Radiographic Positioning and Anatomy, Exams of Nursing

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CAMRT Exam Questions 2024

C-spine flexion / extension views assess what? - ANS Anterior and posterior movement or lack of movement due to an injury What does ERCP stand for? - ANS Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography What is an ERCP used for? - ANS To investigate biliary tree, CBD, gallbladder and pancreas Ball catchers view is good to assess what? - ANS Early stages of Rheumatoid Arthritis Low blood pressure and dizziness due to standing up too quickly - ANS Orthostatic hypertension What is Shenton's Line? - ANS An imaginary curved line drawn along the inferior border of the superior pubic ramus and along the inferomedial border of the neck of femur What is Shenton's Line used for? - ANS To evaluate hip pathology What body part perpendicular to the CR when doing an intercondylar fossa? - ANS Long axis of the lower leg (Tib / Fib) What is the purpose of lateral bending for scoliosis? - ANS To determine structural change in early diagnosis Optimal kVp for a chest? - ANS 100 - 130 kVp How should you adjust CR for a portable Chest X-Ray on a kyphotic patient? - ANS Angle less slightly or leave the tube perpendicular so clavicles will be 1" below apices of lung What is the maximum focal spot size for scaphoid? - ANS 0.6 mm What medication may be added to the contrast to prevent a reaction? - ANS A steroid or anti-histamine What test tool is used to test focal spot? - ANS Slit camera, pinhole camera and star pattern What does focal spot size effect? - ANS Penumbra What does penumbra effect? - ANS Recorded detail What is the line focus principle? - ANS The lower the target angle, the smaller the effective focal spot size. The higher the target angle, the larger the focal spot size What is the advantage of line focus principle? - ANS It provides the detail of a small focal spot while allowing a large amount of heat dissipation If the pedicles sit too far posterior on vertebral bodies for an oblique L spine, what does this mean? - ANS Too much obliquity Remember: PP - too much (posterior pedicles)

What is a CVP line? - ANS Used for measuring central venous pressure as well as allowing nutrients and fluid to be instilled Best location for a CVP (Central Venous Pressure) Line? - ANS Brachiocephalic vein or Superior Vena Cava Where does a Swan-Ganz catheter sit? - ANS The right side of the heart and the arteries leading to the lungs What does a Swan-Ganz catheter measure? - ANS The heart's function and blood flow pressures in and around the heart What are Plia circularis? - ANS The numerous folds of the mucous membrane of the small intestine What are the instruments used for sensitometry? - ANS - Sensitometer (step wedge)

• Densitometer How often is a sensitometry strip done? - ANS Daily What is demonstrated on a 15O degree occipitofrontal view of the sinuses? - ANS - Frontal sinuses
• Anterior ethmoidal air cells
• Sphenoid sinuses Oblique fracture of the base of the first metacarpal? - ANS Bennett's fracture An ankle fracture affecting one of the malleoli? - ANS Pott's fracture An ankle fracture affecting both of the malleoli? - ANS Second degree Pott's fracture (bi-malleolar fracture) An ankle fracture affecting both of the malleoli and the posterior surface of the tib fractured as well? - ANS Third degree Pott's fracture (tri-malleolar fracture) What is a Compound fracture? - ANS When the bone has broken through the skin What is a Comminuted fracture? - ANS A fracture with more than two bone fragments Steps to open a sterile tray? - ANS - Away
• Left
• Right
• Toward you An enema bag should be ____ inches or ____ cm above the anus? - ANS 24 inches or 61 cm What part of the gown is sterile during surgery? - ANS Waist to shoulders in the front and sleeves 2" above the elbow to the cuffs What is included in a brain CT? - ANS Base of the skull to cranial apex What vessel ascends through the cervical transverse foramina? - ANS The vertebral artery Can compression be used for microscopic hematuria when doing an IVP (Intravenous Pyelogram)? - ANS Yes

