from body of C2 & articulates with C
  2. the dens/odontoid process is held in place by the.... - Solution transverse atlantal ligament of C
  3. rotation of the head primarily occurs between.... - Solution C1-C
  4. what are the 4 positioning landmarks for cervical projections - Solution - mastoid tip (1" below EAM) - C
    • gonion (jaw angle) - C
    • thyroid cartilage ("Adam's Apple") - C
    • vertebra prominens (spinous process of C7) - T
  5. what does EAM stand for - Solution external acoustic (auditory) meatus
  6. what is the SID for the oblique & lateral cervical projections - Solution 72"
  7. what is the SID for the AP cervical projections - Solution 40"
  8. why is there a 72" SID for oblique & lateral cervical projections - Solution to help compensate for increased OID
  9. what is the kVp range for the cervical projections - Solution 70 - 80
  10. what are the breathing instructions for all the cervical projections - Solution expiration
  11. what are the 3 reasons erect cervical is preferred over supine - Solution - demonstrates alignment & ligament stability
    • demonstrates natural curve of spine
    • helps to depress shoulders
  12. where is the CR at for AP open mouth cervical projections - Solution through center of mouth
  1. for AP open mouth cervical projections, the upper incisors & base of skull should be... - Solution superimposed
  2. AP open mouth cervical projections should be collimated down to a....
- **Solution** 4x 
  1. the dens is prone to fractures caused by... - Solution whiplash
  2. rotation of skull during AP open mouth cervical projections can imitate.... - Solution pathology (unequal spaces between lateral masses & dens)
  3. the zygapophyseal joint between C1-C2 is the __________ joint - Solution atlantoaxial
  4. if teeth are superimposed on upper dens for AP open mouth cervical projections, you can fix it by.... - Solution - slight hyperextension of neck
    • slight cephalic angle
  5. if base of skull superimposed dens for AP open mouth cervical projections, you can fix it by.... - Solution - slight hyperflexion of neck
    • slight caudal angle
  6. if base of skull & upper incisors are superimposed & dens is still not well visualized in an AP open mouth cervical projection, what methods can be done - Solution Judd or Fuchs
  7. what is the CR angle for AP axial cervical projections - Solution 15 - 20* cephalic
  8. where is the CR at for AP axial cervical projections - Solution C (lower thyroid cartilage)
  9. erect AP axial cervical projections requires a ______ CR angle - Solution 20* cephalic
  10. supine AP axial cervical projections require a ______ CR angle - Solution 15* cephalic
  1. the cephalic angle for AP axial cervical projections open up intervertebral joint spaces b/c.... - Solution bodies have slight overlap for cervical vertebras
  2. posterior cervical oblique projections require a _____ CR angle - Solution 15 * cephalic
  3. anterior cervical oblique projections reluire a ______ CR angle - Solution 15* caudal
  4. where is the CR at for both posterior & anterior oblique cervical projections - Solution C4 (lower thyroid cartilage)
  5. posterior & anterior oblique cervical projections require a patient rotation of... - Solution 45*
  6. why are anterior cervical obliques preferred over posterior - Solution dose to thyroid & breasts is reduced by 10x
  7. where is the CR at for lateral cervical projections - Solution C (lower thyroid cartilage)
  8. lateral cervical projections require the patients shoulders to be... - Solution relaxes & dropped
  9. if C7 can't be seen in a lateral cervical projection, what projection should be done - Solution swimmers
  10. trauma cervical lateral projections need to be done... - Solution CTL
  11. lateral flexion & extension cervical projections are a _________ study
- **Solution** functional 
  1. lateral flexion & extension cervical projections are useful in diagnosing ____________ & evaluating ____________ after spinal fusion surgery - Solution whiplash injuries; spinal mobility
  2. where is the CR at for lateral flexion & extension cervical projections
- **Solution** C4 (lower thyroid cartilage) 
  1. hypeflexion lateral cervical projections have the spinous processes.....
- **Solution** well separated 
  1. hyperextension lateral cervical projections have the spinous processes... - Solution in close proximity
  2. where is the CR at for the AP Fuchs Dens cervical method - Solution inferior mandible
  3. the CR should be parallel to _______ in the AP Fuchs Dens cervical method - Solution MML
  4. what does MML stand for - Solution mentomeatal line
  5. the MML connects the ______ to ___________ - Solution EAM to mentum (chin)
  6. where is the CR at for PA Judd Dens cervical method - Solution level of mastoid processes
  7. the CR should be parallel to ______ in the PA Judd Dens cervical method - Solution MML
  8. during the AP "Wagging Jaw" Ottonello cervical method, the mandible... - Solution moves during exposure
  9. where is the CR at for the AP "Wagging Jaw" Ottonello cervical method - Solution C4 (lower thyroid cartilage)
  10. the AP axial vertebral arch (Pillars) cervical method requires the neck to be.... - Solution hyperextended
  11. what is the CR angle for the AP axial vertebral arch (Pillars) cervical method - Solution 20 - 30* caudal
  12. where is the CR at for the AP axial vertebral arch (Pillars) cervical method - Solution lower margin of thyroid cartilage (C5)