Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 2 Questions And Answers, Exams of Pathophysiology

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Inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining (may involve the entire stomach or a region) - correct answer ✅Gastritis _________Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it cab be a severe ulceration with hemorrhage - correct answer ✅Acute Gastritis _________ Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be accompanied by nausea and epigastric pain - correct answer ✅Acute Gastritis _________ Gastritis develops gradually. - correct answer ✅Chronic Gastritis Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive - correct answer ✅Chronic Gastritis Symptoms of: Anorexia, nausea & vomiting, postprandial discomfort, and hematemesis. - correct answer ✅Acute Gastritis Symptoms of: May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a dull epigastric pain and a sensation of fullness after minimal intake.

• correct answer ✅Chronic Gastritis

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Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of an infection or allergic reaction - correct answer ✅Gastroenteritis Usually due to primary inflammatory disease such as crohns disease - correct answer ✅Chronic Gastroenteritis Commonly due to direct infection such as salmonella from raw or undercooked chicken or eggs - correct answer ✅Acute Gastroenteritis Signs & Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, pain, nausea, and vomiting - correct answer ✅Gastroenteritis Most common cause of chronic gastritis - correct answer ✅Helicobacter pylori Embeds itself in the mucous layer, activating toxins and enzymes that cause inflammation. Genetic vulnerability and lifestyle behaviors (smoking and stress) may increase the susceptibility - correct answer ✅Helicobacter pylori

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Other causes of?: Organisms transmitted though food and water contamination, long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, excessive alcohol use, severe stress, autoimmune conditions, and other chronic disease - correct answer ✅Gastritis Complications of?: Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and hemorrhage - correct answer ✅Chronic Gastritis Manifestations of?: Include indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain, abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, and malaise. Hematemesis and dark, tarry stools can indicate ulceration and bleeding. - correct answer ✅Gastritis Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus. Bile can also back up into the esophagus. - correct answer ✅GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) These gastric secretions irritate the esophageal mucosa - correct answer ✅GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) Causes of?: certain foods (e.g., chocolate, caffeine, carbonated beverages, citrus fruit, tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, and peppermint), alcohol consumption, nicotine, hiatal hernia, obesity,

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pregnancy, certain medications (e.g., corticosteroids, beta blockers, calcium-channel blockers, and anticholinergics), nasogastric intubation, and delayed gastric emptying - correct answer ✅GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) Manifestations of?: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a meal or when recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis, regurgitation of food, and sensation of a lump in the throat. - correct answer ✅GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) Complications of?: esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal cancer, and chronic pulmonary disease - correct answer ✅GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) Often confused with angina and may warrant ruling out cardiac disease - correct answer ✅GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) Lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum - correct answer ✅Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) Risk factors of?: being male, advancing age, nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drug use (NSAIDs), H. pylori infections, certain gastric

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tumors, and those for GERD. - correct answer ✅Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration through the GI tract wall. Develops because of an imbalance between destructive forces and protective mechanisms - correct answer ✅Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) Types of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) - correct answer ✅Duodenal Ulcers Gastric Ulcers Stress Ulcers Most commonly associated with excessive acid or H. pylori infections. Typically present with epigastric pain that is relieved in the presence of food - correct answer ✅Duodenal ulcers Less frequent but more deadly. Typically associated with malignancy and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Pain typically worsens with eating. - correct answer ✅Gastric Ulcers

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Develop because of a major physiological stressor on the body due to local tissue ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile salts entering the stomach, and decreased GI motility. - correct answer ✅Stress ulcers Stress ulcers associated with burns - correct answer ✅Curling's ulcers Stress ulcers associated with head injuries - correct answer ✅Cushing's ulcers Most frequently develop in the stomach; multiple ulcers can form within hours of the precipitating event. - correct answer ✅Stress ulcers Often hemorrhage is the first indicator because the ulcer develops rapidly and tends to be masked by the primary problem - correct answer ✅Stress ulcer Complications of?: GI hemorrhage, obstruction, perforation, and peritonitis - correct answer ✅Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)

