Rasmussen Pathophysiology modules 7-10 + final Exam Questions And Answers, Exams of Pathophysiology

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7-10 + final Exam Questions And

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What is the most sensitive indication of altered brain function? - correct answer ✅Altered level of consciousness. What is Virchow Triad? - correct answer ✅sluggish blood flow, endothelial injury, hypercoagulability What body positioning is decerebrate rigidity - correct answer ✅arms/legs held straight, toes pointed downward, and head/neck arched backward. Condition that is common with excess CSF accumulation within the skull. - correct answer ✅Hydrocephalous This condition causes ventricles to dilate, and the brain and blood vessels become compressed. This causes pressure that thins the cortex and can cause brain damage - correct answer ✅Hydrocephalous Intercranial pressure manifestations? - correct answer ✅Headache and vomiting

7-10 + final Exam Questions And

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Hydrocephalous manifestations with infants? - correct answer ✅Unusually large head with rapid increase, bulging fontanelle, vomiting, lethargy, high pitched cry, feeding difficulties, seizures, and eyes that gaze downward. (sunset eyes) Hydrocephalous manifestations in adults? - correct answer ✅headache followed by projectile vomiting, nausea, blurred vision, diplopia, sluggish pupil response, eyes that gaze downward (sunset eyes.) What is the most common neural tube defect? - correct answer ✅spina bifida A deficiency in folate during pregnancy can lead to what? - correct answer ✅spina bifida What area of the vertebrae is the most common site for spina bifida

• correct answer ✅Lumbar When the posterior spinous processes on the vertebra fail to fail to fuse during development, and this permits the meninges and spinal

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cord to herniate, what condition is this? - correct answer ✅Spina bifida What is the mildest form of spina bifida? - correct answer ✅spina bifida occulta What form of spina bifida is only evident with a dimple or tuft of hair? - correct answer ✅spina bifida occulta What form of spina bifida presents with the meninges protruding through the vertebral opening but without neurologic impairment, and no nerve tissue in the sac (transillumination)? - correct answer ✅Spina bifida Meningocele What form of spina bifida is the most severe - correct answer ✅spina bifida myelomeningocele What form of spina bifida presents with nerves emerging through the vertebrae and presents with neurologic impairment (often paralysis)? - correct answer ✅Spina bifida Myelomeningocele

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A group of nonprogressive disorders that appear in infancy or early childhood and permanently affect motor movement and muscle coordination (sensory)? - correct answer ✅Cerebral Palsy What are some major contributing factors to cerebral palsy? - correct answer ✅prematurity, low birth weight, hypoxia, maternal and/or fetal hypoglycemia. Manifestations for cerebral palsy - correct answer ✅spasticity, excess drooling, unusual positioning of limbs, difficulty swallowing, impaired sucking, and speech issues. This condition may affect the entire body or one area and may affect one side or both sides of the body. - correct answer ✅Cerebral palsy Complications of cerebral palsy? - correct answer ✅seizures and atrophy What is inflammation of the meninges and subarachnoid space, usually resulting from an infection? - correct answer ✅meningitis

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What bacteria is most known to cause meningitis? - correct answer ✅Neisseria meningitidis Major risk factors for meningitis? - correct answer ✅younger than 25 and living in a community setting (dorm) What is caused by infection or irritation that triggers the inflammatory process, leading to swelling of the meninges and increased ICP? - correct answer ✅meningitis A college student who lives in a dorm is presenting with a fever, confusion, headache, and stiff neck (nuchal rigidity). The nurse should take what precaution? - correct answer ✅Always wearing a mask while in the room This illness can be self-limiting (viral) or life threatening (acute bacterial) - correct answer ✅Meningitis What are the manifestations for meningitis? - correct answer ✅fever, chills, mental status challenges, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, severe headache, stiff neck (nuchal rigidity)

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Meningitis prevention - correct answer ✅Vaccines for kids going to college (living in dorms) Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord (usually resulting from an infection)? - correct answer ✅Encephalitis An infection triggers the inflammatory response that causes vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, and leukocyte infiltration.... This can cause what? - correct answer ✅Encephalitis Complications of encephalitis? - correct answer ✅cerebral edema, cerebral hemorrhage, and brain damage Encephalitis manifestations? - correct answer ✅like meningitis, but with a more gradual onset, with confusion, hallucinations, personality changes, diplopia, seizures, and photophobia. This can result from increased ammonia levels in the bloodstream (Crossed the BBB). - correct answer ✅Hepatic Encephalopathy Transmitted from a mosquito and can cause microcephaly? - correct answer ✅zika virus

7-10 + final Exam Questions And

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This is caused by a sudden violent blow to the head (closed or open injury) and disrupts normal brain function? - correct answer ✅Traumatic brain injury Bruising of the brain is called? - correct answer ✅cerebral contusion Cerebral contusions are often caused by what? - correct answer ✅Blunt blow to head Initial area where the brain impacts the skull? - correct answer ✅coup Opposite side of the brain where it rebounds and impacts the skull?

