Rasmussen Pathophysiology Final Exam Questions and Answers, Exams of Pathophysiology

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Which of the following would be a sign of right-sided Heart Failure?

• Increased Urination
• Peripheral Edema
• Pulmonary Edema
• Immunosuppression - correct answer ✅Peripheral Edema Which of the following are clinical manifestations of left-sided heart failure? (Select all that apply)
• Jugular Vein Distention
• Cough with Frothy Sputum
• Crackles Auscultated in Lungs
• Dyspnea - correct answer ✅- Cough with Frothy Sputum
• Crackles auscultated in lungs
• Dyspnea Which medications would be used to treat a patient with heart failure?
• Antibiotics and Steroids
• Vitamin D and Calcium

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• Calcium Channel Blockers and Zafron
• ACE Inhibitors and Beta-Blockers - correct answer ✅ACE inhibitors and Beta-Blockers Which of the following is often the cause of pulmonary embolism?
• An autoimmune disorder
• A venous blood clot from lower extremity
• An increase in intracranial pressure
• Hypotension - correct answer ✅- A venous blood clot from lower extremity Virchow's Triad contributes to pulmonary embolism formation. Virchow's Triad factors include all of the following except:
• Venous Blood Stasis
• Damage to the venous wall
• Venous blood hypermobility
• Increased blood coagulability - correct answer ✅Venous blood hypermobility How does unstable angina pectoris differ from stable angina pectoris?

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• Can only be diagnosed by changes in cardiac biomarkers
• manifests in ECG changes only
• Is not relieved by periods of rest
• Not as serious as stable angina - correct answer ✅Not relieved by periods of rest Which of the following organs are primarily affected by poorly managed hypertension?
• Bladder and Urethra
• Brain and Skin
• Heart and Kidneys
• Stomach and Intestines - correct answer ✅Heart and Kidneys Management of hypertension involves multiple approaches including which of the following?
• Dietary Modifications
• Engaging in regular exercise routines
• Prescribing diuretics and/or anti-hypertensives
• All of the above - correct answer ✅All of the above

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When arterial blood pressure declines, the cells of the kidneys secrete a hormone called ___ to increase blood pressure and peripheral resistance.

• Renin
• Antidiuretic Hormone
• Atrial Natriuretic
• Erythropoietin - correct answer ✅Renin Which of the following are examples of complications of shock? (Select all that apply)
• Multiple Organ Dysfunction
• Acute Renal Failure
• Clotting and Bleeding Disorders
• Increased Cardiac Output - correct answer ✅- Multiple Organ Dysfunction
• Acute renal failure
• Clotting and Bleeding disorders What pathophysiological responses would you expect to find in a client who has anaphylactic shock?

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• Bronchodilation, Peripheral constriction, Decreased capillary permeability
• Asthma, Deep vein thrombosis, hepatic encephalopathy
• Bronchoconstriction, peripheral dilation, increased capillary permeability
• Left-sided heart failure, pulmonary embolism, UTI - correct answer ✅Bronchoconstriction, Peripheral Dilation, Increased Capillary Permeability What is the cause of Cardiogenic Shock?
• Severe Ventricular Dysfunction
• Acute Blood Loss
• Severe Atrial Dysfunction
• Suppression of the Sympathetic Nervous System - correct answer ✅Severe ventricular dysfunction What is occurring in the body of clients with hypovolemic shock?
• Inadequate stomach acid
• Insufficient circulating blood volume
• Insect bite or snake bites
• Not taking enough diuretics - correct answer ✅Insufficient circulating blood volume

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Obstructive shock is due to a mechanical obstruction impeding blood flow. Cause of obstructive shock include all of the following except?

