Rasmussen Pathophysiology Final Exam, Exams of Nursing

Download Rasmussen Pathophysiology Final Exam and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Rasmussen Pathophysiology Final Exam questions with solutions for guarantee A+ Which of the following would be a sign of right-sided Heart Failure? - Increased Urination - Peripheral Edema - Pulmonary Edema - Immunosuppression - Solution Peripheral Edema Which of the following are clinical manifestations of left-sided heart failure? (Select all that apply) - Jugular Vein Distention - Cough with Frothy Sputum - Crackles Auscultated in Lungs - Dyspnea - Solution - Cough with Frothy Sputum - Crackles auscultated in lungs - Dyspnea Which medications would be used to treat a patient with heart failure? - Antibiotics and Steroids - Vitamin D and Calcium - Calcium Channel Blockers and Zafron - ACE Inhibitors and Beta-Blockers - Solution ACE inhibitors and Beta- Blockers Which of the following is often the cause of pulmonary embolism? - An autoimmune disorder - A venous blood clot from lower extremity - An increase in intracranial pressure - Hypotension - Solution - A venous blood clot from lower extremity Virchow's Triad contributes to pulmonary embolism formation. Virchow's Triad factors include all of the following except: - Venous Blood Stasis - Damage to the venous wall - Venous blood hypermobility - Increased blood coagulability - Solution Venous blood hypermobility How does unstable angina pectoris differ from stable angina pectoris? - Can only be diagnosed by changes in cardiac biomarkers - manifests in ECG changes only - Is not relieved by periods of rest - Not as serious as stable angina - Solution Not relieved by periods of rest Which of the following organs are primarily affected by poorly managed hypertension? - Bladder and Urethra - Brain and Skin - Heart and Kidneys - Stomach and Intestines - Solution Heart and Kidneys Management of hypertension involves multiple approaches including which of the following? - Dietary Modifications - Engaging in regular exercise routines - Prescribing diuretics and/or anti-hypertensives - All of the above - Solution All of the above When arterial blood pressure declines, the cells of the kidneys secrete a hormone called ___ to increase blood pressure and peripheral resistance. - Renin - Antidiuretic Hormone - Atrial Natriuretic - Erythropoietin - Solution Renin Which of the following are examples of complications of shock? (Select all that apply) - Multiple Organ Dysfunction - Acute Renal Failure - Clotting and Bleeding Disorders - Increased Cardiac Output - Solution - Multiple Organ Dysfunction - Acute renal failure - Clotting and Bleeding disorders What pathophysiological responses would you expect to find in a client who has anaphylactic shock? Cytotoxic T Cells - Solution A type of lymphocyte that kills infected body cells and cancer cells Histamine - Solution A chemical mediator stored in mast cells that triggers inflammatory processes and causes itching Interstitial Fluid - Solution "Liquid between the cells and the body" Fluid from the spaces around cells. It comes from substances that leak out of blood capillaries Pathogen - Solution A disease-causing agent Carcinoma - Solution Cancer that arose in the epithelial tissue of the skin or the lining of the internal organs Leukemia - Solution Cancer of white blood cells Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy - Solution Often an X-linked recessive disease seen more often in males A condition that causes a "Bamboo-spine" appearance that is in an inflammatory disease causing vertebrae to fuse is called what? - Solution Ankylosing Spondylitis Cellulitis - Solution Infection of the skin and soft tissues underneath Melanoma - Solution The most serious form of skin cancer. A tumor of melanin-forming cells Actinic Keratosis - Solution precancerous skin condition of horny tissue formation that results from excessive exposure to sunlight Erythema - Solution Redness of the skin (Superficial) Bullae - Solution Fluid-filled blisters Osteoarthritis - Solution progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone at articular surfaces. Sometimes from wear and tear What is fibromyalgia? - Solution Chronic disease characterized by non- restorative sleep and muscle aches and stiffness in all four quadrants of the body Cardinal signs of inflammation - Solution Redness, Swelling, Heat, Pain, Pallor What is true of Psoriasis - Solution Excessive Keratinocytes, Immune dysregulation, and Inflammation are part of the process On a complete blood count (CBC) with differential, a client with allergies will