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Manifestations of?: epigastric or abdominal pain, abdominal cramping, heartburn, indigestion, nausea, and vomiting - correct answer ✅Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) Acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine; it affects the mucosa and sometimes other layers - correct answer ✅Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff) Causes of?: Exposure to antibiotics, patients with cancer, or post abdominal surgery susceptible, mediated by bacterial toxins - correct answer ✅Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff) Manifestations of?: Diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal pain, fever, and leukocytosis - correct answer ✅Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff) Inflammation of the vermiform appendix. Most often caused by an infection. Triggers local tissue edema, which obstructs the small structure. As fluid builds inside the appendix, microorganisms proliferate - correct answer ✅Appendicitis The appendix fills with purulent exudate and area blood vessels become compressed - correct answer ✅Appendicitis

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Ischemia and necrosis develop. The pressure inside the appendix escalates, forcing bacteria and toxins out to surrounding structures.

• correct answer ✅Appendicitis Complications of?: abscesses, peritonitis, gangrene, and death - correct answer ✅Appendicitis Manifestations of?: Vary from asymptomatic to sudden and severe. Sharp abdominal pain develops, gradually intensifies (over about 12-24 hours), and becomes localized to the lower right quadrant of the abdomen (McBurney point). Pain may occur anywhere in abdomen. Pain will temporarily subside if the appendix ruptures, and then the pain will return and escalate. - correct answer ✅Appendicitis Manifestations of?: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and bowel pattern changes. indications of inflammation and infection (fever, chills, leukocytosis). Indications of peritonitis (abdominal rigidity, tachycardia, and hypotension) - correct answer ✅Appendicitis

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Conditions related to the development of diverticula, outwardly bulging pouches of the intestinal wall that occur when mucosa sections or large intestine submucosa layers herniate through a weakened muscular layer. - correct answer ✅Diverticular Disease May be congenital or acquired. Thought to be caused by a low-fiber diet and poor bowel habits that result in chronic constipation. The muscular wall can become weakened from the prolonged effort of moving hard stools. More common in developed countries where processed foods and low-fiber diets are typical. - correct answer ✅Diverticular Disease Asymptomatic diverticular disease, usually with multiple diverticula present - correct answer ✅Diverticulosis Diverticula have become inflamed, usually because of retained fecal matter. Can result in potentially fatal obstructions, infection, abscess, perforation, peritonitis, hemorrhage, and shock. Often asymptomatic until the condition becomes serious - correct answer ✅Diverticulitis Manifestations?: abdominal cramping followed by passing a large quantity of frank blood, low-grade fever, abdominal tenderness (usually left lower quadrant), abdominal distension, constipation,

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obstipation, nausea, vomiting, palpable abdominal mass, and leukocytosis - correct answer ✅Diverticular Disease Consist of physical barriers, whereas functional obstructions result from GI tract dysfunction. Partial or complete blockage of small or large bowel. - correct answer ✅Mechanical Bowel Obstruction Caused by?: foreign bodies, adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvulus, intussusception, strictures, Crohn's Disease, diverticulitis, Hirschsprung's disease, and fecal impaction. - correct answer ✅Mechanical Bowel Obstruction Also called paralytic ileuses, usually result from neurologic impairment; intra-abdominal surgery complications; chemical, electrolyte, and mineral disturbances; intra-abdominal infections; abdominal blood supply impairment; renal and lung disease; and use of certain medications - correct answer ✅Functional Obstructions Most commonly occurs as a secondary tumor that he metastasized from the breast, lung, or other GI structures - correct answer ✅Liver Cancer

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Causes of primary tumors in ____: chronic cirrhosis and hepatitis - correct answer ✅Liver Cancer Manifestations of?: Similar to those of other liver diseases. Include anorexia, fever, jaundice, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain (usually in the upper right quadrant), hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, portal hypertension, edema, third spacing, ascites, paraneoplastic syndrome, diaphoresis, and weight loss. - correct answer ✅Liver Cancer Inflammation of the pancreas that can be acute or chronic. - correct answer ✅Pancreatitis Causes of?: Cholelithiasis, alcohol abuse, biliary dysfunction, hepatotoxic drugs, metabolic disorders, trauma, renal failure, endocrine disorders, pancreatic tumors, and penetrating peptic ulcer. - correct answer ✅Pancreatitis ______ causes pancreatic enzymes to leak into the pancreatic tissue and initiate autodigestion, resulting in edema, vascular damage, hemorrhage, and necrosis. - correct answer ✅Pancreatic Injury