Normal blood pressure? - ANS 110-140 Systolic and 60-80 Diastolic Mammo kVp? - ANS 23 - 28 kVp What is an injection site for a Myelogram? - ANS The subarachnoid space by spinal puncture What is a Myelogram? - ANS Injecting contrast medium into the subarachnoid space & radiographing (CT / X-Ray) to look for spinal canal problems The breathing for a Soft tissue neck? - ANS Slow inspiration On an oblique lumbar spine what is the "neck" of the Scotty Dog? - ANS Pars Interarticularis What is the most often used injection site for an abdominal angiogram? - ANS Femoral artery (catheter positioned at T12) What vertebral level do the kidneys sit? - ANS T12 - L What test is done after the collimator light is changed? - ANS Light field / beam congruency test What procedure is done to relieve the symptoms of atherosclerosis? - ANS - Angioplasty

• Vascular stenting
• Thrombolysis What is the thickening and hardening of the artery walls, occurring typically in old age? - ANS Atherosclerosis What is a primary X-Ray barrier? - ANS A lead wall or floor (Intercepts primary beam) What is a secondary X-Ray barrier? - ANS The control booth or ceiling (Intercepts leakage and scatter) What pathology seen during a GI is associated with cirrhosis of the liver? - ANS Esophageal varices The catheter path for a femoral angiogram? - ANS - Femoral artery
• External iliac
• Common iliac CPR ratio for an adult? - ANS 30 compressions for every 2 breaths What is best demonstrated on an RPO C-spine? - ANS Left intervertebral foramina Areas most prone to bed sores? - ANS Where the bones are close to the skin What joint and anatomical structure must be included on a patellar view? - ANS The patellofemoral joint and patella in profile Blood CT # - ANS 20 Water CT # - ANS 0 Air CT # - ANS - 1000

Fat CT # - ANS - 100 Fat pads of elbow are shown on what view? - ANS Lateral What does a Fat pad sign on an elbow X-Ray indicate? - ANS An undetectable fracture What is a sac formed by dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery, and filled with blood? - ANS Aneurysm What is demonstrated on an oblique view of a Myelogram? - ANS Ruptured intervertebral discs Areas to look for a possible aspirated Foreign Body in a child? - ANS Nasopharynx to anal canal The maximum length the enema tip can be inserted is ____ inches or ____ cm - ANS 1.5 inches or 3.8 cm Final location for PICC line? - ANS SVC (Superior vena cava) Final location for a feeding tube? - ANS 1st part of duodenum Final location for an NG tube? - ANS Stomach Final location for a Swan Ganz? - ANS Right or left pulmonary artery (naturally flips into the right artery) What is the angle of the CR for a Barium Enema sigmoid shot if the patient is prone? - ANS 30-40 caudad Which position best demonstrates pleural effusion of the right lung? - ANS Right Lateral Decubitus When using a grid, what error causes an overall decreased density? - ANS Off level or off centered grid What is enteroclysis? - ANS The injection of nutrient or medicinal liquid into the bowel (After the procedure you must tell the patient not to eat or drink for a few hours as spray anesthesia is used to inhibit gag reflex when intubating) The anatomical landmark for SI joints? - ANS 1 inch above ASIS The xiphoid tip is at what vertebral level? - ANS T The sternal angle is at what vertebral level? - ANS T4 - T The cricoid cartilage is at what vertebral level? - ANS C A diabetic foot may be associated with what bony pathology? - ANS Bacterial osteomyelitis ____ are used to convert high voltage AC currents to DC currents? - ANS Rectifiers During angiography what is the rate pulse control used for? - ANS To prevent forceful injection What vessels would you most likely find a "berry" aneurysm? - ANS Cerebral arteries (usually at bifurcation) Air Gap technique:

