Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 1 Questions And Answers, Exams of Pathophysiology

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Questions And Answers

function of mitochondria - correct answer ✅ATP production/cellular respiration, powerhouse of the cell Rough ER - correct answer ✅That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes. Smooth ER - correct answer ✅That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes. Homeostasis - correct answer ✅A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level Hypertrophy - correct answer ✅increase in muscle/tissue size, excessive development atrophy - correct answer ✅the wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any progressive decline or failure; to waste away Ischemia - correct answer ✅an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart muscles.

Questions And Answers

S/S of Objective Data - correct answer ✅Any observations made by using your senses (pts. blood pressure, physical findings, and lab values) S/S of Subjective Data - correct answer ✅Any symptoms pt. complains of, what the pt. feels (pain) Epinephrine - correct answer ✅Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Also known as adrenaline. Renin - correct answer ✅hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels) What causes edema? - correct answer ✅-reduced concentration of plasma proteins -increased permeability of capillary wall -increased venous pressure -blockage of lymph vessels

Questions And Answers

Signs and symptoms of fluid excess - correct answer ✅edema, dysnpea (trouble breathing), hyptertension (high bp), JVD, pulse increase and bounding, weight increase Signs and symptoms of dehydration - correct answer ✅Dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, Low BP, Low pulse, fatigue, Increased HCT, decreased mental function, confusion, and loss of consciousness S/S of hypocalcemia - correct answer ✅- muscle twitches/tetany

• hyperactive DTRs
• positive Chvostek's sign (tapping on the facial nerve triggering facial twitching)
• positive Trousseau's sign (hand/finger spasms with sustained blood pressure cuff inflation)
• seizures Osmosis - correct answer ✅Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane Diffusion - correct answer ✅Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Questions And Answers

active transport - correct answer ✅Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference Effect of hypertonic solution - correct answer ✅cell shrinks and can die effect of a hypotonic solution - correct answer ✅cell swells and can burst active immunity - correct answer ✅A form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against disease- causing antigens. passive immunity - correct answer ✅An individual does not produce his or her own antibodies, but rather receives them directly from another source, such as mother to infant through breast milk Examples of active immunity - correct answer ✅natural infection, vaccines,

Questions And Answers

Examples of passive immunity - correct answer ✅IgA in breast milk, maternal IgG crossing placenta, antitoxin, humanized monoclonal antibody acquired immunity - correct answer ✅Immunity that is present only after exposure and is highly specific. examples of acquired immunity - correct answer ✅1) having the infection 2) vaccination innate immunity - correct answer ✅Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens. Examples of innate immunity - correct answer ✅skin, hair, cilia, mucus membranes, digestive enzymes, stomach acidity, inflammatory response, fever, inflammation 5 P's of compartment syndrome - correct answer ✅pain, pallor, pulselessness, paralysis, paresthesia Signs and symptoms of compartment syndrome - correct answer ✅severe pain or burning sensation

Questions And Answers

decreased strength in the extremity paralysis of the extremity pain with movement extremity feeling hard to palpation distal pulses, motor and sensory function possibly normal emergency care focuses on treating any life threatening injuries first: immobilize and splint the affected extremity and apply a cold pack or ice it is extremely important to transport the patient since he may lose the limb if compartment syndrome is not treated quickly and effectively Osteoarthritis - correct answer ✅inflammation of the bones and joints Causes of osteoarthritis - correct answer ✅-Heredity -Obesity -Injury -Joint overuse causes of osteoporosis - correct answer ✅-Inactivity

Questions And Answers

-Nutritional deficits: ↓ Calcium , Vit. D, B, & B-12 & Folic Acid -Lack of weight bearing activity -Elderly -Family history -Hormonal changes -Lifestyle choices: Tobacco smoking & Excess alcohol -Medications Prevention for osteoporosis - correct answer ✅- balanced diet high in calcium and vit D

• calcium supplements
• regular weight bearing exercises (walking) kyphosis - correct answer ✅excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back, hunch back. lordosis - correct answer ✅abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition) (common in pregnant women) Scoliosis - correct answer ✅abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

Questions And Answers

Osteosarcoma (tumor) - correct answer ✅very malignant, primary tumor of bone with bone or cartilage formation Stress fractures - correct answer ✅bone damage or breaks caused by stress on bone surfaces during exercise (over use) pathologic fracture - correct answer ✅fracture caused by diseased or weakened bone Define dislocation - correct answer ✅Displacement of a bone from a joint Define osteomyelitis - correct answer ✅inflammation of bone and bone marrow because of an infection Define amputation - correct answer ✅Removal of a limp or other appendage of the body by trauma or surgery. Define sprain - correct answer ✅An injury involving stretching or tearing of a ligament or a joint capsule Destabilizes joints

