RASMUSSEN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM 2024-2025, Exams of Nursing

Download RASMUSSEN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM 2024-2025 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! 1 | P a g e RASMUSSEN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM 2024-2025 WITH ACTUAL CORRECT QUESTIONS QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED DETAILED ANSWERS |FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS |ALREADY GRADED A+|NEWEST|GUARANTEED PASS |LATEST UPDATE What is the cause of Cardiogenic Shock? - Severe Ventricular Dysfunction - Acute Blood Loss - Severe Atrial Dysfunction - Suppression of the Sympathetic Nervous System Severe ventricular dysfunction What is occurring in the body of clients with hypovolemic shock? - Inadequate stomach acid - Insufficient circulating blood volume - Insect bite or snake bites - Not taking enough diuretics Insufficient circulating blood volume Obstructive shock is due to a mechanical obstruction impeding blood flow. Cause of obstructive shock include all of the following except? - Spinal Cord Injury - Pulmonary Embolism - Cardiac Tamponade - Tension Pneumothorax Spinal Cord Injury Presentation of shock includes all of the following clinical findings except: - Altered level of consciousness 2 | P a g e - Hypotension - Mental Clarity - Tachycardia Mental Clarity Septic shock is a common cause of death in the ICU. What causes sepsis? - An overwhelming allergic reaction - Severe inflammatory response to pathogens - Unknown causes resulting in Hypertension - Poor nursing and health care provider interventions Severe inflammatory response to a pathogen Which of the following is a type of septic shock? - Cardiogenic Shock - Distributive Shock - Obstructive Shock - Hypovolemic Shock Distributive Shock A disease where the client often has shortened (genetic mutation) dystrophin strand resulting in small tears in the muscles as they are used resulted in muscle degeneration is called what? - Gower's Disease - Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy - Multiple Sclerosis - Fibromyalgia Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Homeostasis The maintenance of a constant, internal state. Allostasis The process where the body response to stressors in or to maintain homeostasis Allostatic Overload When chronic exposure exceeds the body's ability to cope Hypokalemia is Potassium less than 3.5 mEq/L Hyperkalemia is Potassium greater than 5.5 mEq/L Hypovolemia is 5 | P a g e Progressive loss of muscle tissues The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) causes the release of many hormones. Including angiotensin 1, 2, and aldosterone. Vasoconstriction and Increased Blood Pressure Which of the following occurs with the distribution of water between interstitial and intracellular compartments? Osmosis What causes osteoarthritis and degenerative joint disease? The progressive loss of joint function to "wear and tear" How does rheumatoid Arthritis, an autoimmune condition manifest? Chronic inflammation in affected joints What is one of the properties of cancer cells? The ability to invade local tissues and overrun neighboring cells A client presents to the emergency department after sustaining burn injuries to her hands and forearms. Her skin appears red, swollen. What type of burn would this be classified as? First degree burn Which of the following symptoms describe complications of compartment syndrome? Pain and tissue damage What is a protective mechanism that protects the body when injured. What are the cardinal signs? Loss of function, swelling, heat, redness, and pain. What are the five P's of compartment syndrome? Paresthesia, Pallor, Pain, Paralysis, and Pulselessness Which of the following causes edema? Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure Osteosarcoma is one of the cancers of the bone. Which of the following describes osteosarcoma tumor? Extremely Malignant Clinical manifestations of fluid excess include which of the following? Bounding pulses and crackles in the lungs Intracellular fluid contains higher concentration of which of the following? Potassium 6 | P a g e What is the function of Mitochondria within the cells? Produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy The nurse observes redness and feels warmth in an area of cellulitis, what is the direct cause of these clinical manifestations? Increased blood flow to the area A client presents with a single fracture straight across the bone without a break in alignment. Simple