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_____ is replaced by fibrosis, which causes exocrine and endocrine changes and dysfunction of the islets of Langerhans - correct answer ✅Pancreatic Tissue ______ is considered a medical emergency. Mortality increases with advancing age and comorbidity. - correct answer ✅Acute Pancreatitis Complications of?: Acute respiratory distress syndrome, diabetes mellitus, infection, shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, renal failure, malnutrition, pancreatic cancer, pseudocyst, and abscess. - correct answer ✅Acute Pancreatitis Manifestations of?: usually sudden and severe. Upper abdominal pain that radiates to the back, worsens after eating, and is somewhat relieved by leaning forward or pulling the knees toward the chest. Nausea and vomiting. Mild jaundice. Low-grade fever. Blood pressure and pulse changes. - correct answer ✅Acute Pancreatitis Manifestations of?: upper abdominal pain. Indigestion. Losing weight without trying. Steatorrhea. Constipation. Flatuence. - correct answer ✅Chronic Pancreatitis

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Inflammation or infection in the biliary system caused by calculi - correct answer ✅Cholecystitis Varies in severity depending on size. May obstruct bile flow and cause gallbladder rupture, fistula formation, gangrene, hepatitis, pancreatitis, and carcinoma - correct answer ✅Cholecystitis Gallstones. A common condition that affects both genders and all ethic groups relatively equally. - correct answer ✅Cholelithiasis Risk factors of?: advancing age, obesity, diet, rapid weight loss, pregnancy, hormone replacement, and long-term parenteral nutrition. Calculi vary in size and shape. - correct answer ✅Cholelithiasis Manifestations of?: biliary colic, abdominal distension, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, fever, and leukocytes - correct answer ✅Cholelthiasis Sudden loss of renal function. Generally reversible. Most commonly occurs in critically ill, hospitalized patients. - correct answer ✅Acute Renal Failure

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Risk factors of?: advanced age, autoimmune disorders, and liver disease. - correct answer ✅Acute Renal Failure Causes of Acute Renal Failure: ______. Extremely low blood pressure or blood volume. Heart dysfunction - correct answer ✅Prerenal Conditions Causes of Acute Renal Failure: _____. Reduced blood supply within the kidneys. Hemolytic uremic syndrome. Renal inflammation. Toxic injury. - correct answer ✅Intrarenal Conditions Causes of Acute Renal Failure: _____. Ureter obstruction. Bladder obstruction and dysfunction. - correct answer ✅Postrenal Conditions The four phases of Acute Renal Failure. - correct answer ✅Asymptomatic Phase, Oliguric Phase, Diuretic Phase, and Recovery Phase Daily urine output decreases to approximately 400 mL or less, such that waste products begin to accumulate. - correct answer ✅Oliguric Phase

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Daily urine output increases to as much as 5 L. - correct answer ✅Diuretic Phase Glomerular function gradually returns to normal. - correct answer ✅Recovery Phase Manifestations of?: decreasing urine output, electrolyte disturbances, fluid volume excess, azotemia, and metabolic acidosis

• correct answer ✅Oliguric Phase Manifestations of?: increased urine output, electrolyte disturbances, dehydration, and hypotension - correct answer ✅Diuretic Phase Manifestations of?: symptoms begin resolving - correct answer ✅Recovery Phase Gradual loss of renal function that is irreversible. - correct answer ✅Chronic Kidney Disease Causes of?: diabetes mellitus, hypertension, urine obstructions, renal diseases, renal artery stenosis, ongoing exposure to toxins and nephrotoxic medications, sickle cell disease, systemic lupus