• correct answer ✅Countercoup Outward appearance of the head is not an indication of the injury severity, true or false - correct answer ✅true Symptoms of traumatic brain injury may improve and then suddenly worsen, true or false? - correct answer ✅true

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TBI may be vague and develop slowly, or may be sudden and severe.. true or false? - correct answer ✅true TBI manifestations? - correct answer ✅Asymmetrical facial features, concussion indications, inability to move one or more limbs What tool is used to determine a client's level of consciousness? - correct answer ✅Glascow coma scale (3-15..less than 8 intubate!) Increased volume in the cranial cavity? - correct answer ✅increased intracranial pressure Causes of intracranial pressure? - correct answer ✅TBI, hydrocephalus, cerebral edema, and hemorrhage. When the blood vessels dilate to increase blood flow and constrict if ICP increases.. what is this? - correct answer ✅Autoregulation

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The hypothalamus increases sympathetic stimulation when the mean arterial pressure drops below the ICP.. what is this? - correct answer ✅Cushing's reflex Manifestations of Cushing's Triad? - correct answer ✅increased blood pressure, bradycardia, diminished respiratory effort, and Cheyne-Stokes respirations. Manifestations of intracranial pressure (adults)? - correct answer ✅vomiting (often projectile), increased blood pressure, headache, blurred vision. Manifestations of intracranial pressure (infants)? - correct answer ✅bulging fontanelle A collection of blood in the tissue that develops from ruptured blood vessels. - correct answer ✅hematoma This can develop slowly or immediately because of a TMI or surgery.. what is it? - correct answer ✅hematoma

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Results from bleeding between the dura and the skull: - correct answer ✅epidural hematoma Typical symptom pattern is a brief loss of consciousness, followed by a short period of alertness, the loss of consciousness again, this is a sign of what? - correct answer ✅epidural hematoma Develops between the dura and the arachnoid, frequently caused by a small, venous tear - correct answer ✅subdural hematoma Manifestations of subdural hematoma - correct answer ✅develop slowly, but within 24 hours of injury. Progresses rapidly and has a high mortality rate. This results from the brain bleeding into the brain tissue itself: - correct answer ✅intracerebral hematoma Intracerebral hematomas are caused by: - correct answer ✅contusion, or shearing injuries, strokes, aneurysms.

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This results from bleeding in the space between the arachnoid and the pia - correct answer ✅Subarachnoid hemorrhage (presents with severe headache) Bleeding from this leads to localized pressure on the nearby tissue and increases ICP - correct answer ✅hematoma Motor vehicle accidents, falls, and sports injuries are the leading causes of what - correct answer ✅spinal cord injuries Damage to the spinal cord with spinal cord injuries can cause - correct answer ✅Hemorrhage, fluid accumulation, and edema Initial clinical manifestations noted immediately after spinal cord injury - correct answer ✅loss of deep tendon reflexes and flaccid paralysis. Clinical manifestations for a spinal cord injury depends on what? - correct answer ✅the level of injury to the spinal cord. Injury to the nerve roots in the area of the cauda equina: - correct answer ✅Cauda equina syndrome

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A massive sympathetic response that can cause headaches, hypertension, tachycardia, seizures, stroke, and death - correct answer ✅Autonomic dysreflexia What condition is most commonly associated with injuries above T6 - correct answer ✅autonomic dysreflexia An abnormal vasomotor response secondary to disruption of sympathetic tone impulses is what? - correct answer ✅Neurogenic shock Spinal cord injuries can result in what? - correct answer ✅respiratory failure, immobility, changes in bowel and bladder function, paralysis. Cervical spinal cord injuries can affect - correct answer ✅both the upper and the lower extremities Thoracic spinal cord injuries can affect - correct answer ✅the lower extremities