transverse fracture Which of the following is true about hyponatremia? Potentially fatal due to swelling in the brain which of the following causes gout? Excessive uric acid metabolism Which of the following is an example of type ll hypersensitivity? Hemolytic disease of the newborn (Erythroblastosis Fetallis) - IgG or IgM Type 1 hypersensitivity Anaphylaxis, IgE mediated Type 3 hypersensitivity Rheumatoid arthritis, Immune-complex induced glomerulonephritis--Immune-Complex Mediated, formation of antigen-antibody complexes. Can cause systemic or localized reactions. I.e. farmer's lung, librarian's lung, rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (wolf face). - IgG, IgM Type 4 hypersensitivity contact dermatitis, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, T-Cells What are the steps of carcinogenesis? initiation, promotion, progression Why is fibromyalgia frequently a misunderstood disorder? The client has pain but no specific diagnotics Which of the following causes itchy linear burrows on the hands and wrists? Scabies What are matured monocytes that migrate from the blood into tissues and engulf foreign substances called? 7 | P a g e Macrophages What happens when cells metastasize? Cancer cells migrate to distant sites Fluid excretion occurs by which of the following? Urination and Sweating Which immunoglobin (Ig) mediates the Type 1 Hypersensitivity reactions? IgE A client has a potassium of 1.9 mEq/L. Which of the following is a potential complication of this electrolyte imbalance? Cardiac Arrhythmias Which of the following would a client experience during the alarm phase of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Resolution of fight-or-flight manifestations The nurse needs to explain to a colleague what defines active immunity. What would the nurse state about active immunity? Active immunity comes either from an active infection or through immunizations Which of the following topics are components of pathophysiology? Etiology, Pathogenesis, Treatment Implications, Clinical manifestation The bones serve as a reservoir for which ion/electrolyte? Calcium Fluid volume deficits may result from which of the following? Vomiting and Diarrhea A client diagnosed with heart failure reports to the healthcare provider a feeling of dizziness upon standing. A symptom What is associated with psoriatic arthritis? Psoriasis what causes osteoporosis? An imbalance of bone resorption and bone formation what chemical does the body release during a stress response? 10 | P a g e Appendicitis Which of the following injury is associated with prerenal kidney injury? An episode of decreased blood flow to the kidneys. hemorrhage What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? Cold intolerance, constipation, weight gain, Bradycardia Which of the following may a client be at risk for it they have the human papillary virus? (HPV) Cervical Cancer Which electrolyte can cause fatal cardiac dysrhythmias for clients with chronic kidney disease? Potassium A nurse is teaching a client about syphilis. Which information should the nurse include? Syphilis can be fatal in the tertiary stage or the disease How many stages of syphilis are there? 4 stages: primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary (also known as neurosyphilis) - Primary syphilis is the first stage of the disease. It causes one or more small, painless sores in or around the genitals, anus, or mouth. What is the order of the flow of filtrate through the kidneys? The correct order for filtrate flow through a nephron is Glomerular capsule (Bowman's Capsule) , Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) , loop of Henle, DCT, collecting duct. When a client has abnormal functioning of the parathyroid glands, this can result in imbalances of which of the following electrolyte? Calcium Which of the following organism is most often associated with pelvic inflammatory disease? Chlamydia and Neisseria Gonorrhoeae What is most likely to cause a hiatal Hernia? Increased intra-abdominal pressure Which of the following is a sign that a client is in oliguric phase of acute renal failure (ARL)? Decreased urine output What causes diabetes insipidus? 