have high levels of which of the following? - Solution Basal Cells and Mast Cells What electrolyte imbalance would the nurse with a client who has muscle tetany, positive trousseau and Chvostek's sign's? - Solution Hypocalcemia, Low levels of calcium may affect the excitability of the nerve and muscle cells, causing cramps and abnormal muscle movements. What is the best way to prevent transmission of infections agents? - Solution Wash Hands Which of the following describes Homeostasis? - Solution A state of equilibrium or balance within the organism to maintain usual function What happens to a client with muscular dystrophy? - Solution Progressive loss of muscle tissues The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) causes the release of many hormones. Including angiotensin 1, 2, and aldosterone. - Solution Vasoconstriction and Increased Blood Pressure Which of the following occurs with the distribution of water between interstitial and intracellular compartments? - Solution Osmosis What causes osteoarthritis and degenerative joint disease? - Solution The progressive loss of joint function to "wear and tear" How does rheumatoid Arthritis, an autoimmune condition manifest? - Solution Chronic inflammation in affected joints What is one of the properties of cancer cells? - Solution The ability to invade local tissues and overrun neighboring cells A client presents to the emergency department after sustaining burn injuries to her hands and forearms. Her skin appears red, swollen. What type of burn would this be classified as? - Solution First degree burn Which of the following symptoms describe complications of compartment syndrome? - Solution Pain and tissue damage What is a protective mechanism that protects the body when injured. What are the cardinal signs? - Solution Loss of function, swelling, heat, redness, and pain. What are the five P's of compartment syndrome? - Solution Paresthesia, Pallor, Pain, Paralysis, and Pulselessness Which of the following causes edema? - Solution Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure Osteosarcoma is one of the cancers of the bone. Which of the following describes osteosarcoma tumor? - Solution Extremely Malignant Clinical manifestations of fluid excess include which of the following? - Solution Bounding pulses and crackles in the lungs Intracellular fluid contains higher concentration of which of the following? - Solution Potassium What is the function of Mitochondria within the cells? - Solution Produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy The nurse observes redness and feels warmth in an area of cellulitis, what is the direct cause of these clinical manifestations? - Solution Increased blood flow to the area Which of the following effects does histamine, an inflammatory mediator, have on the body? - Solution Causes the blood vessels to dilate what is a complication of a bone fracture that causes decreased blood flow and is painful? - Solution Compartment syndrome Shingles is a disorder of herpes zoster and has which of the following clinical manifestations? - Solution Eruption of vesicles along sensory neuron dermatomes what typically causes contact dermatitis? - Solution contact with a skin allergen What is cachexia? - Solution Overall weightloss and weakness extracellular fluid contains higher concentrations of what? - Solution Sodium and Chloride which of the following is a symptom of dehydration? - Solution Thirst Which of the following is a simple lab test that can measure inflammation in a client? - Solution Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ETR) Which of the following explains why women are at an increased risk for UTI? - Solution in women, the opening of the urethra is in close proximity to the anus What is the main cause of chronic pancreatitis occurrences? - Solution Alcoholism Pyelonephritis is the infection of which of the following areas? - Solution Kidney Which of the following describes hematuria? - Solution Blood in the Urine Which of the following "Polys" occurs with type 1 diabetes? - Solution Polyuria, Polydipsia, and Polyphagia The client has gallstones obstructing the bile duct. What symptoms would the nurse to expect to see in this client? - Solution Severe right upper quadrant pain What is the difference between diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2? - Solution Type 1 is due to lack of insulin production; type 2 is due to lack of a pancreas What is one of the causes of pyelonephritis? - Solution Ascending urinary tract infection The client can expect which of the following concerns when infected with Herpes Simplex