• Spinal Cord Injury
• Pulmonary Embolism
• Cardiac Tamponade
• Tension Pneumothorax - correct answer ✅Spinal Cord Injury Presentation of shock includes all of the following clinical findings except:
• Altered level of consciousness
• Hypotension
• Mental Clarity
• Tachycardia - correct answer ✅Mental Clarity Septic shock is a common cause of death in the ICU. What causes sepsis?
• An overwhelming allergic reaction
• Severe inflammatory response to pathogens

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• Unknown causes resulting in Hypertension
• Poor nursing and health care provider interventions - correct answer ✅Severe inflammatory response to a pathogen Which of the following is a type of septic shock?
• Cardiogenic Shock
• Distributive Shock
• Obstructive Shock
• Hypovolemic Shock - correct answer ✅Distributive Shock A disease where the client often has shortened (genetic mutation) dystrophin strand resulting in small tears in the muscles as they are used resulted in muscle degeneration is called what?
• Gower's Disease
• Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
• Multiple Sclerosis
• Fibromyalgia - correct answer ✅Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Homeostasis - correct answer ✅The maintenance of a constant, internal state.

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Allostasis - correct answer ✅The process where the body response to stressors in or to maintain homeostasis Allostatic Overload - correct answer ✅When chronic exposure exceeds the body's ability to cope Hypokalemia is - correct answer ✅Potassium less than 3.5 mEq/L Hyperkalemia is - correct answer ✅Potassium greater than 5.5 mEq/L Hypovolemia is - correct answer ✅A decrease in blood volume throughout the body Hydrostatic Pressure - correct answer ✅The pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push the water out of the vessel

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Mitochondria - correct answer ✅The organelle where most of the body's ATP (Energy) is made. Innate Immunity - correct answer ✅The immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth Antibody - correct answer ✅a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body Cytotoxic T Cells - correct answer ✅A type of lymphocyte that kills infected body cells and cancer cells Histamine - correct answer ✅A chemical mediator stored in mast cells that triggers inflammatory processes and causes itching Interstitial Fluid - correct answer ✅"Liquid between the cells and the body" Fluid from

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the spaces around cells. It comes from substances that leak out of blood capillaries Pathogen - correct answer ✅A disease-causing agent Carcinoma - correct answer ✅Cancer that arose in the epithelial tissue of the skin or the lining of the internal organs Leukemia - correct answer ✅Cancer of white blood cells Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy - correct answer ✅Often an X-linked recessive disease seen more often in males A condition that causes a "Bamboo-spine" appearance that is in an inflammatory disease causing vertebrae to fuse is called what? - correct answer ✅Ankylosing Spondylitis Cellulitis - correct answer ✅Infection of the skin and soft tissues underneath

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Melanoma - correct answer ✅The most serious form of skin cancer. A tumor of melanin-forming cells Actinic Keratosis - correct answer ✅precancerous skin condition of horny tissue formation that results from excessive exposure to sunlight Erythema - correct answer ✅Redness of the skin (Superficial) Bullae - correct answer ✅Fluid-filled blisters Osteoarthritis - correct answer ✅progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone at articular surfaces. Sometimes from wear and tear What is fibromyalgia? - correct answer ✅Chronic disease characterized by non-restorative

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sleep and muscle aches and stiffness in all four quadrants of the body Cardinal signs of inflammation - correct answer ✅Redness, Swelling, Heat, Pain, Pallor What is true of Psoriasis - correct answer ✅Excessive Keratinocytes, Immune dysregulation, and Inflammation are part of the process On a complete blood count (CBC) with differential, a client with allergies will have high levels of which of the following? - correct answer ✅Basal Cells and Mast Cells What electrolyte imbalance would the nurse with a client who has muscle tetany, positive trousseau and Chvostek's sign's? - correct answer ✅Hypocalcemia, Low levels of calcium may affect the excitability of the nerve and muscle cells, causing cramps and abnormal muscle movements. What is the best way to prevent transmission of infections agents? - correct answer ✅Wash Hands

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Which of the following describes Homeostasis? - correct answer ✅A state of equilibrium or balance within the organism to maintain usual function What happens to a client with muscular dystrophy? - correct answer ✅Progressive loss of muscle tissues The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) causes the release of many hormones. Including angiotensin 1, 2, and aldosterone. - correct answer ✅Vasoconstriction and Increased Blood Pressure Which of the following occurs with the distribution of water between interstitial and intracellular compartments? - correct answer ✅Osmosis What causes osteoarthritis and degenerative joint disease? - correct answer ✅The progressive loss of joint function to "wear and tear" How does rheumatoid Arthritis, an autoimmune condition manifest? - correct answer ✅Chronic inflammation in affected joints