What rib attaches to the sternal angle? - ANS Second rib What sphincter allows food to pass into the duodenum? - ANS Pyloric sphincter What procedure is done for pneumothorax? - ANS Chest Tube How is the male urethra best demonstrated in a voiding cystogram? - ANS Anterior oblique view Where is a vesicovaginal fistula found? - ANS Between the bladder and vagina What are the symptoms of a PE (Pulmonary Embolism)? - ANS 80 percent of patients have no symptoms Where is the needle inserted in a shoulder arthrogram? - ANS 1/2 inch inferior and lateral to the coracoid process into the joint A ring artifact on a CT image could indicate what? - ANS Detector malfunction Weight / volume of barium for a single contrast GI ____% and double contrast GI up to ____% - ANS 30 - 50% Single contrast GI 250% Double contrast GI What 3 vessels form the celiac axis and where is it located? - ANS - Common gastric artery

• Left gastric artery
• Splenic artery Located beneath the diaphragm at approximately T What is the nose of the Scottie dog? - ANS Transverse process What is the eye of the Scottie dog? - ANS Pedicle What is the neck of the Scottie dog? - ANS Pars interarticularis What is the body of the Scottie dog? - ANS Lamina What is the front paw of the Scottie dog? - ANS Inferior articulating process What indicates under rotation of an Oblique L-spine? - ANS Pedicle anterior What indicates over rotation of an oblique L-spine? - ANS Pedicle posterior What is demonstrated on a posterior oblique L-spine? - ANS Zygapophyseal joints of the side in contact What is the central ray for an AP axial coccyx? - ANS Angle 10 degrees caudad What is the difference between Germicide and Disinfectant? - ANS Germicide is a solution that destroys microorganisms; Disinfectant is a type of germicide that inhibits the growth of bacteria Which carpal bone is most commonly fractured? - ANS Scaphoid

What is the difference between Lauenstein (Frog leg) and cross-table lateral views of the hip? - ANS - Lauenstein (Frog leg) shows lesser trochanter in profile medially and femoral neck superimposes greater trochanter

• Cross table shows femoral neck demonstrated without overlap from greater trochanter and a small amount of the lesser trochanter on the posterior surface of the femur demonstrated in profile Why include anterior soft tissue on a trauma cross-table lateral of the c-spine? - ANS To locate any type of vertebral displacement or swelling that could suggest a disguised fracture What is the purpose of lateral bending for scoliosis imaging? - ANS To determine the presence of structural change when bending to the right and left and assess the degree of correction that can be obtained Why is a CT study for PE scanned from from abdomen to just above shoulders? - ANS To help reduce artifact of the contrast when the initial injection is given because of the large amount of contrast that will be entering the superior vena cava before the coronary arteries What is Spatial Resolution? - ANS The ability to distinguish two small separate objects close together What should you do if a nurse forgets to chart a medication during an Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)? - ANS Bring any omissions to their attention - any item that has not been documented on the chart is considered to be "not performed" in a court of law What is a PICC line? Where is it located? - ANS A peripherally inserted central catheter which is placed in the brachiocephalic vein at the junction of the SVC or actually within the SVC itself What is the function of a PICC Line? - ANS Used for measuring central venous pressure as well as allowing nutrients and fluid to be instilled What is the function of a Swan-ganz catheter? - ANS - Wedge pressure
• Central venous pressure
• Systolic pressure
• Diastolic pressure
• Mean pressure
• Withdraw blood samples
• Inject drugs or administer fluids What are the three layers of mater surrounding the brain? - ANS From outer to inner:
• Dura
• Arachnoid
• Pia What is the appearance of an Chronic subdural hematoma on a CT? - ANS Isodense lesion What is the appearance of an Acute subdural hematoma on a CT? - ANS A crescent-shaped peripheral high- density lesion What is a subdural hematoma? - ANS Venous bleeding from ruptured veins between the dura and meninges What is the cause of a subdural hematoma? - ANS Trauma

What are the two routine projections/views for mammography imaging? - ANS - MLO (Mediolateral Oblique)