Questions And Answers

Define fibromyalgia - correct answer ✅a chronic disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and tenderness in localized areas. (no exact cause), Triggered by stress Define osteogenesis imperfecta - correct answer ✅an inherited disorder characterized by extreme fragility of the bones (bones break easily) Define developmental hip dysplasia - correct answer ✅a condition where the "ball and socket" joint of the hip does not properly form in babies and young children Define ankylosing spondylitis - correct answer ✅Chronic inflammatory disease that, over time, can cause some of the bones in the spine (vertebrae) to fuse. This fusing makes the spine less flexible and can result in a hunched posture. If ribs are affected, it can be difficult to breathe deeply (spinal arthritis) Define Paget's disease - correct answer ✅A chronic condition in which both the breakdown and regrowth of bone are increased. Paget disease of bone occurs most frequently in the pelvic and leg bones, skull, and lower spine. It is most common in older individuals, and may lead to bone pain, deformities, and fractures.

Questions And Answers

define disc herniation - correct answer ✅A condition which refers to a problem with a rubbery disc between the spinal bones. This condition occurs when the soft center of a spinal disc pushes through a crack in the tougher exterior casing. Define rickets - correct answer ✅a disease of children caused by vitamin D deficiency, characterized by imperfect calcification, softening, and distortion of the bones typically resulting in bow legs. Define osteomalacia - correct answer ✅disease in adults that softens the bones, typically through a deficiency of vitamin D or calcium Define Myasthenia Gravis - correct answer ✅its a chronic autoimmune disease where nerve impulse are not properly transmitted to the muscle (droopy eyelids and mouth) Define Scleroderma - correct answer ✅An autoimmune disease that involves thickening of the skin, changes in blood vessels, muscles and internal organs (hardening of the skin)

Questions And Answers

Complication of bone fracture - correct answer ✅compartment syndrome, inadequate blood supply, premature weight bearing, delayed union, malunion or nonunion simple fracture - correct answer ✅bone is broken cleanly; the ends do not penetrate the skin transverse fracture - correct answer ✅occurs straight across the bone oblique fracture - correct answer ✅fracture at an angle to the bone spiral fracture - correct answer ✅a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart comminuted fracture - correct answer ✅multiple fracture lines and bone pieces greenstick fracture - correct answer ✅incomplete break where the bone is bent and only the outer curve of the bend is broken

Questions And Answers

compression fracture - correct answer ✅occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself complete fracture - correct answer ✅bone is broken all the way through (2 or more pieces) incomplete fracture - correct answer ✅partially broken open /compound fracture - correct answer ✅skin is broken and bone fragments may be angeled out of the skin closed fracture - correct answer ✅broken bone with no open wound (skin intact) impacted fracture - correct answer ✅one end of the bone is forced into the adjacent bone pathologic fracture - correct answer ✅results from a weakness in the bone structure secondary to conditions such as tumors or osteoporosis Stress fracture - correct answer ✅from repeated excessive stress

Questions And Answers

Common in the tibia, femur, and metatarsals depressed fracture - correct answer ✅occurs in the skull when the broken section is forced inward on the brain osteoclasts - correct answer ✅breakdown of spongy bone osteoblasts - correct answer ✅rebuild new compact bone Osteocytes - correct answer ✅osteoblasts surrounded by calcified extracellular material Lamellae - correct answer ✅thin layers of osteocytes Albinism - correct answer ✅a genetic condition characterized by a deficiency or the absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and irises of the eyes (little to no melanin production) mole (birthmark) - correct answer ✅brown nevi, should be monitored for cancerous changes

Questions And Answers

mongolian spots - correct answer ✅flat, bluish discolored area on the lower back and/or buttock Hemangiomas (birthmarks) - correct answer ✅aka strawberries, bright red patches of extra blood vessels in the skin (can be blue = deeper blood vessels) macular stains - correct answer ✅aka salmon patches, angel kisses, stork bites, Faint red marks often occurring on the forehead, eyelids, posterior neck, nose, upper lip, or posterior head Ocular albinism - correct answer ✅Skin and eye colors are usually normal; however, an eye exam will reveal no coloring of the retina in one or both irises Contact dermatitis - correct answer ✅Acute inflammatory reaction triggered by direct exposure to an irritant or allergen-producing substance Urticaria - correct answer ✅Raised erythematous skin lesions (welts) Result of a type I hypersensitivity reaction often triggered by food (hives) (anaphylaxis)

