Rasmussen Pathophysiology Final Exam., Exams of Nursing

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Rasmussen Pathophysiology Final

Exam

Which of the following would be a sign of right-sided Heart Failure?

• Increased Urination
• Peripheral Edema
• Pulmonary Edema
• Immunosuppression - correct answer Peripheral Edema Which of the following are clinical manifestations of left-sided heart failure? (Select all that apply)
• Jugular Vein Distention
• Cough with Frothy Sputum
• Crackles Auscultated in Lungs
• Dyspnea - correct answer - Cough with Frothy Sputum
• Crackles auscultated in lungs
• Dyspnea Which medications would be used to treat a patient with heart failure?
• Antibiotics and Steroids
• Vitamin D and Calcium
• Calcium Channel Blockers and Zafron
• ACE Inhibitors and Beta-Blockers - correct answer ACE inhibitors and Beta- Blockers Which of the following is often the cause of pulmonary embolism?
• An autoimmune disorder
• A venous blood clot from lower extremity
• An increase in intracranial pressure

• Hypotension - correct answer - A venous blood clot from lower extremity Virchow's Triad contributes to pulmonary embolism formation. Virchow's Triad factors include all of the following except:
• Venous Blood Stasis
• Damage to the venous wall
• Venous blood hypermobility
• Increased blood coagulability - correct answer Venous blood hypermobility How does unstable angina pectoris differ from stable angina pectoris?
• Can only be diagnosed by changes in cardiac biomarkers
• manifests in ECG changes only
• Is not relieved by periods of rest
• Not as serious as stable angina - correct answer Not relieved by periods of rest Which of the following organs are primarily affected by poorly managed hypertension?
• Bladder and Urethra
• Brain and Skin
• Heart and Kidneys
• Stomach and Intestines - correct answer Heart and Kidneys Management of hypertension involves multiple approaches including which of the following?
• Dietary Modifications
• Engaging in regular exercise routines
• Prescribing diuretics and/or anti-hypertensives
• All of the above - correct answer All of the above When arterial blood pressure declines, the cells of the kidneys secrete a hormone called ___ to increase blood pressure and peripheral resistance.

• Renin
• Antidiuretic Hormone
• Atrial Natriuretic
• Erythropoietin - correct answer Renin Which of the following are examples of complications of shock? (Select all that apply)
• Multiple Organ Dysfunction
• Acute Renal Failure
• Clotting and Bleeding Disorders
• Increased Cardiac Output - correct answer - Multiple Organ Dysfunction
• Acute renal failure
• Clotting and Bleeding disorders What pathophysiological responses would you expect to find in a client who has anaphylactic shock?
• Bronchodilation, Peripheral constriction, Decreased capillary permeability
• Asthma, Deep vein thrombosis, hepatic encephalopathy
• Bronchoconstriction, peripheral dilation, increased capillary permeability
• Left-sided heart failure, pulmonary embolism, UTI - correct answer Bronchoconstriction, Peripheral Dilation, Increased Capillary Permeability What is the cause of Cardiogenic Shock?
• Severe Ventricular Dysfunction
• Acute Blood Loss
• Severe Atrial Dysfunction
• Suppression of the Sympathetic Nervous System - correct answer Severe ventricular dysfunction What is occurring in the body of clients with hypovolemic shock?
• Inadequate stomach acid

• Insufficient circulating blood volume
• Insect bite or snake bites
• Not taking enough diuretics - correct answer Insufficient circulating blood volume Obstructive shock is due to a mechanical obstruction impeding blood flow. Cause of obstructive shock include all of the following except?
• Spinal Cord Injury
• Pulmonary Embolism
• Cardiac Tamponade
• Tension Pneumothorax - correct answer Spinal Cord Injury Presentation of shock includes all of the following clinical findings except:
• Altered level of consciousness
• Hypotension
• Mental Clarity
• Tachycardia - correct answer Mental Clarity Septic shock is a common cause of death in the ICU. What causes sepsis?
• An overwhelming allergic reaction
• Severe inflammatory response to pathogens
• Unknown causes resulting in Hypertension
• Poor nursing and health care provider interventions - correct answer Severe inflammatory response to a pathogen Which of the following is a type of septic shock?
• Cardiogenic Shock
• Distributive Shock
• Obstructive Shock
• Hypovolemic Shock - correct answer Distributive Shock

A disease where the client often has shortened (genetic mutation) dystrophin strand resulting in small tears in the muscles as they are used resulted in muscle degeneration is called what?