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Lumbar spinal cord injuries can affect - correct answer ✅the lower extremities Paralysis of all 4 extremities - correct answer ✅quadriplegia Loss of motor and sensory control of the trunk and lower extremities - correct answer ✅Paraplegia Immediate treatment for spinal cord injury - correct answer ✅What is the spine, surgical repair, thromboembolism prophylaxis Transient ischemic attacks are often called what - correct answer ✅Mini strokes Temporary episode of cerebral ischemia that results in symptoms of neurologic deficits - correct answer ✅Transient ischemic attack Why are transient ischemic attack, sometimes referred to as many strokes - correct answer ✅Because neurologic deficit deficit mimic a CVA due to the lack of blood flow to part of the brain

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How long does it take for deficits from a transient ischemic attack to resolve? - correct answer ✅Within 24 hours, but usually one to two hours Decreased cerebral blood flow - correct answer ✅Hypo perfusion of the brain What is a warning sign that a cerebrovascular attack may be coming

• correct answer ✅Transient ischemic attack, (mini stroke) Reduced blood flow is called what - correct answer ✅Ischemia Ischemia can occur why - correct answer ✅Cerebral artery occlusion, cerebral artery, narrowing cerebral artery injury (all meaning the brain is not getting enough blood) FAST stands for what - correct answer ✅Face, arm, speech, time Manifestations of transient ischemic attacks - correct answer ✅Muscle weakness, unilateral, paresthesia, aphasia, dysphasia, dysgraphia, difficulty, reading, and vision issues at resolve on their own

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Treatment for a stroke, needs to happen in what amount of time - correct answer ✅Two hours Diagnosis for a transient ischemic attacks - correct answer ✅Head CT What is otherwise known as a stroke or brain attack? - correct answer ✅Cerebrovascular accident Is ischemic damage, temporary or permanent with a cerebrovascular accident? - correct answer ✅Permanent Causes of cerebrovascular accident - correct answer ✅Arteriovenous malformation, which means arteries that feed directly intervene, through vascular, tangles, or abnormal vessels What are the two major types of cerebrovascular accident - correct answer ✅Ischemic strokes and hemorrhagic strokes

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What kind of CVA is the most common? - correct answer ✅Ischemic strokes What kind of CVA is the most fatal? - correct answer ✅Hemorrhagic strokes Complications of a CVA - correct answer ✅Neurologic deficits and death Risk factors for a CVA - correct answer ✅Physical inactivity, stress, obesity, hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes, arthrosclerosis, oral birth control, alcohol, drugs, and aging Manifestations for a CVA - correct answer ✅Muscle weakness, unilateral paresthesia, aphasia, dysphasia, dysgraphia, difficulty reading, and vision issues that do not resolve Headaches may be present with this kind of CVA, because of increased intracranial pressure - correct answer ✅Hemorrhagic strokes

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What is important about treatment for a CVA? - correct answer ✅Determining whether this CVA is ischemic or hemorrhagic Localize outpouching of a cerebral artery due to weakening of the artery wall - correct answer ✅Cerebral aneurysm Causes of cerebral aneurysm - correct answer ✅Congenital defects, hypertension, diabetes, just lipidemia, connective, tissue, disease, TBIs, and polycystic kidney disease What causes pressure on surrounding tissues as well as leak or rupture and can then cause a CVA or death? - correct answer ✅Cerebral aneurysm Often times these are asymptomatic, until they grow large enough to compress surrounding structures, and/or rupture - correct answer ✅Cerebral aneurysm Manifestations of cerebral aneurysm - correct answer ✅Vision issues, headache, eye pain, and neck pain

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What is an indication that an aneurysm has ruptured? - correct answer ✅Sudden and extremely severe headache Medical term for headache - correct answer ✅cephalalgia Periodic, severe headaches that can be incapacitating - correct answer ✅Migraine Headaches that have no apparent underlying cause - correct answer ✅Primary headaches Headache that causes excruciating pain that radiates on the side of the face. Can be induced by eating or shaving. - correct answer ✅Trigeminal neuralgia Headache that causes severe unilateral pain associated with hearing or rhinorrhea - correct answer ✅Cluster headache Headaches that have underlying causes - correct answer ✅Secondary headache

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Causes of secondary headaches - correct answer ✅Intracranial, tumors, CNS infections, hemorrhage What manifestations of a secondary headache, are a red flag - correct answer ✅Thunderclap, headache, new onset, headaches, cancer, HIV, persistent morning, headaches with nausea, progressive headaches transient physical or behavior alteration that results from an abnormal electrical activity in the brain - correct answer ✅Seizure Seizure disorder, resulting from spontaneous firing of abnormal neurons, characterized by recurrent seizures, for which there is no underlying cause - correct answer ✅Epilepsy Complications of epilepsy - correct answer ✅Brain damage, TBI, aspiration Two categories of seizures - correct answer ✅Generalized and focal This type of seizure is also referred to as a partial seizure - correct answer ✅Focal seizure

