Radiographic Imaging Principles and Techniques, Exams of Radiology

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Which of the following determines the quality of the x-ray beam? - ✔ANS: - kVp Which of the following affects the quantity of the x-ray beam? - ✔ANS: - mA and exposure time The principle of heating a coil of wire to produce electron is known as: - ✔ANS: - thermionic emission The flow of electrons from filament to anode is known as: - ✔ANS: - tube current The alternating current can be converted to direct current with the use of a: - ✔ANS: - rectifier Which of the following is located at the secondary side of the step-up transformer? - ✔ANS: - mA meter The ____________ circuit provides electrons for the x-ray tube current: - ✔ANS: - filament The AEC terminates the exposure when: - ✔ANS: - sufficient radiation reaches the image receptor A 3 phase 12 pulse wave form has __________ ripple: - ✔ANS: - 4% An increase in __________ will increase both beam quality and quantity beam: - ✔ANS: - kVp Grids generally have a frequency of _________ lines per inch: -

✔ANS: - 60-

The mAs value must be changed ____________ to produce a perceptible change in OD: - ✔ANS: - 30% An exposure with an off level grid will show grid cutoff: - ✔ANS: - across the image Which of the following directly influences radiographic contrast? - ✔ANS: - grid ratio A type of grid in which the grid lines are situated parallel to the divergence of the x-ray beam: - ✔ANS: - focused grid Which of the following is used to reduce the effect of cut radiation? - ✔ANS: - radiographic grid How can the production of scatter radiation can be reduced? - ✔ANS: - use of close collimation Is the height of the grid strips divided by the width of the interspace material? - ✔ANS: - grid ratio Changes in kVp affect: - ✔ANS: - optical density

• image contrast
• image noise Which of the following terms correctly describes the number of grid lines per inch? - ✔ANS: - grid frequency Is the major factor used in controlling radiographic density? -

✔ANS: - kVp When should a grid be used? - ✔ANS: - when radiographing body parts greater than 10 cm

• when scatter radiation is high A high contrast radiograph has: - ✔ANS: - short scale contrast When insufficient light is produced, the image will be grainy, a condition called: - ✔ANS: - quantum mottle/noise Visually, dynamic range refers to which of the following? - ✔ANS: - the number of shades of gray that can be represented Increasing the number of pixels will: - ✔ANS: - increase spatial resolution In a computer languages ________ is a word: - ✔ANS: - 2 bytes If the bit depth is 9 how many shades of gray will be present? - ✔ANS: - 512 Which of the following devices used in computed radiography? - ✔ANS: - PSP Pixel size relates to: - ✔ANS: - spatial resolution Which of the following has the greatest effect on digital image spatial resolution? - ✔ANS: - matrix size A computed radiography (CR) latent image is made manifest by what method? - ✔ANS: - laser simulation

Spatial resolution is improved with __________ in DR: - ✔ANS: - increased matrix size What element is used to make gas laser? - ✔ANS: - helium PACS stands for: - ✔ANS: - picture archiving and communication system Incomplete erasure of a previous image on a CR imaging plate might cause: - ✔ANS: - ghost image Is the degree of difference in optical density between areas of the image: - ✔ANS: - contrast Resolution is defined as the ability to image two separate objects and visual detect one from the other: - ✔ANS: - contrast Spatial resolution can be improved or reducing which of the following: - ✔ANS: - focal spot size Distortion can be reduced by: - ✔ANS: - placing the object parallel to the imaging plane The best way to minimize magnification is use: - ✔ANS: - long SID

• small OID Sharpness of detail can be improved by increasing: - ✔ANS: - SID The use of collimation improves: - ✔ANS: - contrast and reduces patient dose Spatial resolution improves with decreased: -