• CC (Craniocaudal) Which mammography view requires the pectoral muscle on the posterior edge of the breast, retromammary tissue, and the nipple in profile? - ANS Craniocaudal View Optimal kVp used in Mammography? - ANS 23 - 28 kVp What is the function of Automatic Brightness Control? - ANS Maintain the brightness of an image during a fluoroscopic exam by automatically adjusting the exposure factors as necessary What does a recumbent right lateral stomach view demonstrate? - ANS Right retro-gastric space, duodenal loop, and duodenojejunal junction What are the 3 arteries off of the aortic arch? - ANS - Brachiocephalic artery
• Left common carotid artery
• Left subclavian artery What does the Brachiocephalic artery branch into? - ANS - Right subclavian artery
• Common carotid artery What side dot the 3 arteries of the aortic arch branch off? - ANS Right side Remember: Right to tri - Right lung 3 lobes After changing the collimator light bulb, what test would you perform? - ANS Collimator light field/ x-ray beam congruency test What are the CT numbers for air, lung, fat, water, blood, and bone? - ANS Air = - 1000 Lung = - 200 Fat = - 100 Water = 0 Blood = 20 Bone = 1000 You are performing a mobile chest x-ray. You have a distance of 60" and you use 6.3 mAs. How would you adjust your mAs value if you changed the distance to 72"? - ANS mAs1 / mAs2 = D1sq / D2sq6.3 / mAs = (60 x 60) / (72 x 72) = 3600 / 5184 mAs = 9. = 9. At what vertebral level do the kidneys sit? - ANS T12 to the level of the transverse processes of L What does the acronym TIPS stand for and what is its purpose? - ANS Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Its purpose is to decrease portal hypertension and the associated variceal bleeding by allowing the portal venous circulation to bypass its normal course through the liver What is the recommended overall repeat rate? - ANS 4 - 6%

What is the final location for a feeding tube? - ANS First part of the duodenum What is the final location for an NG (Nasogastric) tube? - ANS Stomach If all other factors remain the same, how is patient dose effected when you increase tube current? - ANS Increased tube current = Increased dose If all other factors remain the same, how is patient dose effected when you increase SID? - ANS Increased SID = Decreased dose If all other factors remain the same, how is patient dose effected when you increase field size? - ANS Increased field size = Increased dose If all other factors remain the same, how is patient dose effected when you add filtration? - ANS Increased filtration = Decreased dose If all other factors remain the same, how is patient dose effected when you decrease screen speed? - ANS Decreased screen speed = Decreased dose If all other factors remain the same, how is patient dose effected when you decrease focal spot size? - ANS No change to patient dose Which position best demonstrates pleural effusion of the right lung if the patient cannot stand? - ANS Right lateral decubitus Which projection demonstrates the maximum amount of breast tissue? - ANS MLO Which way is the patient rotated if their right obturator foramen is open on an AP pelvis? - ANS RPO position Why is it important to know a patient's creatinine level before injection of contrast? - ANS To check kidney function What are the three cardinal rules of radiation protection? - ANS - Increase distance

• Decrease time
• Use shielding What is the air gap technique? - ANS Increase OID to decrease scatter & therefore increase image contrast From what vessels do the right and left vertebral arteries originate? - ANS The right and left subclavian arteries By how much do you need to increase technical factors when imaging through a fiberglass cast? - ANS No change required (fiberglass does not attenuate as much as a plaster cast) How do you turn a patient who is on spinal precautions? - ANS Log roll What is the outpatient prep for a barium enema? - ANS Low residue diet for 2-3 days followed by clear fluids only the day before the exam and a laxative When imaging the cranium, what is the most radiosensitive area? - ANS Eyes