Questions And Answers

Psoriasis - correct answer ✅autoimmune skin disease, chronic inflammatory condition that affects skin cell life cycle, specifically keratinocytes (use corticosteroid agents) Cellulitis - correct answer ✅Inflammation, Usually results from a direct invasion of pathogens through a break in the skin, especially those breaches where contamination is likely, or spreads from an existing skin infection Appears as a swollen, warm, tender area of erythema, fever Rosacea - correct answer ✅Chronic skin disorder of the face with red inflamed areas appearing mostly on the nose and cheeks Furuncles - correct answer ✅large, tender, swollen areas caused by a staphylococcal infection around hair follicles or sebaceous glands; boils (Most commonly occur on the face, neck, axillae, groin, buttocks, and back) herpes zoster - correct answer ✅(shingles) an acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed nerve

Questions And Answers

Molluscum contagiosum - correct answer ✅Localized chronic infection, transmits through direct contact, poxvirus infection characterized by pink, cone-shaped, smooth, waxy, or pearly papules Tinea fungi - correct answer ✅Causes several types of superficial fungal infections, typically grow in warm, moist places (e.g., showers), Typically manifests as a circular, erythematous rash accompanied by pruritus and burning, Tinea capitis: involving the scalp, Tinea corporis: involving the body, Tinea pedis: involving the feet, especially the toes, Tinea unguium: involving the nails, typically the toenails, Treatment: topical and systemic antifungal agents scabies - correct answer ✅contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite, commonly through sexual contact Lice - correct answer ✅small insects that attach to hair and feed on human blood Gout - correct answer ✅a type of arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the tissues of joints

Questions And Answers

phases of gout - correct answer ✅1. Asymptomatic: Uric levels climb in the bloodstream and crystals deposit in the tissue, Crystals accumulate, damaging tissue

2. Acute flares or attack: Tissue damage triggers an acute inflammation, Characterized by pain, burning, redness, swelling, and warmth at the affected joint lasting days to weeks, Most initial attacks occur in the lower extremities (most often the big toe)
3. Intercritical period: After the attack subsides and the disease is clinically inactive until the next flare, Hyperuricemia and crystal accumulation continues, These periods in between attacks become shorter as the disease progresses, Reoccurring attacks are often precipitated by sudden increases in serum uric acid
4. Chronic gouty arthritis: Characterized by joint soreness and aching present most of the time, May also develop tophi that can drain or renal calculi muscular dystrophy - correct answer ✅a group of diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass Psoriatic arthritis - correct answer ✅An inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis of the skin Burns - correct answer ✅Injury that can result from exposure to a thermal or nonthermal source

Questions And Answers

first degree burn - correct answer ✅affect only the epidermis and cause pain, erythema, and edema second degree burn - correct answer ✅affect the epidermis and dermis and cause pain, erythema, edema, and blistering third degree burn - correct answer ✅extend into deeper tissues and cause white or blackened, charred skin that may be numb burn complications - correct answer ✅local infection (particularly Staphylococcus infection), sepsis, hypovolemia, shock, hypothermia, respiratory problems, eschar, scarring, and contractures Pressure injuries - correct answer ✅Soft-tissue injuries that occur as a result of unrelieved mechanical pressure, Results in areas of necrosis and ulceration where the tissue is compressed between bony prominences and external hard surfaces, Most common sites for these injuries are the sacrum, ischial tuberosities, trochanters, malleoli, and heels, though can develop anywhere

Questions And Answers

Stage I Pressure Injury - correct answer ✅Skin intact; Erythema; Does NOT blanch, erythema is present Stage II pressure injury - correct answer ✅Erosion or blister with or without true ulcerations, no exposed subcutaneous tissue Stage III Pressure Injury - correct answer ✅Full-thickness skin loss with damage to subcutaneous tissue down to the underlying fascia Stage IV pressure injury - correct answer ✅Full-thickness skin loss with extensive destruction, tissue necrosis, and damage to exposed supporting structures What do you use to measure pressure injuries? - correct answer ✅Braden scale basal cell carcinoma - correct answer ✅-Most common -Develops from abnormal growth of the cells in the lowest layer of the epidermis -Rarely metastasizes

