Download Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 1 2024. Real Exam Questions and Correct Answers.Grade A+ and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 1 2024. Real Exam Questions and Correct, Verified Answers. Graded A+ 5 P's of compartment syndrome - ANSpain, pallor, pulselessness, paralysis, paresthesia Acidosis (acid base balancing) - ANSAcidosis = ph < 7.35 CO2 > 45 HCO3 <22 acquired immunity - ANSImmunity that is present only after exposure and is highly specific. active immunity - ANSA form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against disease-causing antigens. active transport - ANSEnergy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference Albinism - ANSa genetic condition characterized by a deficiency or the absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and irises of the eyes (little to no melanin production) Alkalosis (acid base balancing) - ANSPH > 7.45 CO2 < 35 HCO3 < 22 Anasarca - ANSgeneralized edema antibodies - ANSProteins that attach to antigens, keeping them from harming the body (mark the microbe or toxin as being foreign. The antibodies then mark these antigens for destruction) Apoptosis - ANSSuicide of cells atrophy - ANSthe wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any progressive decline or failure; to waste away basal cell carcinoma - ANS-Most common -Develops from abnormal growth of the cells in the lowest layer of the epidermis -Rarely metastasizes Bicarbonate value normal range (second most abundant anion in blood) - ANS23-30 mEg/L Body Defense Mechanisms - ANSskin, antibodies, macrophages, lymphocytes burn complications - ANSlocal infection (particularly Staphylococcus infection), sepsis, hypovolemia, shock, hypothermia, respiratory problems, eschar, scarring, and contractures Burns - ANSInjury that can result from exposure to a thermal or nonthermal source Calcium normal range - ANS4-5 mEq/L (Has inverse relationship with phosphorus) (Mostly found in the bone and teeth) Plays a role in blood clotting, hormone secretion, receptor functions, nerve transmission, and muscular contraction (Main source is dietary intake (vitamin D aids absorption) Causes of osteoarthritis - ANS-Heredity -Obesity -Injury -Joint overuse causes of osteoporosis - ANS-Inactivity -Nutritional deficits: ↓ Calcium , Vit. D, B, & B-12 & Folic Acid -Lack of weight bearing activity -Elderly -Family history -Hormonal changes -Lifestyle choices: Tobacco smoking & Excess alcohol -Medications CAUTION to detect cancer - ANSChange in elimination habits A sore that doesn't heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or lump in tissue Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Obvious change in wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness Cellulitis - ANSInflammation, Usually results from a direct invasion of pathogens through a break in the skin, especially those breaches where contamination is likely, or spreads from an existing skin infection Appears as a swollen, warm, tender area of erythema, fever closed fracture - ANSbroken bone with no open wound (skin intact) comminuted fracture - ANSmultiple fracture lines and bone pieces -Outcome can be fatal if the emboli travel to vital organs such as the lungs, brain, or heart -Prevention: early immobilization first degree burn - ANSaffect only the epidermis and cause pain, erythema, and edema Fracture healing - ANS-Hematoma forms -Necrosis of the broken bone ends occurs -Fibroblasts invade the clot within a few days -Fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers, which form a mass of cells and fibers called a callus -Callus bridges the broken bone ends together inside and outside over 2-6 weeks -Osteoblasts invade the callus and slowly convert it to bone in from 3 weeks to several months (usually 4-6 weeks) function of mitochondria - ANSATP production/cellular respiration, powerhouse of the cell Furuncles - ANSlarge, tender, swollen areas caused by a staphylococcal infection around hair follicles or sebaceous glands; boils (Most commonly occur on the face, neck, axillae, groin, buttocks, and back) Gout - ANSa type of arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the tissues of joints greenstick fracture - ANSincomplete break where the bone is bent and only the outer curve of the bend is broken Hemangiomas (birthmarks) - ANSaka strawberries, bright red patches of extra blood vessels in the skin (can be blue = deeper blood vessels) herpes zoster - ANS(shingles) an acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed nerve HIV cells affected - ANS-Helper T (CD4) cells -Macrophages -Cells in the CNS (HIV finds the white blood cells, called CD4 cells. HIV gets inside the CD4 cell and makes copies of itself. Then, HIV kills the CD4 cell and the new HIV copies