• Gower's Disease
• Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
• Multiple Sclerosis
• Fibromyalgia - correct answer Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Homeostasis - correct answer The maintenance of a constant, internal state. Allostasis - correct answer The process where the body response to stressors in or to maintain homeostasis Allostatic Overload - correct answer When chronic exposure exceeds the body's ability to cope Hypokalemia is - correct answer Potassium less than 3.5 mEq/L Hyperkalemia is - correct answer Potassium greater than 5.5 mEq/L Hypovolemia is - correct answer A decrease in blood volume throughout the body Hydrostatic Pressure - correct answer The pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push the water out of the vessel Mitochondria - correct answer The organelle where most of the body's ATP (Energy) is made. Innate Immunity - correct answer The immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth

Antibody - correct answer a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body Cytotoxic T Cells - correct answer A type of lymphocyte that kills infected body cells and cancer cells Histamine - correct answer A chemical mediator stored in mast cells that triggers inflammatory processes and causes itching Interstitial Fluid - correct answer "Liquid between the cells and the body" Fluid from the spaces around cells. It comes from substances that leak out of blood capillaries Pathogen - correct answer A disease-causing agent Carcinoma - correct answer Cancer that arose in the epithelial tissue of the skin or the lining of the internal organs Leukemia - correct answer Cancer of white blood cells Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy - correct answer Often an X-linked recessive disease seen more often in males A condition that causes a "Bamboo-spine" appearance that is in an inflammatory disease causing vertebrae to fuse is called what? - correct answer Ankylosing Spondylitis Cellulitis - correct answer Infection of the skin and soft tissues underneath Melanoma - correct answer The most serious form of skin cancer. A tumor of melanin-forming cells

Actinic Keratosis - correct answer precancerous skin condition of horny tissue formation that results from excessive exposure to sunlight Erythema - correct answer Redness of the skin (Superficial) Bullae - correct answer Fluid-filled blisters Osteoarthritis - correct answer progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone at articular surfaces. Sometimes from wear and tear What is fibromyalgia? - correct answer Chronic disease characterized by non- restorative sleep and muscle aches and stiffness in all four quadrants of the body Cardinal signs of inflammation - correct answer Redness, Swelling, Heat, Pain, Pallor What is true of Psoriasis - correct answer Excessive Keratinocytes, Immune dysregulation, and Inflammation are part of the process On a complete blood count (CBC) with differential, a client with allergies will have high levels of which of the following? - correct answer Basal Cells and Mast Cells What electrolyte imbalance would the nurse with a client who has muscle tetany, positive trousseau and Chvostek's sign's? - correct answer Hypocalcemia, Low levels of calcium may affect the excitability of the nerve and muscle cells, causing cramps and abnormal muscle movements. What is the best way to prevent transmission of infections agents? - correct answer Wash Hands Which of the following describes Homeostasis? - correct answer A state of equilibrium or balance within the organism to maintain usual function

What happens to a client with muscular dystrophy? - correct answer Progressive loss of muscle tissues The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) causes the release of many hormones. Including angiotensin 1, 2, and aldosterone. - correct answer Vasoconstriction and Increased Blood Pressure Which of the following occurs with the distribution of water between interstitial and intracellular compartments? - correct answer Osmosis What causes osteoarthritis and degenerative joint disease? - correct answer The progressive loss of joint function to "wear and tear" How does rheumatoid Arthritis, an autoimmune condition manifest? - correct answer Chronic inflammation in affected joints What is one of the properties of cancer cells? - correct answer The ability to invade local tissues and overrun neighboring cells A client presents to the emergency department after sustaining burn injuries to her hands and forearms. Her skin appears red, swollen. What type of burn would this be classified as? - correct answer First degree burn Which of the following symptoms describe complications of compartment syndrome? - correct answer Pain and tissue damage What is a protective mechanism that protects the body when injured. What are the cardinal signs? - correct answer Loss of function, swelling, heat, redness, and pain. What are the five P's of compartment syndrome? - correct answer Paresthesia, Pallor, Pain, Paralysis, and Pulselessness

Which of the following causes edema? - correct answer Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure Osteosarcoma is one of the cancers of the bone. Which of the following describes osteosarcoma tumor?