✔ANS: - screen blurs

• motion blurs
• geometric blurs The ability of an imaging system to display details is known as: - ✔ANS: - spatial resolution A radiograph with a long scale of contrast will also have: - ✔ANS: - wide latitude and low contrast A neutral atom has the same number of: - ✔ANS: - photons and electrons Gamma rays are produced in the _________ of the atom: - ✔ANS: - nucleus The __________ is the least penetrating form of ionizing radiation? - ✔ANS: - alpha particle Atoms that have the same atomic number, but different atomic mass are called: - ✔ANS: - isotope The velocity of all electromagnetic radiation is: - ✔ANS: - 3 x 10^8 m/s What is Ohm's Law: - ✔ANS: - V = I x R Formula of transformer: - ✔ANS: - Vs/Vp = Ns/Np Grids must be used when the anatomic part is: - ✔ANS: - 10 cm or greater and more than 50 kVp The reduction of the intensity of radiation as it passes through a material is known as: -

✔ANS: - attenuation Which of the following is the most penetrating: - ✔ANS: - gamma rays Off center grid cut off would demonstrate which of these? - ✔ANS: - one side of the image would be underexposed Which of the following screen speeds will produce the best recorded detail: - ✔ANS: - 50 Which of the following will decrease recorded detail in radiograph? - ✔ANS: - increasing focal spot

• increasing screen speed
• increasing OID Tube angulation will produce which of the following types of shape distortion? - ✔ANS: - elongation Which of the following factors affects radiographic density? - ✔ANS: - only SID If the kVp is increased by 15% how much must the mAs must be reduced in order to maintain the same exposure? - ✔ANS: - 50%

• decrease 50% to maintain (density divided by 2) Which of the following screen speeds will produced the greatest density in radiograph? - ✔ANS: - 400 How will the use of radiographic grids affect contrast of an image? - ✔ANS: - produce higher contrast

Which of the following will produce a longer scale contrast? - ✔ANS: - increasing kVp Where is the trachea situated in relationship with the esophagus? - ✔ANS: - anterior What terms describes any abnormal accumulation of air in the pleural space? - ✔ANS: - pneumothorax Which of the following is reliable was to check for rotation on a lateral skull radiography? - ✔ANS: - mandibular rami superimposed If the orbitalmeatal line is perpendicular to the image receptor for an AP axial (Towne) projection, how much caudal angle is required? - ✔ANS: - 30 degrees For the lateral LAW projection of the TMJs how much is central ray angled and which direction? - ✔ANS: - 15 degrees caudad For the axiolateral oblique projection of the mandible, if the patient is lateral, how much is the tube angled? - ✔ANS: - 25 degrees cephalad What is the name of the structure that houses the pituitary gland? - ✔ANS: - sella turcica The patient in insulin shock who is still conscious requires which of the following?

• ✔ANS: - something with sugar What is the type of shock that causes by a failure of the heart pump enough blood to the vital organs? - ✔ANS: - cardiogenic shock

If a patient convulses in the x-ray department, the radiographer should do which of the following? - ✔ANS: - prevent injury to the patient If a patient IV site becomes puffy and swollen what should the radiographer do? - ✔ANS: - clamp off the IV What type of shock is caused by the loss of blood due the knife or gunshot wound? - ✔ANS: - Hypovolemic shock According's to Maslow hierarchy which of the following is a person's most basic need? - ✔ANS: - physiological needs What can happened if a diabetic patient had taken his normal dose of insulin but has been NPO since midnight? - ✔ANS: - Go into insulin shock A patient in diabetic coma needs which of the following? - ✔ANS: - more insulin What is the type of shock that can result from severe reaction to contrast media used in radiographic exams? - ✔ANS: - anaphylactic shock When in an IV considered to infiltrated? - ✔ANS: - when solution is leaking into tissue Which of the following is not a method of sterilization? - ✔ANS: - hand washing If you come across a sterile tray that has no expiration date on it, what should you do? - ✔ANS: - consider it unsterile

Sterilization in an autoclave involves which of the following? - ✔ANS: - steam under pressure Which of the following would be appropiate when sterile gown must be worn during fluoroscopy? - ✔ANS: - lead apron worn under the gown Which of the following is the most effective method for archiving medical asepsis?