• Osteopenia: Between - 1 and - 2.
• Osteoporosis: - 2.5 or less
• Severe Osteoporosis: - 2.5 or less and fragility fractures What is Tetraology of fallot? - ANS A combination of four congenital abnormalities What are the 4 congenital abnormalities of Tetraology of fallot? - ANS Think MVPR (Most valuable player right?!)
• Misplaced aorta
• Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
• Pulmonary valve stenosis
• Right Ventricular hypertrophy During an IVU exam, the table is tilted to bring the patient into a Trendelenburg position, what portion of the kidneys will be best demonstrated? - ANS Demonstrates the distal / lower ureters (as the bladder fundus stretches superiorly) How is image quality affected when decreasing system speed? - ANS Decreased image quality What patient position results in an increased peristaltic motion for the emptying of the stomach? - ANS RAO What is the advantage of slip ring technology in CT? - ANS Allows for continuous rotation of the x-ray tube by eliminating the cables between the gantry and the generators What does the term "pitch" refer to in CT? - ANS Pitch, is the relationship between the patient couch movement and x-ray beam collimation What is the equation used to calculate Pitch? - ANS Pitch = couch movement every 360-degrees / Slice thickness Why is a pitch greater than 1 not ideal for a CT examination? - ANS A pitch greater than one means that we are getting a greater amount of space between slices due to the motion of the couch therefore possibly missing pathology A left posterior oblique for a nephrogram will demonstrate the ____ureter and ____ kidney - ANS Left ureter and right kidney A right posterior oblique for a nephrogram will demonstrate the ____ureter and ____ kidney - ANS Right ureter and left kidney True or False: Osteoporosis is a disease of the elderly population - ANS False, osteoporosis can be a potential disease to a person of any age, gender and race What is the location of a boxer's fracture? - ANS Neck of the fifth metacarpal How is the x-ray tube in a mammography unit positioned to take advantage of the anode heel effect? - ANS The cathode end is closer to the chest wall High grid ratio focusing range smaller or larger? - ANS Smaller focusing range Low grid ratio focusing range smaller or larger? - ANS Larger focusing range

What is atelectasis? - ANS Collapsed lung For a patient that has atelectasis and requires a chest x-ray, do you increase or decrease your technical factors? - ANS Increase; a collapse of the lung results in airlessness of all or part of the lung tissue, causing lung tissue density to increase What term is used to describe the folds in the stomach? - ANS Rugae The warming sleeve of the pressure injector pump is set to maintain contrast temperature at? - ANS Body temperature about 37 degrees (it does not heat up contrast it just maintains the heat) Where is the CT beam collimated? - ANS There are two collimators:

• Pre-patient
• Pre-detector Which rib attaches at the sternal angle? - ANS 2nd rib What must be included on all projections of the thumb? - ANS From distal tip of thumb to trapezium What mechanism allows food to pass into the duodenum? - ANS Pyloric Sphincter When x-raying a pelvis, a 40-degree caudal angle is used for what view? - ANS Anteroposterior axial "inlet" projection of the pelvis What does the "inlet" projection of the pelvis show? - ANS The pelvic ring A patient is positioned in an LPO position for an L-spine oblique. Which side will be best demonstrated? - ANS The left side will be demonstrated (The side closest to the IR) By what organization was the Code of Ethics developed for the protection of the public? - ANS The College of Medical Radiation Technologists What is the surgical treatment for a pneumothorax? - ANS Insertion of a chest tube What are the 5 injection parameters that can be set on the automatic contrast medium pressure injector? - ANS - Flow Rate
• Total Volume
• Rise (Linear Rise)
• Injection Pressure
• Delay What is one thing that the pressure injector should always be checked for before injecting a patient and never be in the syringe? - ANS Air bubbles What three major sites are used for BMD scans? - ANS Hips, Lumbar Spine, Distal Forearm A pneumothorax is suspected on one of your patients that requires a portable chest x-ray, how should your technique be adjusted to accommodate for this? - ANS Decrease, free air in the pleural cavity displaces normal lung tissue and results in decreased density within the thoracic cavity