Virus? - Solution A recurrence of symptoms periodically Which condition is the result of endometrial tissue growing outside of the uterus? - Solution Endometriosis Which of the following is a condition of the newborn eyes caused by the transmission of Chlamydia? - Solution Ophthalmia Neonatorum What are the two main conditions responsible for chronic kidney disease? - Solution Hypertension and Diabetes Which of the following can lead to an intrarenal kidney injury? - Solution Clot in the renal artery What causes a rigid abdomen in Peritonitis? - Solution Inflammation and Abdominal muscle spasm Which of the following electrolyte disorders is associated with Syndrome of Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone? - Solution Hyponatremia Which of the following causes obstructions in the renal system? - Solution Presense of a tumor and enlarged prostate A client presents to the emergency department with lower right abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and occasional diarrhea. After palpating the abdomen, the client displays rebound tenderness. What would the nurse anticipate the client is experiencing? - Solution Appendicitis Which of the following injury is associated with prerenal kidney injury? - Solution An episode of decreased blood flow to the kidneys. hemorrhage What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? - Solution Cold intolerance, constipation, weight gain, Bradycardia Which of the following may a client be at risk for it they have the human papillary virus? (HPV) - Solution Cervical Cancer Which electrolyte can cause fatal cardiac dysrhythmias for clients with chronic kidney disease? - Solution Potassium A nurse is teaching a client about syphilis. Which information should the nurse include? - Solution Syphilis can be fatal in the tertiary stage or the disease How many stages of syphilis are there? - Solution 4 stages: primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary (also known as neurosyphilis) - Primary syphilis is the first stage of the disease. It causes one or more small, painless sores in or around the genitals, anus, or mouth. What is the order of the flow of filtrate through the kidneys? - Solution The correct order for filtrate flow through a nephron is Glomerular capsule (Bowman's Capsule) , Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) , loop of Henle, DCT, collecting duct. When a client has abnormal functioning of the parathyroid glands, this can result in imbalances of which of the following electrolyte? - Solution Calcium Which of the following organism is most often associated with pelvic inflammatory disease? - Solution Chlamydia and Neisseria Gonorrhoeae What is most likely to cause a hiatal Hernia? - Solution Increased intra- abdominal pressure Which of the following is a sign that a client is in oliguric phase of acute renal failure (ARL)? - Solution Decreased urine output What is the difference between a primary head injury and a secondary injury? - Solution Primary is main injury and secondary is due to inflammation Why is intracranial pressure (ICP) measured? - Solution Indicates pressure levels inside the cranium Deadly complication from ICP - Solution the client can have a brain herniation An epidural hematoma is dangerous due to which below - Solution An epidural hematoma is due to arterial bleeding A spinal cord injury can result in paralysis - Solution TRUE How is a spinal cord injury diagnosed? - Solution Diagnosis by imaging studies What is a primary risk factor for Transient Ischemic Attack? (Temp. blockage of blood flow to the brain) Mini-stroke - Solution A TIA is due to artherosclerosis: buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls. What is the most important diagnostic for a stroke (CVA)? - Solution Cranial CT A hemorrhagic stroke is due to which cause? - Solution Client has a bleeding vessel in the brain Where is the most common location of cerebral aneurysms? - Solution In the Circle of Willis: acts to provide collateral blood flow between the anterior and posterior circulations of the brain, protecting against ischemia in the event of vessel disease or damage in one or more areas Serious complication of Epilepsy - Solution Status Epilepticus: A seizure that lasts longer than 5 minutes, or having more than 1 seizure within a 5 minutes period, without returning to a normal level of consciousness between episodes What is the difference between a focal seizure and generalized seizure? - Solution Generalized is due to whole seizure activity Identify the AS of Alzheimer Disease - Solution Anomia(Aphasia), Agnosia, Amnesia, Apraxia