• ✔ANS: - frequent hand washing Is the reduction without sterilization of the microorganism in the immediate environment? - ✔ANS: - medical asepsis How should used needles be disposed of? - ✔ANS: - placed uncapped in sharp containers Variation in power distribution to the x-ray machine are corrected by the: - ✔ANS: - line voltage compensator The vermiform appendix is attached to which of the following? - ✔ANS: - cecum The least common body habitus: - ✔ANS: - hypersthenic (5%) Ambulatory patients: - ✔ANS: - able to walk Carpal bone bigger is: - ✔ANS: - capitate Sacrum angle: - ✔ANS: - 15 degrees cephalad

Portion that is in the middle of the lungs: - ✔ANS: - mediastinum T9-T10: - ✔ANS: - xiphoid process Spinal nerves and blood vessels exit the spinal column through the: - ✔ANS: - intervertebral foramina Nose of the scotty dog: - ✔ANS: - transverse process Which is the bigger foramen: - ✔ANS: - obturator foramen In which view you can visualized the Osgood-Schalatter: - ✔ANS: - lateral knee If you increase the kVp 15% what happen with the mAs: - ✔ANS: - you reduce the mAs by a factor of two (cut the mAs in half) If you decrease the kVp 15% what happen with the mAs: - ✔ANS: - you increase the mAs by a factor of two (double the mAs) A very high creatinine level is: - ✔ANS: - a contraindication for an IVU Where would an ET tube be located: - ✔ANS: - trachea To complete removal of all microorganisms from an object is called what? - ✔ANS: - sterilization Which of the following conditions would be considered "easy to penetrate"? - ✔ANS: - degenerative arthritis

Which of the following controls image contrast? - ✔ANS: - window width Which of the following materials is used in indirect digital radiography to convert light photons into an electrical charge? - ✔ANS: - amorphous silicon Which of the following materials is used in direct digital radiography to convert x- ray photons into an electrical charge? - ✔ANS: - amorphous selenium Which of the following systems for recording x-ray images produces the best resolution? - ✔ANS: - amorphous selenium direct radiography How should the patient be positioned in order to demonstrate the glenoid fossa in profile? - ✔ANS: - rotate the patient 45 degrees toward the affected side What is it called when part of the bowel telescopes into the adjacent bowel? - ✔ANS: - intussusception What is it called when fluids collects in the pleural space? - ✔ANS: - pleural effusion What is it called when air enters the pleural space? - ✔ANS: - pneumothorax What is it called when part of a patient's left bronchial tree is blocked, causing a partial collapse? - ✔ANS: - atelectasis What is it called when part of the stomach slips through the diaphragm into the thorax? - ✔ANS: - hiatal hernia

What is the medical name for a twisting or kinking of the bowel? - ✔ANS: - volvolus If the SID is halved, which of the following changes must be made in order to maintain the same exposure? - ✔ANS: - mAs reduces by 4x Which projection of the shoulder best demonstrates the greater tubercle of the humerus in profile? - ✔ANS: - AP external Which colon is shown in an RPO of BE? - ✔ANS: - left colic flexure The most common health care associated infection: - ✔ANS: - UTI Proper order of scheduling multiple exams for someone: - ✔ANS: - urinary tract

• biliary system
• B.E
• upper GI Infections acquired in hospitals are called: - ✔ANS: - nosocomial infections The best scatter cleanup is achieved with the use of: - ✔ANS: - crosshatch grids How many lines per inch are needs for grids that are used with CR: - ✔ANS: - great than 150 What is the normal El value of an image processed with a Kodak (carestream) CR processor? -

✔ANS: - 2000

The three primary geometric factors affecting image quality are: - ✔ANS: - magnification

• distortion
• focal spot blur Magnification formula: - ✔ANS: - SID/SOD If SID is doubled, what may be said about receptor exposure? - ✔ANS: - receptor exposure is reduced to one fourth Which of the following defines radiographic density? - ✔ANS: - the overall amount/degree of darkening on a radiograph Which of the following describes the fluoroscopic system designed to maintain a constant image brightness? - ✔ANS: - automatic brightness control Which of the following is used to reduce the effect of scatter radiation? - ✔ANS: - radiographic grid A charged particle in motion creates an: - ✔ANS: - magnetic field What is the SI of unit of magnetic field strenght? - ✔ANS: - tesla A positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons in well- defined orbits is the __________ model of the atom: - ✔ANS: - bohr The chemical element is determined by the number __________ in the atom: - ✔ANS: - protons