find other CD4 cells to get inside and start the cycle again) Homeostasis - ANSA tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level Hypercalcemia - ANShigh calcium, >5 mEq/L Hyperchloremia - ANShigh chloride, >108 mEq/L Hyperkalemia - ANShigh potassium, >5 mEq/L Hypermagnesemia - ANShigh magnesium, >2.5 mEq/L Hypernatremia - ANS(High sodium) Sodium > 145 mEq/L (excessive sodium, dehydration) Hyperphosphatemia - ANShigh phosphorus, >4.5 mg/dL Hypersensitivity type I - ANS(IgE mediated) immediate, local or systemic, when T- helpers stimulate B cells to produce IgE that sensitizes mast cells and basophils Hypersensitivity type II - ANS(cytotoxic hypersensitivity): immediate (usually), targets single cell IgG or IgM antibodies bind to antigen on individual's own cells, triggering antibody production in macrophages Hypersensitivity type III - ANS(immune complex-mediated): delayed, local or systemic Circulating antigen-antibody complexes accumulate in tissue, triggering the complement system's inflammatory response Hypersensitivity type IV - ANS(delayed hypersensitivity): delayed, two phases: sensitizing and effector Cell-mediated (T cells), not antibody-mediated; antigen presentation results in cytokine release, severe tissue injury, and fibrosis Hypertrophy - ANSincrease in muscle/tissue size, excessive development Hyperventilation - ANSacidosis = high CO2 Hyperventilation - ANSlow CO2 = alkalosis Hypocalcemia - ANSlow calcium, <4 mEq/L Hypochloremia - ANSlow chloride, <98 mEq/L Hypokalemia - ANSlow potassium, <3.5 mEq/L Hypomagnesemia - ANSlow magnesium, <1.8 mEq/L Hyponatremia - ANS(Low sodium) Sodium <135 mEq/L (low sodium diet, excessive water intake) Hypophosphatemia - ANSlow phosphorus, <2.5 mg/dL impacted fracture - ANSone end of the bone is forced into the adjacent bone incomplete fracture - ANSpartially broken innate immunity - ANSImmunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens. Intracellular fluid - ANSfluid within cells Ischemia - ANSan inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart muscles. isotonic - ANSequal solute concentrations, causes no fluid shifts kyphosis - ANSexcessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back, hunch back. Lamellae - ANSthin layers of osteocytes Lice - ANSsmall insects that attach to hair and feed on human blood lordosis - ANSabnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition) (common in pregnant women) Lymphocytes - ANSThe two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances. Macrophages - ANSmade in your bone marrow. When a foreign invader, like bacteria, enters your bloodstream, macrophages secrete cytokines to help kill the bacteria. macular stains - ANSaka salmon patches, angel kisses, stork bites, Faint red marks often occurring on the forehead, eyelids, posterior neck, nose, upper lip, or posterior head manifestations of Hypercalcemia - ANSdysrhythmias, EKG changes, personality changes, confusion, decreased memory, headache, lethargy, stupor, coma, muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon reflexes, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, pancreatitis, renal calculi, polyuria, and dehydration Manifestations of hyperkalemia - ANSparesthesia, muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis, bradycardia, dysrhythmias, EKG changes, cardiac arrest, respiratory depression, abdominal cramping, nausea, and diarrhea Osteosarcoma (tumor) - ANSvery malignant, primary tumor of bone with bone or cartilage formation passive immunity - ANSAn individual does not produce his or her own antibodies, but rather receives them directly from another source, such as mother to infant through breast milk pathologic fracture - ANSfracture caused by diseased or weakened bone pathologic fracture - ANSresults from a weakness in the bone structure secondary to conditions such as tumors or osteoporosis phases of gout - ANS1. Asymptomatic: Uric levels climb in the bloodstream and crystals deposit in the tissue, Crystals accumulate, damaging tissue 2. Acute flares or attack: Tissue damage triggers an acute inflammation, Characterized by pain, burning, redness, swelling, and warmth at the affected joint lasting days to weeks, Most initial attacks occur in the lower extremities (most often the big toe) 3. Intercritical period: After the attack subsides and the disease is clinically inactive until the next flare, Hyperuricemia and crystal accumulation continues, These periods in between attacks become shorter as the disease progresses, Reoccurring attacks are often precipitated by sudden increases in serum uric acid 4. Chronic gouty arthritis: Characterized by joint soreness and aching present most of the time, May also develop tophi that can drain or renal calculi Pressure injuries - ANSSoft-tissue