11 | P a g e Insufficient Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) production What are the main characteristics of Cushing Syndrome? Excessive Cortisol Production, fluid retention, and moon-face appearance Which of the following is a problem related to benign prostatic hypertrophy? (BPH) Inability to pass urine effectively Which of the following conditions would be expected with a client who has elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level with a decrease T3/T4 level? Hypothyroidism Which of the following may result in a mechanical bowel obstruction? Intussusception: A condition in which part of the intestine telescopes into itself. Which symptom would a client with chronic gastritis likely exhibit? Hyperchlorhydria and ulcers Dysphagia condition in which swallowing is difficult or painful chronic gastritis symptoms burning or gnawing epigastric pain, nausea, weight loss, anorexia, and hematemesis Which of the following is an example of general cause of UTI? E. Coli - Escherichia Coli Which of the following is an example of postrenal kidney injury? An obstruction in the ureter Which of the following may occur if gastroenteritis is left untreated? Electrolyte Imbalance and Dehydration Which of the following is a serious potential complication of gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD)? Esophageal Cancer What of the following may occur with exposure to antibiotics? Diarrhea What type of incontinence is caused by an increase in intraabdominal pressure due to activities such as coughing or sneezing? Stress 12 | P a g e Which of the following does helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori) often cause Peptic Ulcer Disease Which disorder is related to breaking down fats for energy in clients with type 1 diabetes? Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Which of the following is a classic manifestation of glomerulonephritis? Proteinuria What is most likely the cause of polyuria in renal insufficiency? Loss of tubule function Which of the following are inflammatory bowel disorders? Ulcerative Colitis and Crohns Disease Which of the following is the name of a medical emergency associated with hyperthyroidism, in which the client experiences fever, decreased levels of consciousness, and abdominal pain? Thyroid Storm (Thyrotoxicosis) Which condition is typically caused by genetic mutation? Polycystic kidney disease What is the main purpose of dialysis for a client with kidney diease Removes excess fluid and waste. Which condition leads to an excessive amount of growth hormone (GH) being released by the pituitary gland in adulthood after epiphyseal plates of the long bones have fused. Acromegaly Gigantism abnormal growth of the entire body that is caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty - childhood The neurologic system needs two main components to function: Oxygen & Glucose What is the difference between a primary head injury and a secondary injury? Primary is main injury and secondary is due to inflammation Why is intracranial pressure (ICP) measured? Indicates pressure levels inside the cranium Deadly complication from ICP 15 | P a g e Collapsed Alveoli Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is due to another serious condition TRUE What is the hallmark of ARDS? Refractory Hypoxemia What is the classic defining characterisitic of Hodgkin's Lymphoma? Reed-Sternberg cells Which leukemia is characterized by philadelphia chromosome? Chronic Myeloid Which body organ system sends a message to the bone marrow to make red blood cells? The kidneys Pernicious Anemia is treated with B12 Supplements True Aplastic Anemia is characterized by which below? No red blood cells, No platelets What Is the hallmark feature of hemophilia A? Hemarthrosis: condition of articular bleeding, that is into the joint cavity. This can occur after an injury or, more commonly, in bleeding disorders such as hemophilia. Which below is not a valve of the heart? Pyloric Cardiac Tamponade is life-threatening because of which below? Excess Pressure on the heart impeding pumping Common bacteria associated with infective endocarditis are which? Staphylococcus; Streptococcus Primary cause of left-sided heart failure is which? Left-sided Myocardial Infarction Cholesterol comes from animal fats TRUE Which is amodifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis? 16 | P a g e Exercise Levels Which term below indicates backflow of blood due to a heart valve that doesn't close properly Regurgitation In the presense of left-sided heart failure, congestion from backed up blood is where? The lungs: Accumulation of blood coming into the right side of the heart causes congestion and fluid accumulation in other parts of the body, such as the legs and the liver. Virchow's Triad is indicative of which complication Development of thrombi Shock is characterized by Inadequate Oxygen Delivery