• correct answer Extremely Malignant Clinical manifestations of fluid excess include which of the following? - correct answer Bounding pulses and crackles in the lungs Intracellular fluid contains higher concentration of which of the following? - correct answer Potassium What is the function of Mitochondria within the cells? - correct answer Produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy The nurse observes redness and feels warmth in an area of cellulitis, what is the direct cause of these clinical manifestations? - correct answer Increased blood flow to the area A client presents with a single fracture straight across the bone without a break in alignment. - correct answer Simple transverse fracture Which of the following is true about hyponatremia? - correct answer Potentially fatal due to swelling in the brain which of the following causes gout? - correct answer Excessive uric acid metabolism Which of the following is an example of type ll hypersensitivity? - correct answer Hemolytic disease of the newborn (Erythroblastosis Fetallis) - IgG or IgM Type 1 hypersensitivity - correct answer Anaphylaxis, IgE mediated

Type 3 hypersensitivity - correct answer Rheumatoid arthritis, Immune- complex induced glomerulonephritis--Immune-Complex Mediated, formation of antigen-antibody complexes. Can cause systemic or localized reactions. I.e. farmer's lung, librarian's lung, rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (wolf face).

• IgG, IgM Type 4 hypersensitivity - correct answer contact dermatitis, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, T-Cells What are the steps of carcinogenesis? - correct answer initiation, promotion, progression Why is fibromyalgia frequently a misunderstood disorder? - correct answer The client has pain but no specific diagnotics Which of the following causes itchy linear burrows on the hands and wrists? - correct answer Scabies What are matured monocytes that migrate from the blood into tissues and engulf foreign substances called? - correct answer Macrophages What happens when cells metastasize? - correct answer Cancer cells migrate to distant sites Fluid excretion occurs by which of the following? - correct answer Urination and Sweating Which immunoglobin (Ig) mediates the Type 1 Hypersensitivity reactions? - correct answer IgE A client has a potassium of 1.9 mEq/L. Which of the following is a potential complication of this electrolyte imbalance? - correct answer Cardiac Arrhythmias

Which of the following would a client experience during the alarm phase of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) - correct answer Resolution of fight-or-flight manifestations The nurse needs to explain to a colleague what defines active immunity. What would the nurse state about active immunity? - correct answer Active immunity comes either from an active infection or through immunizations Which of the following topics are components of pathophysiology? - correct answer Etiology, Pathogenesis, Treatment Implications, Clinical manifestation The bones serve as a reservoir for which ion/electrolyte? - correct answer Calcium Fluid volume deficits may result from which of the following? - correct answer Vomiting and Diarrhea A client diagnosed with heart failure reports to the healthcare provider a feeling of dizziness upon standing. - correct answer A symptom What is associated with psoriatic arthritis? - correct answer Psoriasis what causes osteoporosis? - correct answer An imbalance of bone resorption and bone formation what chemical does the body release during a stress response? - correct answer Epinephrine fight or flight response is manifested by which of the following? - correct answer Dilated pupils, increased heart rate, Increase heart pressure Which of the following effects does histamine, an inflammatory mediator, have on the body? - correct answer Causes the blood vessels to dilate

what is a complication of a bone fracture that causes decreased blood flow and is painful? - correct answer Compartment syndrome Shingles is a disorder of herpes zoster and has which of the following clinical manifestations? - correct answer Eruption of vesicles along sensory neuron dermatomes what typically causes contact dermatitis? - correct answer contact with a skin allergen What is cachexia? - correct answer Overall weightloss and weakness extracellular fluid contains higher concentrations of what? - correct answer Sodium and Chloride which of the following is a symptom of dehydration? - correct answer Thirst Which of the following is a simple lab test that can measure inflammation in a client? - correct answer Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ETR) Which of the following explains why women are at an increased risk for UTI? - correct answer in women, the opening of the urethra is in close proximity to the anus What is the main cause of chronic pancreatitis occurrences? - correct answer Alcoholism Pyelonephritis is the infection of which of the following areas? - correct answer Kidney Which of the following describes hematuria? - correct answer Blood in the Urine