The smallest quantity of any type of electromagnetic radiation is: - ✔ANS: - photon The energy of a photon is directly proportional to its: - ✔ANS: - frequency Photons with the highest frequencies have the: - ✔ANS: - shortest wavelengths The electric charge of a conductor is concentrated along the: - ✔ANS: - sharpest curvature or point If SID is doubled, what may be said about radiographic density? - ✔ANS: - density is reduced to one fourth If the distance from the source to image (SID) is reduced by half, how is the x-ray intensity at the image affected? - ✔ANS: - it is increased by 4 times what is used to focus the electron stream toward the target of the anode? - ✔ANS: - focusing cup The changing of alternating current to direct current is known as what? - ✔ANS: - rectification An example of an indirect DR image receptor with high photoelectric capture of the remnant beam and low amount of light spread is: - ✔ANS: - Csl/a-Si (cesium iodide and amorphous silicon) The anode of high-capacity x-ray tube rotates at: - ✔ANS: - 10,000 RPM Grid ratio 16:2: - ✔ANS: - 8: The number of pixels making up the digital image is the: -

✔ANS: - matrix size Identify the structure in the image: - ✔ANS: - pedicle Which of the following consists of five fused vertebrae and articulates with the pelvic girdle? - ✔ANS: - sacrum Where is the central ray directed for a projection of the knee? - ✔ANS: - 1/2 below the apex of the patella How much should the leg be flexed for a lateral projection of the knee? - ✔ANS: - 20 to 30 Which projection of the shoulder bets demonstrates the greater tubercle of the humerus in profile? - ✔ANS: - external rotation What position is needed to see the tibia fibula joint open? - ✔ANS: - medial oblique What forearm position is needed for a lateral finger of the fourth digit? - ✔ANS: - medial Which oblique positions are needed to see the zygagophyseal joints in the lumbar spine: - ✔ANS: - RPO and LAO The phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes: - ✔ANS: - diastole Condition of the spine resulting from the degeneration of the intervertebral disks:

• ✔ANS: - spondylosis Which diameter would cause less resistance? -

✔ANS: - larger diameter Which of the following materials are responsible for storing the latent image within the computed radiography imaging plate? - ✔ANS: - photostimulable phosphor (PSP) Which position of foot demonstrates the cuboid free of superimposition? - ✔ANS: - medial oblique The Afga exposure indication is __________ proportional to the exposure? - ✔ANS: - directly proportional Electric charges are ____________ throughout the object or on its surface? - ✔ANS: - uniformly distributed What type of contrast is affected by body habitus, pathology? - ✔ANS: - subject contrast Contrast resolution is improved by: a) tight collimation b) lowering kVp c) patient compression d) all of the above - ✔ANS: - all of the above In a 3 phase, if one of the rectifiers is damaged prior to an exposure, what is likely to occur? - ✔ANS: - reduce amount of optical density to a decreased radiation output What connects with the vertebral column to the hip bone? - ✔ANS: - sacroiliac joint (SI joint) A transformer has 600 coils on its primary side and 30 coils in the secondary side. What is the voltage on the secondary side when the primary side is 220 V? -

✔ANS: - 1.1 V

Which bone has the cribiform plate? - ✔ANS: - ethmoid AP projection of toes: - ✔ANS: - angle CR 10-15 toward heel Knife wound to chest: - ✔ANS: - pneumothorax and hemothorax What is located between the step-up transformer and the x-ray tube? - ✔ANS: - rectifier bridge The act of making false verbal statement about another person? - ✔ANS: - slander Given an original technique of 30 mAs and 80 kVp, which of the following will produce a radiograph with double the density? - ✔ANS: - 30 mAs, 92 kVp When grid lines and scanning lasers are parallel what will occur? - ✔ANS: - moire artifact To create the electric charge, this light interacts with a layer of: - ✔ANS: - amorphous silicon Posterior angle of the jaw: - ✔ANS: - gonion Medial oblique position of the foot: - ✔ANS: 30 to 40 degrees to plane of IR Computed radiography utilized __________ for latent image formation: - ✔ANS: - photostimulable phosphor