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erythematosus, smoking, advancing age. - correct answer ✅Chronic Kidney Disease How many stages are there for Chronic Kidney Disease - correct answer ✅ 5 Kidney damage is present, but GFR is > 90 - correct answer ✅Stage I CKD Kidney damage worsens as the GFR falls (60-89). - correct answer ✅Stage II CKD Kidney function is significantly impaired as GFR is between 30 and 59 - correct answer ✅Stage III CKD Kidney function is barely present with GFR dropping between 15 and 29 - correct answer ✅Stage IV CKD Kidney failure as the GFR drops to less than 15 or the patient begins dialysis - correct answer ✅Stage V CKD

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Manifestations of?: hypertension, polyuria with pale urine (early), oliguria or anuria with dark-colored urine (late), anemia, bruising and bleeding tendencies, muscle twitches and cramps, electrolyte imbalances, pericarditis, pericardial effusion, pleuritis, and pleural effusion, congestive heart failure, respiratory distress and abnormal breath sounds, sudden weight change, edema of the feet and ankles, azotemia, peripheral neuropathy, restless leg syndrome, seizures, nausea and vomiting, anorexia, malaise, fatigue and weakness, headaches that seem unrelated to any other cause, sleep disturbances, decreased mental alertness, flank pain, jaundice, persistent pruritus, recurrent infections - correct answer ✅Chronic Kidney Disease Infection that has reached on or both kidneys - correct answer ✅Pyelonephritis E. coli is the most common culprit. Kidneys become grossly edematous and fill with exudate, compressing the renal artery. Abscesses and necrosis can develop, impairing renal function and causing permanent damage. May be acute or chronic - correct answer ✅Pyelonephritis Complications of?: renal failure, recurrent UTIs, and sepsis - correct answer ✅Pyelonephritis

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Manifestations of?: severe UTI symptoms, flank pain, and increased blood pressure - correct answer ✅Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the bladder. The bladder and urethra walls become red and swollen - correct answer ✅Cystitis Causes of?: infection and irritants - correct answer ✅Cystitis Manifestations of?: UTI symptoms, abdominal pain, and pelvic pressure - correct answer ✅Cystitis A condition in which the urethra, or the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body, becomes inflamed and irritated - correct answer ✅Urethritis Inherited disorder characterized by numerous grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts in both kidneys - correct answer ✅Polycystic Kidney Disease Cysts enlarge the kidneys while compressing and eventually replacing the functional kidney tissue. The exact trigger is unknown. Prognosis and progression vary widely depending on the type. - correct answer ✅Polycystic Kidney Disease

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What are the 2 types of Polycystic Kidney Disease? - correct answer ✅Autosomal Dominant PKD, Autosomal Recessive PKD Mutation on the short arm of chromosomes 4 and 16. Occurs in both children and adults, but is much more common in adults. Symptoms often do not show up until middle age. - correct answer ✅Autosomal Dominant PKD Less common and more serious. Appears in infancy or childhood. Progresses rapidly, resulting in end-stage kidney failure and generally causing death in infancy or childhood. - correct answer ✅Autosomal Recessive PKD Complications of?: pyelonephritis, cyst rupture, retroperitoneal bleeding, renal failure, anemia, hypertension, and renal calculi - correct answer ✅Polycystic Kidney Disease Bilateral inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli that typically follows a streptococcal infection. Affects men more than women. Leading cause of renal failure. Inflammatory changes impair the kidney's ability to excrete waste and excess fluid. May be acute or chronic. Nephrotic and nephritic syndromes are the most prevalent forms. - correct answer ✅Glomerulonephritis

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Loss of urinary control - correct answer ✅Urinary Incontinence Involuntary urination by a child after 4-5 years of age - correct answer ✅Enuresis Bed-wetting - correct answer ✅Nocturnal Enuresis Urinary incontinence resulting from a temporary condition - correct answer ✅Transient Incontinence Causes of?: delirium, infection, atrophic vaginitis, use of certain medications, psychological factors, high urine output, restricted mobility, fecal impaction, alcohol, and caffeine - correct answer ✅Transient Incontinence Loss of urine from pressure exerted on the bladder by coughing, sneezing, laughing, exercising, or lifting something heavy. - correct answer ✅Stress Incontinence Occurs when the sphincter muscle of the bladder is weakened. Contributing factors: pregnancy, childbirth, menopause, cystocele,