Which of the following "Polys" occurs with type 1 diabetes? - correct answer Polyuria, Polydipsia, and Polyphagia The client has gallstones obstructing the bile duct. What symptoms would the nurse to expect to see in this client? - correct answer Severe right upper quadrant pain What is the difference between diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2? - correct answer Type 1 is due to lack of insulin production; type 2 is due to lack of a pancreas What is one of the causes of pyelonephritis? - correct answer Ascending urinary tract infection The client can expect which of the following concerns when infected with Herpes Simplex Virus? - correct answer A recurrence of symptoms periodically Which condition is the result of endometrial tissue growing outside of the uterus? - correct answer Endometriosis Which of the following is a condition of the newborn eyes caused by the transmission of Chlamydia? - correct answer Ophthalmia Neonatorum What are the two main conditions responsible for chronic kidney disease? - correct answer Hypertension and Diabetes Which of the following can lead to an intrarenal kidney injury? - correct answer Clot in the renal artery What causes a rigid abdomen in Peritonitis? - correct answer Inflammation and Abdominal muscle spasm Which of the following electrolyte disorders is associated with Syndrome of Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone? - correct answer Hyponatremia

Which of the following causes obstructions in the renal system? - correct answer Presense of a tumor and enlarged prostate A client presents to the emergency department with lower right abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and occasional diarrhea. After palpating the abdomen, the client displays rebound tenderness. What would the nurse anticipate the client is experiencing? - correct answer Appendicitis Which of the following injury is associated with prerenal kidney injury? - correct answer An episode of decreased blood flow to the kidneys. hemorrhage What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? - correct answer Cold intolerance, constipation, weight gain, Bradycardia Which of the following may a client be at risk for it they have the human papillary virus? (HPV) - correct answer Cervical Cancer Which electrolyte can cause fatal cardiac dysrhythmias for clients with chronic kidney disease? - correct answer Potassium A nurse is teaching a client about syphilis. Which information should the nurse include? - correct answer Syphilis can be fatal in the tertiary stage or the disease How many stages of syphilis are there? - correct answer 4 stages: primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary (also known as neurosyphilis)

• Primary syphilis is the first stage of the disease. It causes one or more small, painless sores in or around the genitals, anus, or mouth. What is the order of the flow of filtrate through the kidneys? - correct answer The correct order for filtrate flow through a nephron is Glomerular capsule (Bowman's Capsule) , Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) , loop of Henle, DCT, collecting duct. When a client has abnormal functioning of the parathyroid glands, this can result in imbalances of which of the following electrolyte? - correct answer Calcium

Which of the following organism is most often associated with pelvic inflammatory disease? - correct answer Chlamydia and Neisseria Gonorrhoeae What is most likely to cause a hiatal Hernia? - correct answer Increased intra- abdominal pressure Which of the following is a sign that a client is in oliguric phase of acute renal failure (ARL)? - correct answer Decreased urine output What causes diabetes insipidus? - correct answer Insufficient Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) production What are the main characteristics of Cushing Syndrome? - correct answer Excessive Cortisol Production, fluid retention, and moon-face appearance Which of the following is a problem related to benign prostatic hypertrophy? (BPH) - correct answer Inability to pass urine effectively Which of the following conditions would be expected with a client who has elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level with a decrease T3/T4 level? - correct answer Hypothyroidism Which of the following may result in a mechanical bowel obstruction? - correct answer Intussusception: A condition in which part of the intestine telescopes into itself. Which symptom would a client with chronic gastritis likely exhibit? - correct answer Hyperchlorhydria and ulcers Dysphagia - correct answer condition in which swallowing is difficult or painful chronic gastritis symptoms - correct answer burning or gnawing epigastric pain, nausea, weight loss, anorexia, and hematemesis

Which of the following is an example of general cause of UTI? - correct answer E. Coli - Escherichia Coli Which of the following is an example of postrenal kidney injury? - correct answer An obstruction in the ureter Which of the following may occur if gastroenteritis is left untreated? - correct answer Electrolyte Imbalance and Dehydration Which of the following is a serious potential complication of gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD)? - correct answer Esophageal Cancer What of the following may occur with exposure to antibiotics? - correct answer Diarrhea What type of incontinence is caused by an increase in intraabdominal pressure due to activities such as coughing or sneezing? - correct answer Stress Which of the following does helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori) often cause - correct answer Peptic Ulcer Disease Which disorder is related to breaking down fats for energy in clients with type 1 diabetes? - correct answer Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Which of the following is a classic manifestation of glomerulonephritis? - correct answer Proteinuria What is most likely the cause of polyuria in renal insufficiency? - correct answer Loss of tubule function Which of the following are inflammatory bowel disorders? - correct answer Ulcerative Colitis and Crohns Disease