injuries that occur as a result of unrelieved mechanical pressure, Results in areas of necrosis and ulceration where the tissue is compressed between bony prominences and external hard surfaces, Most common sites for these injuries are the sacrum, ischial tuberosities, trochanters, malleoli, and heels, though can develop anywhere Prevention for osteoporosis - ANS- balanced diet high in calcium and vit D - calcium supplements - regular weight bearing exercises (walking) Psoriasis - ANSautoimmune skin disease, chronic inflammatory condition that affects skin cell life cycle, specifically keratinocytes (use corticosteroid agents) Psoriatic arthritis - ANSAn inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis of the skin Renin - ANShormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels) Respiratory acidosis - ANSlow PH high CO2 respiratory alkalosis - ANSHigh PH Low CO2 Rheumatoid arthritis - ANSSystemic, autoimmune condition involving multiple joints, inflammatory process primarily affects the synovial membrane, but can also affect other organs (The synovium thickens because of the cumulative effect of the reoccurring inflammation) §The thickened synovium eventually invades and destroys the cartilage and bone within the joint Rosacea - ANSChronic skin disorder of the face with red inflamed areas appearing mostly on the nose and cheeks Rough ER - ANSThat portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes. S/S of hypocalcemia - ANS- muscle twitches/tetany - hyperactive DTRs - positive Chvostek's sign (tapping on the facial nerve triggering facial twitching) - positive Trousseau's sign (hand/finger spasms with sustained blood pressure cuff inflation) - seizures S/S of Objective Data - ANSAny observations made by using your senses (pts. blood pressure, physical findings, and lab values) S/S of Subjective Data - ANSAny symptoms pt. complains of, what the pt. feels (pain) scabies - ANScontagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite, commonly through sexual contact Scoliosis - ANSabnormal lateral curvature of the spine second degree burn - ANSaffect the epidermis and dermis and cause pain, erythema, edema, and blistering Signs and symptoms of compartment syndrome - ANSsevere pain or burning sensation decreased strength in the extremity paralysis of the extremity pain with movement extremity feeling hard to palpation distal pulses, motor and sensory function possibly normal emergency care focuses on treating any life threatening injuries first: immobilize and splint the affected extremity and apply a cold pack or ice it is extremely important to transport the patient since he may lose the limb if compartment syndrome is not treated quickly and effectively Signs and symptoms of dehydration - ANSDry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, Low BP, Low pulse, fatigue, Increased HCT, decreased mental function, confusion, and loss of consciousness Signs and symptoms of fluid excess - ANSedema, dysnpea (trouble breathing), hyptertension (high bp), JVD, pulse increase and bounding, weight increase simple fracture - ANSbone is broken cleanly; the ends do not penetrate the skin skin - ANSbarrier that serves as one of the body's first lines of defense against harmful microbes. Smooth ER - ANSThat portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes. Sodium normal range - ANS135-145 mEq/L spiral fracture - ANSa fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart Squamous cell carcinoma - ANSinvolves changes in the squamous cells, found in the middle layer of the epidermis Stage I Pressure Injury - ANSSkin intact; Erythema; Does NOT blanch, erythema is present Stage II pressure injury - ANSErosion or blister with or without true ulcerations, no exposed subcutaneous tissue Stage III Pressure Injury - ANSFull-thickness skin loss with damage to subcutaneous tissue down to the underlying fascia Stage IV pressure injury - ANSFull-thickness skin loss with extensive destruction, tissue necrosis, and damage to exposed supporting structures Stress fracture - ANSfrom repeated excessive stress Common in the tibia, femur, and metatarsals Stress fractures - ANSbone damage or breaks caused by stress on bone surfaces during exercise (over use) third degree burn - ANSextend into deeper tissues and cause white or blackened, charred skin that may be numb Tinea fungi - ANSCauses several types of superficial fungal infections, typically grow in warm, moist places (e.g., showers), Typically manifests as a circular, erythematous rash accompanied by pruritus and burning, Tinea capitis: involving the scalp, Tinea corporis: involving the body, Tinea pedis: involving the feet, especially the toes, Tinea unguium: involving the nails, typically the toenails, Treatment: topical and systemic antifungal agents