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This type of seizure occurs in only one part of the brain - correct answer ✅Focal seizure This type of seizure involves the individual remaining conscious, but experiences, unusual feelings, or sensations - correct answer ✅Focal aware, seizure This type of seizure involves the individual having changes and or loss of consciousness, while producing a dream like experience - correct answer ✅Complex focal seizure How long do focal seizures last? - correct answer ✅Usually just a few seconds Some people experience what with focal seizures - correct answer ✅Auras This type of seizure is abnormal neuronal activity on both sides of the brain - correct answer ✅Generalized seizures

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What type of seizure can cause loss of consciousness, falls, or mass of muscle spasms? - correct answer ✅Generalized seizure This type of seizure causes an individual to appear as if they are staring into space, and/or, have jerking or twitching muscles - correct answer ✅Absent seizures This type of seizure, can cause stiffening of muscles, generally those in the back and extremities - correct answer ✅Tonic seizures What kind of seizure can cause the most injuries - correct answer ✅Generalized seizures What kind of seizure causes repeated, jerking movements of muscles on both sides of the body - correct answer ✅Clonic seizures What kind of seizure causes brief jerking spasms of the upper body, arms, or legs - correct answer ✅Myoclonic seizure What kind of seizure causes a loss of normal muscle tone meaning individual will fall down - correct answer ✅Atonic seizure

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What kind of seizure causes stiffening of the body and repeated jerks of arms, and or legs as well as loss of consciousness - correct answer ✅Tonic clonic seizures What is the time just after a seizure were the person may be confused, fatigue, and will fall into a deep sleep, called - correct answer ✅Postictal period. During a seizure what do you do? - correct answer ✅Person on side, protected, nothing in mouth, do not restrain, manage, airway, oxygen, muscle, relaxants, anti-seizure agents, allowed to sleep Debilitating autoimmune condition involves a progressive an irreversible demyelination of brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerves - correct answer ✅Multiple sclerosis What age frame does MS occur? - correct answer ✅20 to 40 years of age

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With this condition, damage occurs in defuse patches throughout the nervous system and slows or stops nerve impulses, what is this

• correct answer ✅Multiple sclerosis What is multiple sclerosis characterized by? - correct answer ✅Remissions and exasperations Multiple sclerosis manifestations - correct answer ✅Weakness, and one or more arms or legs, unsteady gait, lack of coordination Acute rapidly progressive disease of the spinal nerves with progressive ascending muscle weakness and paralysis and 24 to 72 hours. This can also cause respiratory paralysis. - correct answer ✅Guillian barre syndrome A young patient in her 20's loses muscle coordination. Her symptoms could be due to watch. - correct answer ✅Multiple sclerosis nuchal rigidity, headache, and photophobia are symptoms of what - correct answer ✅Meningitis

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Which type of seizure results an abnormal neuronal activity in both hemispheres of the brain - correct answer ✅Generalized seizures Loss of motor and sensory control of the trunk of the body and the lower extremities as a result of spinal cord injury describes what - correct answer ✅Paraplegia An early sign of ALS - correct answer ✅Muscle twitches Parkinson's disease is characterized by - correct answer ✅Mask like face, pill, rolling, tremors, shuffling gait A lack of dopamine results from what condition - correct answer ✅Parkinson's Progressive disease involving distractions of the substantia nigra in the brain - correct answer ✅Parkinson's With Parkinson's disease, tremors may disappear or decrease when the body part is moving, intentionally, true or false - correct answer ✅True

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Parkinson's disease manifestations - correct answer ✅Constipation, dysphasia, drooling, mass, pike face, shuffling gait, problem, writing, stiffness, pill, rolling tremors, tremors at rest Autoimmune condition in which acetylcholine receptors are impaired or destroyed, causing weak muscles - correct answer ✅Myasthenia gravis Muscle weakness with this condition typically increases during periods of activity and improved after period of rest - correct answer ✅Myasthenia gravis With myasthenia gravis, what happens with muscles throughout the day? - correct answer ✅They get weaker and patient could also experience respiratory distress Potentially life-threatening complication that occurs when the muscles become too weak to maintain adequate ventilation with myasthenia gravis - correct answer ✅Myasthenia crisis