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prostate removal, obesity, and chronic coughing - correct answer ✅Stress Incontinence Sudden, intense urge to urinate, followed by an involuntary loss of urine - correct answer ✅Urge Incontinence Causes of?: Urinary tract infections, bladder irritants, bowel conditions, smoking, Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, injury, and nervous system damage. - correct answer ✅Urge Incontinence Urge incontinence with no known cause - correct answer ✅Overactive Bladder Urinary incontinence caused by trauma or damage to the nervous system. Urgency is generally absent - correct answer ✅Reflex Incontinence Increased detrusor muscle contractility that occurs even though there is no sensation to void - correct answer ✅Detrusor Hyperreflexia

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Inability to empty the bladder, or retention. Other indications include dribbling urine and a weak urine stream. - correct answer ✅Overflow Incontinence Causes of?: bladder damage, urethral blockage, nerve damage, and prostate conditions - correct answer ✅Overflow Incontinence Occurs because of a perceived inability to interrupt work to void that results in detrusor muscle areflexia and overflow incontinence

• correct answer ✅Chronic Overdistension Occurs when symptoms of more than one type of urinary incontinence are experienced - correct answer ✅Mixed Incontinence Occurs in many older adults, especially people in nursing home, who have a physical or mental impairment that prevents toileting time - correct answer ✅Functional Incontinence A continuous leaking of urine, day and night, or the periodic uncontrollable leaking of large volume of urine. The bladder has no storage capacity. - correct answer ✅Gross Total Incontinence

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Causes of?: anatomic defects, spinal cord or urinary system injuries, and fistulas between the bladder and an adjacent structure, such as the vagina. - correct answer ✅Gross Total Incontinence Risk factors of?: being female, advancing age, being overweight, smoking, and other diseases - correct answer ✅Urinary Incontinence Complications of?: skin problems, recurrent urinary tract infections, negative psychological consequences, and interruption of usual activities - correct answer ✅Urinary Incontinence Enlargement of the prostate - correct answer ✅Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Manifestations of?: Hesitancy (difficulty initiating a stream), decreased stream or dribbling, urinary retention, obstruction to flow, interruption of the stream, infection caused by retention - correct answer ✅Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Most common in men, particularly African Americans. Slow- growing tumor. Second leading cause of cancer deaths. The exact

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cause is unknown. As the tumor grows, the prostate impedes the urethra - correct answer ✅Prostate Cancer Risk factors of?: history of STIs, family history, high-fat diets, and androgen hormone replacement - correct answer ✅Prostate Cancer Manifestations of?: urinary difficulties, erectile dysfunctions, bloody semen, and hematuria - correct answer ✅Prostate Cancer Inflammation of the epididymis - correct answer ✅Epididymitis Causes of?: ascending bacterial infections or sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, and the antidysrhythmic medication amiodarone (Cordarone) - correct answer ✅Epididymitis Risk factors of?: being uncircumcised, recent surgey or a history of structural problems in the urinary tract, urinary catheterization, and sexual intercourse with more than one partner and not using condoms - correct answer ✅Epididymitis Complications of?: abscesses, fistulas, infertility, testicular necrosis, and chronic epididymitis - correct answer ✅Epididymitis

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Manifestations of?: Indicators of infection; scrotal tenderness, erythema, and edema; penile discharge; bloody semen; painful ejaculation; dysuria; and groin pain - correct answer ✅Epididymitis Fluid accumulation between the layers of the tunica vaginalis or along the spermatic cord. Can affect one or both testes - correct answer ✅Hydrocele Causes of?: congenital defect, inflammation, infection, trauma, and tumors - correct answer ✅Hydrocele Abnormal rotation of the testes on the spermatic cord - correct answer ✅Testicular Torsion Causes of?: trauma, but can also occur spontaneously (Reproductive system) - correct answer ✅Testicular Torsion Manifestations of?: sudden scrotal edema and pain - correct answer ✅Testicular Torsion