Treatment of Alzheimers are medications to maximize functioning - Solution True Brain tumor complications can result in death due to which - Solution Increased ICP Multiple Sclerosis is characterized by which? - Solution Demyelination of Neurons Destruction of which brain structure results in manifestations of Parkinson's Disease - Solution Substantia Nigra: is a basal ganglia structure located in the midbrain that plays an important role in reward and movement. Parkinson's Disease manifestations are due to? - Solution Under production of Dopamine Myasthenia Gravis is due to which cause? - Solution Autoimmune IgG autoantibodies Determine the minute volume: Tidal Volume = 400ml ; Resp. Rate = 12 bpm - Solution 4800 ml/min Lung compliance is which below - Solution Compliance is the 'stretch' and recovery of the lungs What is the role of the lungs in pH balance - Solution The lungs manage CO2 balance Nosocomial Pneumonia results in which type of pneumonia? - Solution Hospital acquired Pneumonia Compliance with TB medication is important due to which complication? - Solution Development of drug-resistant forms What are the problems when a client has a asthma attack? - Solution Airway swelling and Mucus What is a life threatening condition related to an asthma attack? - Solution Status Asthmaticus: respiratory failure that comes with the worst form of acute severe asthma, or an asthma attack What is Cor Pulmonale? - Solution Pulmonary related right-sided heart failure Which condition is called 'pink puffer' - Solution Emphysema: lung condition that causes shortness of breath; the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) are damaged Atelectasis is referred to as which complication? - Solution Collapsed Alveoli Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is due to another serious condition - Solution TRUE What is the hallmark of ARDS? - Solution Refractory Hypoxemia What is the classic defining characterisitic of Hodgkin's Lymphoma? - Solution Reed-Sternberg cells Which leukemia is characterized by philadelphia chromosome? - Solution Chronic Myeloid Which body organ system sends a message to the bone marrow to make red blood cells? - Solution The kidneys Pernicious Anemia is treated with B12 Supplements - Solution True Aplastic Anemia is characterized by which below? - Solution No red blood cells, No platelets What Is the hallmark feature of hemophilia A? - Solution Hemarthrosis: condition of articular bleeding, that is into the joint cavity. This can occur after an injury or, more commonly, in bleeding disorders such as hemophilia. Imbalance of ___ with diabetes insipidus - Solution ADH The liver is associated with development of esophageal varices - Solution True Energy used to maintain biologic functions in an undiagnosed type 1 diabetic involved which of the following? - Solution Fat tissue Vaccines are classified as primary prevention - Solution True What happens in clients with exercised induced asthma? - Solution Bronchospasm after exercise What would you expect to see in a patient with gout - Solution Change in uric acid levels H. Pylori often causes - Solution Peptic Ulcer Disease Untreated chronic bronchitis causes hepatic encephalopathy - Solution FALSE: Pneumonia HPV can lead to which type of cancer? - Solution Cervical Cancer Hyponatremia (sodium) can lead to: - Solution Potentially fatal swelling of the brain Which of the following is NOT attributed to impaired neuro function with increased intracranial pressure? - Compression of the brain - Inflammation of the brain tissues - The inability of the cranium to expand in adults - The ability of the tissues to autoregulate the pressure - Solution - The ability of the tissues to autoregulate the pressure Which of the following are inital symptoms of malignancies of blood-forming tissues and lymphatic structures? - Solution Non-specific or no symptoms What causes secondary brain injury after head trauma? - Brain injury resulting from the body's response to tissue damage - Brain injury resulting from the initial trauma - Injury as a result of medical therapy - Focal areas of bleeding - Solution Brain injury resulting from the body's response to tissue damage Which of the following would you expect to see in a client experiencing hypoventilation? - Increased oxygenation in the alveoli - Increased carbon dioxide in the alveoli - decreased hemoglobin in the alveoli - decreased carbon dioxide in the alveoli - Solution Increased carbon dioxide in the alveoli The kidneys have a role with RBC synthesis. Which of the following hormones do the kidneys secrete? - Solution Erythropoietin