Questions And Answers

Squamous cell carcinoma - correct answer ✅involves changes in the squamous cells, found in the middle layer of the epidermis Melanoma - correct answer ✅-Develops in the melanocytes -Least common type but the most serious -Often metastasizes to other areas Fracture healing - correct answer ✅-Hematoma forms -Necrosis of the broken bone ends occurs -Fibroblasts invade the clot within a few days -Fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers, which form a mass of cells and fibers called a callus -Callus bridges the broken bone ends together inside and outside over 2-6 weeks -Osteoblasts invade the callus and slowly convert it to bone in from 3 weeks to several months (usually 4-6 weeks) Fat embolism - correct answer ✅-fat enters the bloodstream, usually after a long bone fracture -Outcome can be fatal if the emboli travel to vital organs such as the lungs, brain, or heart -Prevention: early immobilization

Questions And Answers

Osteonecrosis - correct answer ✅-death of bone tissue due to a loss of blood supply -Can result from displaced fractures or dislocations Rheumatoid arthritis - correct answer ✅Systemic, autoimmune condition involving multiple joints, inflammatory process primarily affects the synovial membrane, but can also affect other organs (The synovium thickens because of the cumulative effect of the reoccurring inflammation) §The thickened synovium eventually invades and destroys the cartilage and bone within the joint Metaplasia - correct answer ✅a pathologic replacement of normal cells with abnormal cells (when cancer spreads) Dysplasia - correct answer ✅a pathologic mutation of normal cells into abnormal cells (malignant tumor) Apoptosis - correct answer ✅Suicide of cells

Questions And Answers

CAUTION to detect cancer - correct answer ✅Change in elimination habits A sore that doesn't heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or lump in tissue Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Obvious change in wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness Intracellular fluid - correct answer ✅fluid within cells extracellular fluid - correct answer ✅fluid outside the cell tonicity - correct answer ✅osmotic pressure of two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane isotonic - correct answer ✅equal solute concentrations, causes no fluid shifts Anasarca - correct answer ✅generalized edema

Questions And Answers

Sodium normal range - correct answer ✅135-145 mEq/L Hypernatremia - correct answer ✅(High sodium) Sodium > 145 mEq/L (excessive sodium, dehydration) Hyponatremia - correct answer ✅(Low sodium) Sodium <135 mEq/L (low sodium diet, excessive water intake) manifestations of hypernatremia - correct answer ✅§increased temperature, warm and flushed skin, dry and sticky mucous membranes, dysphagia, increased thirst, irritability, agitation, weakness, headache, seizures, lethargy, coma, blood pressure changes, tachycardia, weak and thready pulse, edema, and decreased urine output manifestations of hyponatremia - correct answer ✅anorexia, gastrointestinal upset, poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, blood pressure changes, pulse changes, edema, headache, lethargy, confusion, diminished deep tendon reflexes, muscle weakness, seizures, and coma Normal range for chloride - correct answer ✅98-108 mEq/L (Excreted through the kidneys)

Questions And Answers

Hyperchloremia - correct answer ✅high chloride, >108 mEq/L Hypochloremia - correct answer ✅low chloride, <98 mEq/L normal range for potassium - correct answer ✅3.5-5 mEq/L (Excreted through the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract) Hyperkalemia - correct answer ✅high potassium, >5 mEq/L Manifestations of hyperkalemia - correct answer ✅paresthesia, muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis, bradycardia, dysrhythmias, EKG changes, cardiac arrest, respiratory depression, abdominal cramping, nausea, and diarrhea Hypokalemia - correct answer ✅low potassium, <3.5 mEq/L Manifestations of hypokalemia - correct answer ✅muscle weakness, paresthesia, hyporeflexia, leg cramps, weak and irregular pulse, hypotension, dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, decreased bowel sounds, abdominal distension, constipation, ileus, and cardiac arrest

Questions And Answers

Calcium normal range - correct answer ✅4-5 mEq/L (Has inverse relationship with phosphorus) (Mostly found in the bone and teeth) Plays a role in blood clotting, hormone secretion, receptor functions, nerve transmission, and muscular contraction (Main source is dietary intake (vitamin D aids absorption) Hypercalcemia - correct answer ✅high calcium, >5 mEq/L manifestations of Hypercalcemia - correct answer ✅dysrhythmias, EKG changes, personality changes, confusion, decreased memory, headache, lethargy, stupor, coma, muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon reflexes, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, pancreatitis, renal calculi, polyuria, and dehydration Hypocalcemia - correct answer ✅low calcium, <4 mEq/L manifestations of hypocalcemia - correct answer ✅dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, increased bleeding tendencies, anxiety, confusion, depression, irritability, fatigue, lethargy, paresthesia, increased deep tendon reflexes, tremors, muscle spasms, seizures, laryngeal spasms, increased bowel sounds, abdominal cramping, and positive Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs