RCLS FINAL EXAM BEST STUDYING MATERIAL WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS LATEST VERSION UPDATE 2024, Exams of Experimental Techniques

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RCLS FINAL EXAM BEST STUDYING

MATERIAL WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS

LATEST VERSION UPDATE 2024- 2025

Researchers Juliet Shor and Godbey & Robinson agree that

• Ans - people today are finding they feel more stress at work and leisure To approach the day with speed and impetuosity is referred to as
• Ans - time urgency Which statement is not true about the concepts of leisure and time for the majority of the US culture
• Ans - people react to time in a neutral and unemotional manner In time-surplus cultures rushing is viewed as a sign of intelligence and importance
• Ans - false The idea that work is the center of life is called
• Ans - work ethic When a person is driving, listening to the radio, and talking to their friend on a cell phone, they are experiencing
• Ans - time deepening Carol typically spent her long weekends camping at a special state park. Over time, the number of campers forced her to change his camping frequency. This is an example of - Ans - temporal displacement Qualitative approaches use all of the following approaches but:
  • Ans - counts This type of research uses deductive methods and numbered-based data:
• Ans - quantitative Leisure Studies is:
  • Ans - a discipline from multiple areas Which of the following is a quantitative approach?
• Ans - Counts Using multiple methods in research is useful to confirming research findings, and also accounting for findings not typically assessed through a single method. This process is known as:
• Ans - A triangulation of methods

This type of research method uses mix-method data to inform research:

• Ans - time diary Quantitative methods are often used when we survey large samples of people.
• Ans - true Qualitative methods are often used when we want to generalize research findings to the broader population.
• Ans - false This type of research uses inductive methods and a variety of data like observations, in- depth interviews, and textual analysis:
• Ans - qualitative Which of the following is not unique to Leisure Studies:
• Ans - studies on adolescent development Within large cities, there are often communities where Chinese is the dominant language. In fact, many of the traditions in these areas are more reflective of Chinese culture than American culture. These communities demonstrate
  • Ans - acculturation Contrary to the standard view, new data suggest that prehistoric people - Ans - idk The process of enculturation through leisure occurs when
• Ans - the leisure pursuit of a dominant culture is taught to a less dominant culture Economic development not only improves an area's standard of living, but also enhances the uniqueness of the local culture
  • Ans - false Postmodernism is
  • Ans - a breakdown of old certainties and standards due to modernity Which of the following is false about media in the United States
• Ans - not just a and c Jasmine and Rosemary are fraternal twins, but have few of the same friends. Despite having the same upbringing and being quite close, Jasmine often associates with other long distance runners, while Rosemary spends much of her time learning about the local music scene. These groups are examples of
• Ans - subculture Leisure in modern societies is more traditional and slow-paced

• Ans - false When considering mechanisms of change, the television would be considered which type of mechanism of change
• Ans - innovation Tourism can have both a positive and negative impact on a local culture - Ans - true in general, popular culture is free of social tensions between genders, generations, and races - Ans
• false Reality TV shows take advantage of viewers desire to be
• Ans - telepresent Television is the most frequently participated form of mass leisure worldwide
• Ans - true Every year, Winfield, KS hosts a bluegrass festival. This is an example of
• Ans - folk culture Which of the following best describes common culture in industrialized societies
• Ans - it is mediated entertainment Roots of the amusement park go back to
• Ans - the middle ages Twitter is an example of – Ans - pop culture American popular music is pluralistic, this means that it
• Ans - is socially, religiously, and ethnically diverse The "more is more" effect refers to the research finding that people who use the internet are also more involved in other active and creative leisure pursuits
• Ans - true According to Russell, amusement parks are now called
• Ans - theme parks Individuals drag racing on a public street at night without headlights on to generate excitement are participating in which type of vandalism
• Ans - thrill vandalism Which of the following does not describe vandalism as it relates to this unit
• Ans - not the summer and fall answer

Dustin's standard of goodness

• Ans - all of the above Eitzen's (1984) research on spectator violence concluded the precipitating event to violence during and after sporting events was the display of violence in the game itself - Ans - true Sex as recreation may or may not be taboo depending on the answer to which question(s)
• Ans - true Studies on spectator violence found
• Ans - is associated with violent games or sports Max was recently arrested for tagging the local park. In his defense, his mother says that it was inevitable, because there are no school sponsored activities available and all of his peers are involved in tagging. In fact everyone Max knows tags. One could argue that the reason for Max's tagging was
• Ans - differential association In the Nash Pyramid - Ans - all of the above A person who rolls down their car window on the interstate and throws out a bag containing wrappers and cups left over from a fast-food meal is participating in which type of vandalism
• Ans - slovenly vandalism Antisocial acts and crimes with victims are forms of taboo recreation because of sensate mentality. Sensate mentality refers to the idea that
• Ans - we can detect through our senses that a behavior is wrong EuroDisney had to adjust for social and cultural time differences between the United States and Paris France
• Ans - true Photoperiodism, celestial orientation, and edogenous rhythms are all examples of
• Ans - biological time Developing an understanding of the relationships between time, work, and leisure can help a person make healthier and more satisfying life choices - Ans – true Methodology can be described as
• Ans - the discovery of reality through agreement One attempts to learn about the world we live in come from
• Ans - direct experience, tradition, direct personal inquiry, authority (all choices)

Pregnant at age 15, Tammy decided to have the baby. Her parents were upset with her decision and threatened to "cut her off" if she did not complete high school. A difficult pregnancy and embarrassment resulted in her dropping out of school. After the baby was born, her parents said that they would raise the baby but that she would have to leave the house. At age 16, Tammy was on her own and without any money or job market skills. She began to work as a prostitute. This explanation of Tammy's prostitution is:

• Ans - idiographic Which of the following is FALSE concerning the use of tradition in inquiry?
• Ans - - It helps avoid the task of starting from scratch in our search for regularities
• it demonstrates that knowledge is cumulative
• the jumping-off part for the development of knowledge is often the inherited body of information
• it enables us to seek a different understanding of what we all know to be true Today, social scientific theory addresses
• Ans - how things are Which of the following would a sociologist be LEAST likely to study?
• Ans - Why Mr. Smith quit his job Using data collected between 1957 and 1978, from 15 samples of adults, Professor Rodgers (1982 Social Forces) found that (1) the average level of happiness reported by people under 65 years of age declined from 1957 to 1970. For this same group, the average level of happiness increased slightly from 1970 to 1978. (2) The average level of happiness reported by people age 65 and older increased from 1957 to 1978. A (The) variable(s) in this study is(are) - Ans - age Assume that Professor Rodgers from the previous question had studied only three people aged 65 or older. Suppose he concluded that people under 65 years of age also experienced increasing levels of happiness from 1957 to 1970. He would have committed
• Ans - the error of overgeneralization The statement "Knowledge for knowledge's sake" describes:
• Ans - pure research A study reported in American Sociological Review (1994) was entitled "Race Differences

in Sexual Activity Among Adolescent Women." The independent variable was probably - Ans - race Which of the following does NOT suggest the misuse of authority?

• Ans - - Popular athletes who discuss the nutritional value of cereals on TV commercials,
• Movie stars who are paid to evaluate the taste of different coffee brands at supermarket openings.
• Social scientists who discuss inequality in their classrooms.
• Political figures, without any medical expertise, who argue that marijuana can "fry your brain" ALL OF THESE MISUSE AUTHORITY One of your friends scored in the 90s on her last ten exams. Although she has been studying for this exam and feels prepared, she told you, "I know I'm going to flunk this exam. I've been doing too well on exams." Your friend is committing the error of
• Ans - illogical reasoning Some people claim that social scientists merely document the obvious. How might a social scientist respond to this claim? - Ans - - What appears obvious may be incorrect.
• What appears obvious may not have been, before the findings of the social scientist were reported.
• People may know something is so, without knowing why it is so—social science aims at both tasks.
• It is important to test things that everyone already knew—they could be wrong. ALL OF THESE ARE RESPONSES TO THE CLAIM After examining divorce court records, Jenny concludes that moms are more likely than dads to obtain custody of their children. This statement is:
• Ans - nomothetic and probabilistic Which of the following is NOT an aim of social science? - Ans - judging social values, predicting social phenomena, understanding social regularities, explaining social regularities ALL OF THESE ARE AIMS OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Sally begins to think about the grades she receives for class participation. Recalling her prior semester she writes down that she received a 10/10 from Ms. Smith and a 9/ from Ms. Baxter, 4/10 from Mr. Cagney, 3/10 from Mr. Wiley and 10/10 from Ms. Dona. Examining the list she realizes that she spoke a lot in classes with Smith, Baxter and Dona and very little in her other two classes. She also notices that the classes in which she spoke have female instructors and that she rarely spoke in the two classes with male instructors. She then begins to list all her college courses, the gender of the professor and whether or not she spoke in class. She notices that she tends to speak in classes where the

instructor is female and rarely speaks when the instructor is male and that her class participation grades are higher when she speaks more. Sally is using - Ans - inductive reasoning Safeguards against error in social research include - Ans - making observations more deliberate, replications under slightly varying circumstances, the use of simple and complex measurement devices, totally independent replications by other researchers ALL OF THESE CHOICES ARE SAFEGUARDS AGAINST ERROR In comparison to nonscientific inquiry, scientific inquiry... - Ans - takes special precaution to avoid error An independent variable is a.... - Ans - variable influencing other variables Which of the following is most clearly a list of variables? - Ans - occupation, political party preference, birthrate Samantha agreed to participate in a study about use of health care facilities. After completing a questionnaire on her use of various medical facilities, she declined to participate in an interview session. The researchers insisted that since she agreed to participate, she had to participate in the interview session. Which of the following ethical considerations were the researchers most clearly violating? - Ans - voluntary participation Which of the following views of reality does the statement "Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder" best reflect? - Ans - the modern view Which of the following is TRUE of quantification? - Ans - It often makes our observations more explicit. It can make it easier to aggregate data. It can make it easier to summarize data. It opens up the possibility of statistical analysis ALL OF THESE ARE TRUE The two pillars of science are - Ans - logic and observation Nomothetic explanations - Ans - seek to explain a class or situations or events Which of the following statements is TRUE? - Ans - The qualitative approach tends to align with idiographic explanations Which view acknowledges that there is no objective reality, only subjective views? - Ans

• postmodernism Causal reasoning suggest - Ans - present circumstances cause future circumstances

A particular society takes the position that alternative views of reality are legitimate. Which view is this? - Ans - modern Samantha has concluded that living in a coed residence hall makes residents more androgynous. As she continues her research, she tends to focus on events and situations that fit this pattern. Which error in inquiry is reflected? - Ans - selective observation Georgette observed a few preschool children at play and saw what she thought was a pattern in all preschool children's play behavior. She committed which error? - Ans - overgeneralization Van wants to use social science to help him decide if Protestantism is a better religion than Catholicism. As a methodologist, your best response would be: - Ans - sorry, science cannot settle debates about values Van says that his 48-year-old Catholic uncle will marry his 23-year-old atheist girlfriend next year in order to prove that the social regularity that people tend to marry people like themselves is not accurate. What is your best response as a methodologist? - Ans - the objection that social regularities could be upset through the conscious will of the actors is not a serious challenge to social science Vanesha wishes to use church attendance as a factor in her study, with the categories "none," "some," and "a lot." Church attendance and the categories are known, respectively, as: - Ans - variable and attribute Juanita decided to study the differences among students who choose different majors. Everyone in her study, however, has chosen sociology as a major. Which one of the following can be said about her concept of choice of major? - Ans - one of her variables isn't really a variable because it has only one attribute Joe wished to explain every possible reason why his sister chose to attend State University, including personal, family, school, peer, and other types of influences. What Joe is doing is called - Ans - an idiographic explanation The distinction between quantitative and qualitative data in social research is essentially the distinction between - Ans - numerical and non numerical data Nora observed people in her Sunday School for several months and then determined if there was a pattern in the different responses of men and women. Which one of the following approaches is reflected? - Ans - inductive Makita studied the literature on binge drinking and discovered a pattern between gender and binge drinking that might be logically and theoretically expected. She then did her study of college students and drinking. Which approach is reflected? - Ans - deductive

Barb studied coping mechanisms among first-year students by requiring them to attend a first-year seminar. Which ethical principle was violated? - Ans - voluntary participation Charley did a study in the lab and he severely berated the subjects when they arrived because he wanted to examine the effect of berating on performance. Several of the subjects became very upset. Which ethical principle was violated? - Ans - no harm to participants Dorsey wanted to use the results of her research on juvenile delinquents to develop a community program to reduce delinquency. What type of research is reflected in this example? - Ans - applied Dunn was interested in learning more about the negotiation processes couples use when they argue. He was interested in this for its own sake and had no plans to use the results to help improve couples' lives. What type of research is reflected in this example? - Ans

• pure The attributes of the variable college class level include: - Ans - first-year, sophomore, junior, senior Which one of the following represents an aggregate of people? - Ans - a collection of 18 - year-old students asked about their voting patterns Bernardo argues that nothing is really real and that what people see is a product of their position in society. Which perspective is reflected? - Ans - postmodern Igor studied students at his community college and noticed that a slim majority carried no books to class. Then he saw a new set of people in the distance and concluded before seeing them that they would definitely be carrying books to class because someone should do that, especially since he had just seen students without books. Which error in inquiry is reflected? - Ans - illogical reasoning If you notice two freshmen women in your dorm dressing up excessively to go to class, and assume that ALL freshmen women dress up excessively, you have engaged in - Ans - overgeneralization When you notice two freshmen women in your form dressing up excessively to attend classes, and assume that ALL freshmen women dress up excessively, AND you therefore choose only to observe those freshmen women who dress up, and disregard those who do not dress up, you have committed the error known as - Ans - selective observation

The study of social science is interested in ______ patterns, and not ______ ones - Ans

• social; individual Ralph conducts an experiment in which he measures aggression in school children at different levels of temperature during recess. The independent and dependent variables are ________________. - Ans - the levels of temperature; the level of aggression In any given study, gender is a(n) ________, whereas being male or female is a(n)____
• Ans - variable Scientific ________ deals with the logical aspect of science, whereas _________ deals with the observational aspect. - Ans - theory; data collection When individuals rely on their own experiences as a basis for knowledge about the world, they are using - Ans - personal inquiry Jason reads in his local newspaper that the juvenile delinquency rates in his county have skyrocketed in the past year. He is fascinated by those statistics and decides to research the causes of juvenile delinquency. If Jason chooses to conduct a research study that includes as many delinquent participants as possible, he is searching for the _________ explanation for delinquency. - Ans - nomothetic If Jason chooses instead to extensively interview his cousin, Bob, who is a juvenile delinquent about why he chose to commit delinquent acts, Jason is searching for the ________ explanation for delinquency. - Ans - idiographic A __________ approach seems more aligned with idiographic explanations, while nomothetic explanations are more easily achieved through a _________ approach. - Ans - qualitative; quantitative The understanding of leisure as a "state of mind"allows for - Ans - Permits each person to view leisure from his or her individual perspective Copy of Recreation talents such as riddle tellers, kite flyers, obscure story tellers, and "imitators of street cries" were prevalent in this civilization - Ans - Ancient China In contemporary societies leisure may be defined as - Ans - Leisure is individually defined, but most common are the themes of free time, recreational acitivity, and special feeling. The ancient Greek term "schole" means public games - Ans - False. It is an ancient Greek term for scholarship (reading, thinking, debating, discussing, and studying) that is translated to day to the word leisure The Middle Ages... - Ans - Set the stage for the birth of a "work ethic"

This person believed the ultimate expression of humanity occurred in leisure - Ans - Plato This artist broke from the customary religious and mythological subject matter when he painted everyday life as he saw it - Ans - Edouard Manet Aristotle, Socrates, and Plato's teachings about leisure were available to everyone regardless of social class - Ans - False. Their teaching were available only to the upper class, socially privileged. During this time, the humanistic "rebirth" of the arts occurred - Ans - Renaissance Period The advantage of this view of leisure is that it is we can see how much people have - Ans - freedom According to your instructor, one reason the word "leisure" has negative connotations is because relaxation is viewed as a waste of time - Ans - True. We tend to think of leisure as being lazy. According to Zohar and Marshall, our "spiritual quotient" or SQ is the foundation for effective emotional and intellectual intelligence - Ans - True. To Aristotle, eudaimonia described happiness as - Ans - The highest of all practical goods, living well and doing well. Deci and Ryan found three innate needs that promote a person's sense of intrinsic satisfaction, they are - Ans - competence, relatedness to others, autonomy A long-term commitment to developing a recreation skill, a high standard of performance for a recreation pursuit, and self-definition through a recreation pursuit is a leisure concept called - Ans - Serious Leisure In Putman's study, the idea of "diminishing return" pertains to reduced happiness in adults who engage too often in which of the following leisure activities? - Ans - All of the above Aristotle's idea of happiness and today's understanding of happiness as a psychological condition are comparable - Ans - False. According to your instructor, the two concepts most important to understanding leisure are - Ans - Intrinsic satisfaction and freedom Research by Ryan and Deci suggests that people will lose intrinsic satisfaction for leisure activities once they have been extrinsically rewarded for them. - Ans - True.

From the perspective of the leisure quality of solitude, leisure is a form of narcissism - Ans - True. Others may find it narcissistic that we engage in self-love in solitude but self-love is good for mental health and sanity. The self-as-entertainment (S-A-E) construct was not predictive for which type of leisure activities? - Ans - Leisure activities that involve depending on environment or others for entertainment are not SAE. Examples include calling up a friend on the telephone or watching TV. According to your instructor, people with disabilities have similar risk-taking profiles as people who do not have a disability - Ans - True. People with disabilities have the same risk taking profiles as regular people as long as they have accessibility. Flow occurs when high challenges are matched with high skill levels - Ans - True. Which of the following is NOT a condition of FLOW - Ans - Condition of flow include: activity is challenging and requires skill, action and awareness merge, concentration on the task at hand, loss of self-consciousness, clear goals and feedback, sense of control, transformation of time, and autotelic experience Iso-Ahola's concepts are most similar to those developed by - Ans - Deci and Ryan In Neulinger's paradigm the distinction between leisure and nonleisure is made by - Ans

• the amount of perceived freedom and intrinsic motivation involved According to Kelly's theoretical explanation of leisure behavior, relational leisure - Ans - is chosen primarily because of a desire to be with others Demography - Ans - includes such information as age, gender, ethnicity, race, and income Csikszentmihalyi's theory of flow is based more on opinion than it is on actual research - Ans - False. Csikszentmihalyi's "autotelic" concept means the same as Neulinger's "intrinsic motivation" idea - Ans - True. Autotelic means an activity with a purpose in itself. When a person forms an emotional attachment to a place it is - Ans - Place Attachment The concept of ________ can be used by leisure entrepreneurs who strive to create environments that will create a sense of place attachment by appealing to visitor's olfactory memories - Ans - smellscape Increases in distance bringing about decreases in most forms of leisure behavior is called - Ans - distance decay

Today's Leave No Trace program partners with federal land agencies such as the US Forest Service, the National Park Service, and the US Fishery and Wildlife Service. - Ans - True. Which of the following best describes what Russell refers to as "parking rangers" - Ans - park rangers who deal with the problem of crowding The management strategy which was initially used for managing wildlife and range animals - Ans - Carrying Capacity Ray Oldenburg (1989) refers to the home as the first place and work as the second place - Ans - True. Strong leisure place attachments contribute to our self-identity - Ans - True. A local tavern is considered a "great good place" - Ans - True. (Oldenburg) Wilderness areas are protected from human impact - Ans - True. Present hedonistic - Ans - Someone who is biased to spend the most time thinking about the present in light of hedonistic, risk-taking, attitude towards life is considered to hold which perspective? Time scarcity refers to when: - Ans - Type of time anxiety that is linked to time compression (time is scarce) In terms of time-deepening, going to a drive thru restaurant is an example of: - Ans - Speed up a given work/ leisure activity Which of the following philosophers suggested "we live not for the past or the future, but for the present moment. We will always be measured by our conduct in the present"? - Ans - Augustine In terms of time-deepening, eating a liquid breakfast is an example of: - Ans - Time scarcity Someone who is biased to think about the present in light of a helpless attitude towards life related to an external locus of control is considered to hold which perspective? - Ans

• Present-fatalistic The concept of time famine suggests that we have insufficient time to get work done T/F
• Ans - False Our perceptions of time remain the same as we age: T/F - Ans - False Time laxity refers to when: - Ans - Opposite of time scarcity- having a lot time with minimal challenging tasks

The Brazilian term, Amanha suggests that, whenever it is conceivably possible, people will enjoy today and put off work until tomorrow T/F - Ans - True Time deepening occurs when we use our time in more meaningful ways- reflecting and engaging in intellectual pursuits: T/F - Ans - False According to an article in American Health magazine in 1988, what free time activity can lead to better "living"? - Ans - Volunteering Which of the following perspectives is a blending past-positive, present-hedonistic, and future perspectives? - Ans - Balanced perspective Certain drugs such as __________ can damage the brain and make it nearly impossible to experience happiness and relaxation without drugs - Ans - MDMA Moral codes are a new concept within society T/F - Ans - False An expression of bad manners and carelessness, such as littering is an example of: - Ans - Slovenly vandalism The theory that behaviors we deem moral have contributed to the survival of the species is called - Ans - The Theory of The Moral Mind We refer to "the Dark Side of Leisure" as leisure rather than recreation because: - Ans - Taboo recreation, purple recreation There are three criteria in the legal definition of gambling. Which of the following is not one of them? - Ans - Addiction Our attitude towards the behavior of others that differs from our own is referred to as: - Ans - Tolerable/ Intolerable Deviance According to Nash's pyramid the worst types of behaviors were those that: - Ans - Harm society (acts performed against society) Curtis' Scale is where the term "purple recreation" emerged T/F - Ans - True While against the law, this type of tolerance is not considered a big deal, even by law enforcement - Ans - Criminal The pastimes or leisure activities of lower social or economic classes of people is referred to as: (Helps flush out our understanding of deviance in leisure via contrast) - Ans - Prole Leisure

Negative correlations have been found between TV viewing and: - Ans - Fitness levels (Cognitive development of children) The idea that there are groups of people doing different things rather than all together is referred to as: - Ans - Niche Markets Local pastimes shared through direct, oral communication such as jokes, urban legends, children's games, are common examples of: - Ans - Folk culture Over 25% of our free time is spent consuming/ using things related to pop T/F - Ans - True Trends are often dependent on the tastes of the youth. Why? - Ans - Time, Disposable income, Willingness to try new things, Desire to remake, Rejection of the old In bio cultural evolution, transmission refers to: - Ans - Memes are passed from person to person through generations. (school, religions, governments) In bio cultural evolution, selection refers to: - Ans - Focuses on how we select memes or trends Which of the following is an explanation of why popular culture has become more pervasive in the last 15-20 years? - Ans - Increased technology, increased free time, Pop culture has become more broad, Increased in the spectator mentality Contact theory suggests that the best way to increase cooperation and relations between persons who have visible differences or experience conflict is to create a place for personal interaction T/F - Ans - True Leisure has the power to cause economic, political, and cultural change T/F - Ans - True Documentaries are the only kind of Movie and TV shows that have influential social message T/F - Ans - False Leisure sites, such as Zucotti Park, can act as a place of resistance T/F - Ans - True Why does leisure provide an opportunity to challenge constraints? - Ans - Leisure is an activity that is freely chosen and intrinsically motivated Leisure can cause change with respect to: - Ans - Economic, political, cultural, especially social change (ex: gender roles, sexuality, disabilities, race, aging, class status) Women have been underrepresented and underprivileged in leisure beacuse: - Ans - By family resources, childcare, safety, and other obligations

Social Categorization Theory: - Ans - We tend to categorize ourselves and those around them to determine if they fit in with others "Actions or processes that challenge constraints or challenge forms of oppression imposed by power others" is referred to as: - Ans - Resistance Music has played a role in our lives in terms of social resistance T/F - Ans - True Which of the following is not a characteristic of Tolerable Deviance? - Ans - Is only based on legal judgments, does not include moral stances This type of tolerance is aimed towards different religious beliefs, belief in supernatural (ghosts, etc) - Ans - Legitimate Research designed to judge the quality and performance of programs and services is referred to as: - Ans - Qualitative/Applied Leisure studies is informed by which of the following social-science fields? - Ans - Anthropology, sociology, psychology, economics Which of the following is a type of qualitative data collection? - Ans - Non-numerical (QUALity) Leisure studies only conducts applied research T/F - Ans - False Which of the following is a type of quantitative data collection? - Ans - Numerical Reliability vs. validity: results of a study are considered to be valid when researchers determine that the data collected are related to the exact phenomena under study T/F - Ans - False When time and resources are limited, qualitative data is faster to collect and easier to analyze T/F - Ans - False Leisure studies is considered an academic discipline with its own unique knowledge base T/F - Ans - True Qualitative research can be very expensive because researchers require responses from large numbers of people or until there is saturation of the data T/F - Ans - True Which 1990 Act disallows discrimination and ensures equal opportunity for persons with disabilities in leisure services, employment, commercial facilities and transportation? - Ans - Americans with Disabilities Act

Which of the following criteria must be in place for contact theory to work? - Ans - Equal status, Common goals, Intergroup cooperation, Support of authorities, laws or customs, Personal Interaction Title IX Began a women's rights movement that: - Ans - Increased participation in education for women, Increased participation in sports for women Research encompassing the experience of social groups along with interactions between bio-social systems is referred to as: - Ans - Social sciences Research designed to address specific problems is referred to as: - Ans - Applied Which of the following is a theory developed specifically by the leisure field? - Ans - Arousal/engagement, evidence-based benefits, constraints and barriers, serious leisure and specialization, place attachment/place bonding, active leisure Quantitative research often asks the question "why?" T/F - Ans – False Which of the following represent a contemporary view of recreation and leisure? - Ans - All of these (a network of public agencies, adventure and risk activities, impact of outdoor forms on the environment, traveling by various means) Defining leisure is a relatively easy concept agreed upon by researchers, practitioners, and the general public - Ans - False ____________ is a form of human or animal activity or behavioral style that is self- motivated and generally lacking in formal structured rules and guidelines, and carried out for intrinsic purposes rather than extrinsic purposes - Ans - Play When an individual plays soccer or works out to recharge or restore energy, what theory are they subscribing to? - Ans - Relaxation Theory When a contestant has no control over the outcome of a game or contest it is called? - Ans - Alea ___________ is based on the observation that both humans and animals constantly seek stimuli of various kinds to gain knowledge and to satisfy a need for excitement, risk, surprise, and pleasure - Ans - Stimulus arousal The ______________ view of leisure sees it essentially as time that is free from work or from such work related responsibilities as travel, study, or social involvements based on work - Ans - Unobligated free-time Which of the following were consequences of rapid urbanization? - Ans - All of these (slums, diseases, recurrent unemployment, child Labor)

Which of the following was NOT one of the four roots to the recreation and parks movement? - Ans - The New Deal Which ancient culture utilized leisure and sport as a tool of social control? - Ans - Rome National outdoor recreation planning efforts ended during which president's administration? - Ans - Ronald Reagan In the 1990s, the overall park and recreation movement shifted from a focus on tax- support programs to: - Ans - Commercial Recreation Which president used recreation in his "war on poverty"? - Ans - Johnson The process of taking any product or service and marketing it to yield financial profit is known as: - Ans - Commodification David Gray and Seymour Greben suggested that leisure offered new possibilities for confronting which of the following social problems? - Ans - All (human misery and suffering, health and fitness concerns, worker dissatisfaction) Veblen's view of "conspicuous consumption" was revisited in the late 1990s through what Robert Frank described as: - Ans - Luxury fever Title IX prohibits discrimination in educational programs based on: - Ans - All (gender, disability, ethnicity) The Kraus-Weber test revealed: - Ans - Poor overall fitness of American youth One way that local recreation and park agencies compensated for reductions in funding was through: - Ans - Instituting and raising fees In the 21st century, community recreation agencies are recognized as important partners in the public health movement due to the role of these agencies in: - Ans - Promoting physical activity When including different racial and ethnic groups, Chavez suggests a three-pronged approach, including: - Ans - Inviting, including, and involving people You have played golf for a number of years, but you don't feel you are very good at it. As such, you grow to dislike playing at all. This is an example of what type of constraint? - Ans - Intrapersonal _______ are outdoor settings, or settings that primarily have not been manicured or prepared by individuals into a more formal park setting. - Ans - Natural play environments

Children are spending less time outdoors in nature because of which reason(s)? - Ans - All (parents keep a closer watch over children and limit where they can play, children prefer the structured, supervised activities to free play in the outdoors, due to safety concerns) Sociocultural factors include all of the following except - Ans - Geography Ryan and Deci outline six different types of motivation on a self-determination continuum that spans from no control over a situation to complete autonomy. Which type of motivation gives an individual the least amount of control over their leisure? - Ans - Amotivation ______ motivators can best be summarized as (1) control of obesity, (2) preserving cardiovascular health, and (3) achieving wellness - Ans - Physical Which three things are likely to enhance intrinsic motivation? - Ans - Autonomy, competency, relatedness What is/are the main reason(s) people give for not participating in physical activity? - Ans - Time, family obligation, lack of energy If a person is running to enhance her fitness level and increase weight loss and not for the pure love of running, she is experiencing what type of motivation? - Ans - Integrated motivation Recreation's most obvious value is: - Ans - The opportunity it provides for fun, relaxation, and pleasure The term _______ is used to mean a significant clustering of people with a common bond. - Ans - Community _____ is the measure of the amount of new dollars infused into the community by the agency, facility, or event - Ans - Economic impact Recreation for people with disabilities is provided in three different ways. Which of the following delivery systems has been used to assist clients to become self-sufficient, increase self-esteem, improve functional states, and learn social skills - Ans - Therapeutic Recreation/ Recreation Therapy The supervision and regulation of high-risk activities falls under which of the following functions? - Ans - Promoting health and safety The Federal Government fulfills various roles and responsibilities. Which of the following is not one of those roles or responsibilities? - Ans - Administration of federally mandated state parks

The four major benefits of the modern leisure-service system are ___. - Ans - Economic, social and community, environmental, personal values All of the following, except for ___, is a major element in the modern leisure-service system - Ans - Public agencies Which of the following is not a federal agency involved in land management - Ans - U.S. Immigration Service Commercial recreation agencies are primarily distinguished by ____. - Ans - the profit motive Tax funds approved by Congress for recreational expenses are: - Ans - Appropriated funds In Illinois, parks and recreation agencies form _____ to provide programs for people with disabilities. - Ans - Special recreation associations Which type of agency has primary responsibility for providing community programs for people with disabilities? - Ans - Municipal Which conceptual therapeutic recreation model has functional interventions, leisure education, and recreation participation as its three components? - Ans - Health Protection-Health Promotion Model Clinical therapeutic recreation primarily focuses on: - Ans - Helping with long term, day- to-day function