to Tissues Management of any type of shock is dependent on which? Treating the underlying cause Which type of shock does not respond well to the administration of fluid? Cardiogenic What are the three phases of acute kidney injury? Prodromal, Oliguric, Postoliguric Increased plasma albumin causes ascites False: A normal albumin range is 3.4 to 5.4 g/dL. If you have a lower albumin level, you may have malnutrition. It can also mean that you have liver disease or an inflammatory disease. Higher albumin levels may be caused by acute infections, burns, and stress from surgery or a heart attack. Which of the following leads to the appearance of a barrel chest in clients with COPD Air trapping in the Alveoli What would you expect to see in a client with COPD Dyspnea on Exertion It is typical to see constipation, weight gain, and fatigue in a patient with hypothyroidism True hyperthroidism 17 | P a g e Hyperthyroidism is the production of too much thyroxine hormone. It can increase metabolism. Symptoms include unexpected weight loss, rapid or irregular heartbeat, sweating, and irritability, Graves Disease What is compartment syndrome? Compartment syndrome is a serious condition that involves increased pressure in a muscle compartment. It can lead to muscle and nerve damage and problems with blood flow. Rheumatoid arthritis and allergies can result from excessive immune responses TRUE cause of contact dermatitis Contact with skin allergen A patient with Cushing syndrome would MOST likely present with: Hypercortisolism: fatty hump between shoulders, rounded face, pink or purple stretch marks. Hypocortisolism Specifically, the adrenal glands produce insufficient amounts of the hormone cortisol and sometimes aldosterone: fatigue, nausea, darkening of the skin, and dizziness upon standing. Imbalance of ___ with diabetes insipidus ADH The liver is associated with development of esophageal varices True Energy used to maintain biologic functions in an undiagnosed type 1 diabetic involved which of the following? Fat tissue Vaccines are classified as primary prevention True What happens in clients with exercised induced asthma? Bronchospasm after exercise What would you expect to see in a patient with gout Change in uric acid levels H. Pylori often causes Peptic Ulcer Disease 20 | P a g e - Heart and Kidneys - Stomach and Intestines Heart and Kidneys Management of hypertension involves multiple approaches including which of the following? - Dietary Modifications - Engaging in regular exercise routines - Prescribing diuretics and/or anti-hypertensives - All of the above All of the above When arterial blood pressure declines, the cells of the kidneys secrete a hormone called ___ to increase blood pressure and peripheral resistance. - Renin - Antidiuretic Hormone - Atrial Natriuretic - Erythropoietin Renin Which of the following are examples of complications of shock? (Select all that apply) - Multiple Organ Dysfunction - Acute Renal Failure - Clotting and Bleeding Disorders - Increased Cardiac Output - Multiple Organ Dysfunction - Acute renal failure - Clotting and Bleeding disorders What pathophysiological responses would you expect to find in a client who has anaphylactic shock? - Bronchodilation, Peripheral constriction, Decreased capillary permeability - Asthma, Deep vein thrombosis, hepatic encephalopathy - Bronchoconstriction, peripheral dilation, increased capillary permeability - Left-sided heart failure, pulmonary embolism, UTI Bronchoconstriction, Peripheral Dilation, Increased Capillary Permeability Monitor heart. Complications of the heart. Low potassium (Hypokalemia) Epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol. Increase heart rate and increase in blood pressure Catecholamines - Flight or fight response 21 | P a g e Plasma protein. It keeps water along with it. Water escapes into interstitial cell space. Swelling. Fluid is in the wrong places. Fluid in the peritoneal cavity. Function of Albumin - decrease albumin - ascites Sodium and water retention Function of aldosterone extracellular, interstitial, intracellular, intravascular Different fluid compartments increased capillary hydrostatic pressure. Decreased albumin levels. Causes of edema Sign is something you see. Objective you observe is a sign. Subjective is a symptom. Symptom is something the patient is feeling. Signs and Symptoms Immune complex reaction. RA and SLE Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction examples Contact with allergen Cause of contact dermatitis Primary, secondary, tertiary Levels of