Which of the following is the name of a medical emergency associated with hyperthyroidism, in which the client experiences fever, decreased levels of consciousness, and abdominal pain? - correct answer Thyroid Storm (Thyrotoxicosis) Which condition is typically caused by genetic mutation? - correct answer Polycystic kidney disease What is the main purpose of dialysis for a client with kidney diease - correct answer Removes excess fluid and waste. Which condition leads to an excessive amount of growth hormone (GH) being released by the pituitary gland in adulthood after epiphyseal plates of the long bones have fused. - correct answer Acromegaly Gigantism - correct answer abnormal growth of the entire body that is caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty - childhood The neurologic system needs two main components to function: - correct answer Oxygen & Glucose What is the difference between a primary head injury and a secondary injury? - correct answer Primary is main injury and secondary is due to inflammation Why is intracranial pressure (ICP) measured? - correct answer Indicates pressure levels inside the cranium Deadly complication from ICP - correct answer the client can have a brain herniation An epidural hematoma is dangerous due to which below - correct answer An epidural hematoma is due to arterial bleeding

A spinal cord injury can result in paralysis - correct answer TRUE How is a spinal cord injury diagnosed? - correct answer Diagnosis by imaging studies What is a primary risk factor for Transient Ischemic Attack? (Temp. blockage of blood flow to the brain) Mini-stroke - correct answer A TIA is due to artherosclerosis: buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls. What is the most important diagnostic for a stroke (CVA)? - correct answer Cranial CT A hemorrhagic stroke is due to which cause? - correct answer Client has a bleeding vessel in the brain Where is the most common location of cerebral aneurysms? - correct answer In the Circle of Willis: acts to provide collateral blood flow between the anterior and posterior circulations of the brain, protecting against ischemia in the event of vessel disease or damage in one or more areas Serious complication of Epilepsy - correct answer Status Epilepticus: A seizure that lasts longer than 5 minutes, or having more than 1 seizure within a 5 minutes period, without returning to a normal level of consciousness between episodes What is the difference between a focal seizure and generalized seizure? - correct answer Generalized is due to whole seizure activity Identify the AS of Alzheimer Disease - correct answer Anomia(Aphasia), Agnosia, Amnesia, Apraxia Treatment of Alzheimers are medications to maximize functioning - correct answer True

Brain tumor complications can result in death due to which - correct answer Increased ICP Multiple Sclerosis is characterized by which? - correct answer Demyelination of Neurons Destruction of which brain structure results in manifestations of Parkinson's Disease - correct answer Substantia Nigra: is a basal ganglia structure located in the midbrain that plays an important role in reward and movement. Parkinson's Disease manifestations are due to? - correct answer Under production of Dopamine Myasthenia Gravis is due to which cause? - correct answer Autoimmune IgG autoantibodies Determine the minute volume: Tidal Volume = 400ml ; Resp. Rate = 12 bpm - correct answer 4800 ml/min Lung compliance is which below - correct answer Compliance is the 'stretch' and recovery of the lungs What is the role of the lungs in pH balance - correct answer The lungs manage CO2 balance Nosocomial Pneumonia results in which type of pneumonia? - correct answer Hospital acquired Pneumonia Compliance with TB medication is important due to which complication? - correct answer Development of drug-resistant forms What are the problems when a client has a asthma attack? - correct answer Airway swelling and Mucus

What is a life threatening condition related to an asthma attack? - correct answer Status Asthmaticus: respiratory failure that comes with the worst form of acute severe asthma, or an asthma attack What is Cor Pulmonale? - correct answer Pulmonary related right-sided heart failure Which condition is called 'pink puffer' - correct answer Emphysema: lung condition that causes shortness of breath; the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) are damaged Atelectasis is referred to as which complication? - correct answer Collapsed Alveoli Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is due to another serious condition - correct answer TRUE What is the hallmark of ARDS? - correct answer Refractory Hypoxemia What is the classic defining characterisitic of Hodgkin's Lymphoma? - correct answer Reed-Sternberg cells Which leukemia is characterized by philadelphia chromosome? - correct answer Chronic Myeloid Which body organ system sends a message to the bone marrow to make red blood cells? - correct answer The kidneys Pernicious Anemia is treated with B12 Supplements - correct answer True Aplastic Anemia is characterized by which below? - correct answer No red blood cells, No platelets