30 - 45 degrees Cephalad Females What does and "outlet" view of the pelvis show? - ANS Superior / inferior rami and pubis of the ischium In what position are the zygapophyseal joints best demonstrated on a thoracic spine? - ANS Oblique view What level of the lumbar spine does a radiologist typically insert a spinal needle for a Lumbar Puncture? - ANS L3 / L What part of the x-ray tube controls penumbra? - ANS Focal Spot How should you position the patient to best demonstrate the iliac wing? - ANS With affected side down in a posterior oblique; this rotation allows the iliac wing to flatten out and be viewed in profile Which condition would you most often take inspiration and expiration images for? - ANS Pneumothorax To best demonstrate the left SI joint, RPO or LPO position with CR perpendicular? - ANS RPO Which wrist-positioning maneuver opens the carpal interspaces on the lateral side of the wrist? - ANS Ulnar deviation; this is used to best view the scaphoid and its joints What is a Salter-Harris fracture? - ANS A fracture through the epiphysis (growth plate) of a child What is a thrombus? - ANS Blood clot What is an embolus? - ANS A blood clot that has broken loose and is floating freely in the blood stream What is an Aortic Dissection? - ANS A tear in the wall of the aorta causing blood to flow in between the layers forcing them apart According to Radiation Safety and the CAMRT, what age group is asked whether there is any chance of pregnancy? - ANS 11 - 55 A patient arrives in Outpatients with an order for stress views of the ankle. How should you proceed? - ANS The referring physician that ordered the stress views on the ankle should be the only one to manipulate the patient's foot and ankle to obtain these views; it's not in the technologist's scope of practice to manipulate the foot and ankle for stress views When x-raying an AP lumbar spine, why are the knees bent? - ANS To reduce the lordotic lumbar curvature in order for intervertebral joints to be well demonstrated What does mA control in regards to the x-ray beam? - ANS The amount of electrons that form in the electron cloud surrounding the filament when an exposure is about to be made (higher mA means more electrons are able to cross over to the anode resulting in more x-ray photon production) What does kV control in regards to the x-ray beam? - ANS The length of the exposure and goes hand in hand with the mA (this gives us the term mAs since mA multiplied by the time in seconds equals our mAs) What does Time control in regards to the x-ray beam? - ANS The intensity and energy of the beam (the higher the kV, the more penetrating power it has)

When performing a GI exam of the stomach, what position should the patient be positioned in to demonstrate a possible hiatal hernia? - ANS Trendelenburg position In the O.R. where do you want the X-ray tube to reduce the technologist and surgeon's dose? - ANS Tube under the table, with the II close to the patient to reduce OID What corrections must be made if the pisiform is more anterior than the scaphoid on a lateral image of the wrist? - ANS Rotate hand and wrist internally What is the acceptance criteria value when testing kVp accuracy? - ANS Within ±10% of the selected value On a patella skyline image, the patellofemoral joint space is closed. To better superimpose the apex and based of the patella borders, the angle of the central ray can be ____ or the flexion of the knee can be ____?

• ANS Decreased; decreased What is best demonstrated on the left anterior oblique view of the L-spine? - ANS Right zygapophyseal joints What part of the occipital bone articulates to form the atlantooccipital joint? - ANS The occipital condyles off of the occipital bone help to create the atlantooccipital joint What is Ketoacidosis? - ANS Ketoacidosis (hyperglycemia) usually refers to a diabetic patient that has a high blood sugar level What does the acronym ALARA stand for? - ANS As Low As Reasonably Achievable What is a normal adult pulse per minute? - ANS 60-90 beats per minute in a rested state for an adult When doing a mammogram exam, what is best demonstrated by the MLO position? - ANS Axillary tail and lymph nodes of affected breast What does a low GFR and creatine level mean? - ANS Decreased kidney function What kind of contrast would you use for a patient that has a low GFR and creatine level? - ANS - Non-ionic
• Water soluble
• Low osmolality In regards to radiographic contrast, what does the term viscosity refer to? - ANS A measure of thickness What does the acronym DICOM stand for? - ANS Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine What grid error has occurred when the image is light on one side and dark on the other? - ANS Off-center, off-focus, or a combination of the two True or False: An image that displays vignetting will be dim around the periphery - ANS True What two statistical methods are used with bone densitometry studies? - ANS T-score and Z-score When is a small bowel follow-through considered to be complete? - ANS When the contrast reaches the cecum (typically takes about 2 hours for a patient with normal intestinal motility)