prevention Fatal to brain- Nervous system changes Hyponatremia They will not listen to the signals of apoptosis cell death. They communicate and invade nearby organs Metastatic cancer cells Powerhouse. Function of the mitochondria Helps with the production of proteins synthesis. Ribosomes After 50 years, every 10 years screening for colonoscopy. Stool for occult blood every year, sigmoidoscopy every 5 years Colonoscopy Helps in the production of RBC, WBC, and platelets. Hematopoiesis 22 | P a g e Primary function of the bone marrow Swelling, pain, redness, warmth Assessment findings with localized inflammation Increased amount white blood cells Leukocytosis Uncontrolled modification of immature white blood cells, decreased RBC, and decreased platelet. Lead to bone marrow suppression Leukemia Develop disease and develop immunity of disease (immunization). Active immunity Transfer of antibodies of one person to another. Passive immunity Abnormal uric acid metabolism What happens with Gout? bone loss due to aging. Increased bone reabsorption than bone formation. Osteoporosis Respiratory management Priority assessment with myasthenia crisis produces blood glucose levels Insulin helps to increase blood glucose levels. Breaks down stored glycogen into glucose. Glucagon Body continues to produce growth hormone after the epiphyseal plates have been fused Acromegaly Increased growth hormone production during the growth period. Gigantism calcium imbalance Parathyroid gland problems Priority assessment with spinal cord injury 25 | P a g e Inflammation of the vein phlebitis check the fluid overload in the lungs CHF priority assessment EKG chest pain first assessment Low cardiac output What is the denominator of right and left side heart failure? Peripheral edema Right side heart failure priority assessment? fluid on the lungs left side heart failure priority assessment? Injury to the coronary endothelium Atherosclerotic plaques Partial eclusion Angina pectoris Causes a complete block. Angina partial block. What happens with MI and angina? Damage to heart and kidneys Complication of uncontrolled hypertension modifiable: diet, activity, sedentary lifestyle and nonmodifiable: age, sex, history Hypertension pain can come anytime. Unstable angina patient has chest pain during activity. Pain can go away at rest. Stable angina narrowing of the bronchioles, dilation of the peripheral blood vessels and increase capillary permeability. Anaphylactic shock symptoms 26 | P a g e Decreased urine output, hypovolemia, hypotension, orthostatic hypotension, decreased blood pressure, dehydration, skin turgor Signs of hypotension Insufficient delivery of oxygen and blood to meet the heart's demand. What is coronary artery disease persistent, radiate to neck, jaw, and arm MI venous blood stasis, damage to the venous wall and increase blood coagulation Virchow's triad Pain and tissue damage Complication with compartment syndrome Stress reduces blood flow to the gastric mucosa Stress and peptic ulcer relation (H.Pylori infection) Helps with the secretion of intrinsic factor of vitamin B12 absorption Function of parietal cells of gastric mucosa proximal duodenum Frequent location of peptic ulcer Blood in the stool What is occult blood occurs as a complication to portal hypertension What is esophageal varices Making up complex structures from the simple structures What is anabolic process Inflammation of the bladder. Vesico-ureteral reflux. Urine backflow. Genetic defect with cystitis and what is cystitis Hormone associated with dysfunctional uterine bleeding Estrogen Causes of pyelonephritis UTI 27 | P a g e Flank pain Kidney disease- location of pain Enlargement of the prostate gland. Dribbling of urine, difficulty initiating stream, unable to empty the urinary bladder, increased urgency, decreased urine output. Symptoms with BPH Hypovolemia, hypotensive states When is Renin-angiotensin system activated Cervical cancer Human Papilloma virus Sneezing, coughing, jumping Stress Incontinence deficiency of insulin Type 1 Increased of resistance Type 2 Deals with hormones What is the main function of endocrine system What is Grave's disease? Hyperthyroidism increase heart rate, increase blood pressure, insomnia, increase metabolism, difficulty breathing, irritation Hyperthyroidism symptoms weight gain, intolerance, always cold, constipation, low appetite, low blood pressure, heart rate low, anorexia. Hypothyroidism symptoms Hypothyroidism in adults Myxedema Deficiency of hormone ADH. Increased urine output Diabetes Insipidus