What Is the hallmark feature of hemophilia A? - correct answer Hemarthrosis: condition of articular bleeding, that is into the joint cavity. This can occur after an injury or, more commonly, in bleeding disorders such as hemophilia. Which below is not a valve of the heart? - correct answer Pyloric Cardiac Tamponade is life-threatening because of which below? - correct answer Excess Pressure on the heart impeding pumping Common bacteria associated with infective endocarditis are which? - correct answer Staphylococcus; Streptococcus Primary cause of left-sided heart failure is which? - correct answer Left-sided Myocardial Infarction Cholesterol comes from animal fats - correct answer TRUE Which is amodifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis? - correct answer Exercise Levels Which term below indicates backflow of blood due to a heart valve that doesn't close properly - correct answer Regurgitation In the presense of left-sided heart failure, congestion from backed up blood is where? - correct answer The lungs: Accumulation of blood coming into the right side of the heart causes congestion and fluid accumulation in other parts of the body, such as the legs and the liver. Virchow's Triad is indicative of which complication - correct answer Development of thrombi

Shock is characterized by - correct answer Inadequate Oxygen Delivery to Tissues Management of any type of shock is dependent on which? - correct answer Treating the underlying cause Which type of shock does not respond well to the administration of fluid? - correct answer Cardiogenic What are the three phases of acute kidney injury? - correct answer Prodromal, Oliguric, Postoliguric Increased plasma albumin causes ascites - correct answer False: A normal albumin range is 3.4 to 5.4 g/dL. If you have a lower albumin level, you may have malnutrition. It can also mean that you have liver disease or an inflammatory disease. Higher albumin levels may be caused by acute infections, burns, and stress from surgery or a heart attack. Which of the following leads to the appearance of a barrel chest in clients with COPD - correct answer Air trapping in the Alveoli What would you expect to see in a client with COPD - correct answer Dyspnea on Exertion It is typical to see constipation, weight gain, and fatigue in a patient with hypothyroidism - correct answer True hyperthroidism - correct answer Hyperthyroidism is the production of too much thyroxine hormone. It can increase metabolism. Symptoms include unexpected weight loss, rapid or irregular heartbeat, sweating, and irritability, Graves Disease

What is compartment syndrome? - correct answer Compartment syndrome is a serious condition that involves increased pressure in a muscle compartment. It can lead to muscle and nerve damage and problems with blood flow. Rheumatoid arthritis and allergies can result from excessive immune responses - correct answer TRUE cause of contact dermatitis - correct answer Contact with skin allergen A patient with Cushing syndrome would MOST likely present with: - correct answer Hypercortisolism: fatty hump between shoulders, rounded face, pink or purple stretch marks. Hypocortisolism - correct answer Specifically, the adrenal glands produce insufficient amounts of the hormone cortisol and sometimes aldosterone: fatigue, nausea, darkening of the skin, and dizziness upon standing. Imbalance of ___ with diabetes insipidus - correct answer ADH The liver is associated with development of esophageal varices - correct answer True Energy used to maintain biologic functions in an undiagnosed type 1 diabetic involved which of the following? - correct answer Fat tissue Vaccines are classified as primary prevention - correct answer True What happens in clients with exercised induced asthma? - correct answer Bronchospasm after exercise What would you expect to see in a patient with gout - correct answer Change in uric acid levels

H. Pylori often causes - correct answer Peptic Ulcer Disease Untreated chronic bronchitis causes hepatic encephalopathy - correct answer FALSE: Pneumonia HPV can lead to which type of cancer? - correct answer Cervical Cancer Hyponatremia (sodium) can lead to: - correct answer Potentially fatal swelling of the brain Which of the following is NOT attributed to impaired neuro function with increased intracranial pressure?

• Compression of the brain
• Inflammation of the brain tissues
• The inability of the cranium to expand in adults
• The ability of the tissues to autoregulate the pressure - correct answer - The ability of the tissues to autoregulate the pressure Which of the following are inital symptoms of malignancies of blood-forming tissues and lymphatic structures? - correct answer Non-specific or no symptoms What causes secondary brain injury after head trauma?
• Brain injury resulting from the body's response to tissue damage
• Brain injury resulting from the initial trauma
• Injury as a result of medical therapy
• Focal areas of bleeding - correct answer Brain injury resulting from the body's response to tissue damage Which of the following would you expect to see in a client experiencing hypoventilation?
• Increased oxygenation in the alveoli
• Increased carbon dioxide in the alveoli

• decreased hemoglobin in the alveoli
• decreased carbon dioxide in the alveoli - correct answer Increased carbon dioxide in the alveoli The kidneys have a role with RBC synthesis. Which of the following hormones do the kidneys secrete? - correct answer Erythropoietin