True or False: Estimated calculations have shown that when standing one meter away from the primary beam the energy of the beam will only be 0.01% of the original energy? - ANS True What causes the ball bearings to wear in the x-ray tube? - ANS Rotor prep time (melts bearings) What is syncope? - ANS Temporary loss of consciousness caused by a fall in blood pressure Which trimester of pregnancy is deemed to be the most sensitive to radiation? - ANS The first trimester is the most sensitive to radiation, since earlier exposures have more prolonged effects (All or Nothing Effect) What landmark is at the level of C3/C4? - ANS Hyoid Bone What is a nephrogram and why is it important? - ANS A radiograph of the kidney after an injection of a water- soluble iodinated contrast, if the kidney does not completely fill then we know that there is likely a blockage What is the anatomical term of the ampulla located in the duodenum that is important for ERCP procedures?

• ANS Ampulla of Vater The tracheal bifurcation is also known as the? - ANS Carina What is the location of an ET Tube? - ANS To prevent over-inflation of the right bronchus, resulting in collapse of the left lung, the ET tube is placed 5-7 cm above the tracheal bifurcation (carina) At how many minutes does the fluoro timer go off? - ANS 5 minutes What alterations would be done for a pregnant patient if the exam is mandatory? - ANS - Minimum amount of views
• Double shielding over abdominal area
• Increased distance
• Reducing technical factors Which line/plane should be parallel with the gantry for a Head CT? - ANS OML (Orbitomeatal line) Which bone contains sinuses that are divided into three main groups? - ANS The ethmoid bone contains three different chambers for the ethmoid sinus (anterior, middle, and posterior ethmoid sinuses) What is the medication Heparin used for? - ANS A blood coagulation inhibitor What are Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) levels used to assess? - ANS Assesses kidney function What is the patient preparation for an ERCP procedure? - ANS The patient must fast for 6-8 hours prior and their stomach and duodenum must be empty What is Gadolinium used for? - ANS Gadolinium is a type of contrast used for MRI arthrogram studies. It is injected the same way as any joint injection study with normal X-ray contrast Are most intravenous contrast agents at LOW or HIGH osmolarity? - ANS LOW osmolarity to make it easier for the body to flush out of the system and reduce the amount of allergic reactions in patients n the OR, how should you walk past a sterile nurse? - ANS Back to back, to avoid contamination

What are the four body sites from which you can take a temperature? - ANS - Oral

• Axillary
• Rectal
• Tympanic What is Hyperlexia? - ANS The elevation of body temperature to a possible lethal temperature (41 - 44 C / 105.8 - 111.2 F) What is reverse isolation? - ANS The technologist gowning in PPE to protect a patient with decreased immunity For an abdominal angiogram, where does the catheter sit when doing the flush? - ANS The level of T What is the purpose of a flush in an abdominal angiogram? - ANS To rule out the presence of aneurysms, congenital anomalies, stenosis, or occlusions True or False: The smaller the target angle the smaller the effective focal spot and the better the resolution? - ANS True, think of a mammography machine in comparison to a general x-ray unit. The angle of the target in mammography is smaller to have a smaller effective focal spot and increase the resolution of the tissue being imaged Which stomach position demonstrates the fundus full of barium, and an unobstructed view of the duodenal bulb? - ANS LPO Where should be your center of gravity when you are lifting something? - ANS Right overtop your base of support A grid's primary function is to improve what? - ANS Contrast What is off-focus radiation (extra-focal radiation)? - ANS Electrons bounce off the focal spot and land on other areas of the target, causing x-rays to be produced from outside the focal spot or field How is off-focus radiation controlled? - ANS - Fixed diaphragm in the tube housing
• Metal envelope x-ray tube
• Decreased kVp Which drug will relieve pain without loss of consciousness? a. Anesthetic b. Antihistamine c. Anticonvulsant d. Analgesic - ANS Analgesic What is cyanosis? - ANS Bluish discoloration of the skin due to a lack of oxygen What range of ribs should be visible on an AP Upper rib study? - ANS Upper Ribs: 1st - 10th above the diaphragm What range of ribs should be visible on an AP Lower rib study? - ANS Lower Ribs: 8th - 12th below the diaphragm