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What is one of the properties of cancer cells? - correct answer ✅The ability to invade local tissues and overrun neighboring cells A client presents to the emergency department after sustaining burn injuries to her hands and forearms. Her skin appears red, swollen. What type of burn would this be classified as? - correct answer ✅First degree burn Which of the following symptoms describe complications of compartment syndrome? - correct answer ✅Pain and tissue damage What is a protective mechanism that protects the body when injured. What are the cardinal signs? - correct answer ✅Loss of function, swelling, heat, redness, and pain. What are the five P's of compartment syndrome? - correct answer ✅Paresthesia, Pallor, Pain, Paralysis, and Pulselessness

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Which of the following causes edema? - correct answer ✅Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure Osteosarcoma is one of the cancers of the bone. Which of the following describes osteosarcoma tumor? - correct answer ✅Extremely Malignant Clinical manifestations of fluid excess include which of the following? - correct answer ✅Bounding pulses and crackles in the lungs Intracellular fluid contains higher concentration of which of the following? - correct answer ✅Potassium What is the function of Mitochondria within the cells? - correct answer ✅Produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy The nurse observes redness and feels warmth in an area of cellulitis, what is the direct cause of these clinical manifestations? - correct answer ✅Increased blood flow to the area

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A client presents with a single fracture straight across the bone without a break in alignment. - correct answer ✅Simple transverse fracture Which of the following is true about hyponatremia? - correct answer ✅Potentially fatal due to swelling in the brain which of the following causes gout? - correct answer ✅Excessive uric acid metabolism Which of the following is an example of type ll hypersensitivity? - correct answer ✅Hemolytic disease of the newborn (Erythroblastosis Fetallis) - IgG or IgM Type 1 hypersensitivity - correct answer ✅Anaphylaxis, IgE mediated Type 3 hypersensitivity - correct answer ✅Rheumatoid arthritis, Immune-complex induced glomerulonephritis--Immune-Complex Mediated, formation of antigen-antibody complexes. Can cause systemic or localized reactions. I.e. farmer's lung, librarian's lung, rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (wolf face).

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• IgG, IgM Type 4 hypersensitivity - correct answer ✅contact dermatitis, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, T-Cells What are the steps of carcinogenesis? - correct answer ✅initiation, promotion, progression Why is fibromyalgia frequently a misunderstood disorder? - correct answer ✅The client has pain but no specific diagnotics Which of the following causes itchy linear burrows on the hands and wrists? - correct answer ✅Scabies What are matured monocytes that migrate from the blood into tissues and engulf foreign substances called? - correct answer ✅Macrophages What happens when cells metastasize? - correct answer ✅Cancer cells migrate to distant sites

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Fluid excretion occurs by which of the following? - correct answer ✅Urination and Sweating Which immunoglobin (Ig) mediates the Type 1 Hypersensitivity reactions? - correct answer ✅IgE A client has a potassium of 1.9 mEq/L. Which of the following is a potential complication of this electrolyte imbalance? - correct answer ✅Cardiac Arrhythmias Which of the following would a client experience during the alarm phase of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) - correct answer ✅Resolution of fight-or-flight manifestations The nurse needs to explain to a colleague what defines active immunity. What would the nurse state about active immunity? - correct answer ✅Active immunity comes either from an active infection or through immunizations Which of the following topics are components of pathophysiology?

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correct answer ✅Etiology, Pathogenesis, Treatment Implications, Clinical manifestation The bones serve as a reservoir for which ion/electrolyte? - correct answer ✅Calcium Fluid volume deficits may result from which of the following? - correct answer ✅Vomiting and Diarrhea A client diagnosed with heart failure reports to the healthcare provider a feeling of dizziness upon standing. - correct answer ✅A symptom What is associated with psoriatic arthritis? - correct answer ✅Psoriasis what causes osteoporosis? - correct answer ✅An imbalance of bone resorption and bone formation what chemical does the body release during a stress response? - correct answer ✅Epinephrine

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fight or flight response is manifested by which of the following? - correct answer ✅Dilated pupils, increased heart rate, Increase heart pressure Which of the following effects does histamine, an inflammatory mediator, have on the body? - correct answer ✅Causes the blood vessels to dilate what is a complication of a bone fracture that causes decreased blood flow and is painful? - correct answer ✅Compartment syndrome Shingles is a disorder of herpes zoster and has which of the following clinical manifestations? - correct answer ✅Eruption of vesicles along sensory neuron dermatomes what typically causes contact dermatitis? - correct answer ✅contact with a skin allergen What is cachexia? - correct answer ✅Overall weightloss and weakness

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extracellular fluid contains higher concentrations of what? - correct answer ✅Sodium and Chloride which of the following is a symptom of dehydration? - correct answer ✅Thirst Which of the following is a simple lab test that can measure inflammation in a client? - correct answer ✅Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ETR) Which of the following explains why women are at an increased risk for UTI? - correct answer ✅in women, the opening of the urethra is in close proximity to the anus What is the main cause of chronic pancreatitis occurrences? - correct answer ✅Alcoholism Pyelonephritis is the infection of which of the following areas? - correct answer ✅Kidney

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Which of the following describes hematuria? - correct answer ✅Blood in the Urine Which of the following "Polys" occurs with type 1 diabetes? - correct answer ✅Polyuria, Polydipsia, and Polyphagia The client has gallstones obstructing the bile duct. What symptoms would the nurse to expect to see in this client? - correct answer ✅Severe right upper quadrant pain What is the difference between diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2? - correct answer ✅Type 1 is due to lack of insulin production; type 2 is due to lack of a pancreas What is one of the causes of pyelonephritis? - correct answer ✅Ascending urinary tract infection The client can expect which of the following concerns when infected with Herpes Simplex Virus? - correct answer ✅A recurrence of symptoms periodically

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Which condition is the result of endometrial tissue growing outside of the uterus? - correct answer ✅Endometriosis Which of the following is a condition of the newborn eyes caused by the transmission of Chlamydia? - correct answer ✅Ophthalmia Neonatorum What are the two main conditions responsible for chronic kidney disease? - correct answer ✅Hypertension and Diabetes Which of the following can lead to an intrarenal kidney injury? - correct answer ✅Clot in the renal artery What causes a rigid abdomen in Peritonitis? - correct answer ✅Inflammation and Abdominal muscle spasm Which of the following electrolyte disorders is associated with Syndrome of Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone? - correct answer ✅Hyponatremia

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Which of the following causes obstructions in the renal system? - correct answer ✅Presense of a tumor and enlarged prostate A client presents to the emergency department with lower right abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and occasional diarrhea. After palpating the abdomen, the client displays rebound tenderness. What would the nurse anticipate the client is experiencing? - correct answer ✅Appendicitis Which of the following injury is associated with prerenal kidney injury? - correct answer ✅An episode of decreased blood flow to the kidneys. hemorrhage What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? - correct answer ✅Cold intolerance, constipation, weight gain, Bradycardia Which of the following may a client be at risk for it they have the human papillary virus? (HPV) - correct answer ✅Cervical Cancer

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Which electrolyte can cause fatal cardiac dysrhythmias for clients with chronic kidney disease? - correct answer ✅Potassium A nurse is teaching a client about syphilis. Which information should the nurse include? - correct answer ✅Syphilis can be fatal in the tertiary stage or the disease How many stages of syphilis are there? - correct answer ✅4 stages: primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary (also known as neurosyphilis)

• Primary syphilis is the first stage of the disease. It causes one or more small, painless sores in or around the genitals, anus, or mouth. What is the order of the flow of filtrate through the kidneys? - correct answer ✅The correct order for filtrate flow through a nephron is Glomerular capsule (Bowman's Capsule) , Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) , loop of Henle, DCT, collecting duct. When a client has abnormal functioning of the parathyroid glands, this can result in imbalances of which of the following electrolyte? - correct answer ✅Calcium