Requirements Management and Communication in Business Analysis, Exams of Nursing

Download Requirements Management and Communication in Business Analysis and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! CBAP Exam Prep questions well answered to pass Business Analysis Planning & Monitoring, Elicitation, Requirements Management & Communication, Enterprise Analysis, Requirements Analysis, Solution Assessment & Validation, Underlying Competencies - correct answer ✔✔What are the 7 knowledge areas of the BABOK Business Requirements, Stakeholder Requirements, Solution Requirements, Transition Requirements - correct answer ✔✔What are the classifications used to describe requirements Business Analysis Planning & Monitoring - correct answer ✔✔The knowledge area that covers how BAs determine which activities are necessary in order to complete a business analysis effort. Business Analysis Planning & Monitoring - correct answer ✔✔This knowledge area covers the identification of stakeholders, selection of business analysis technique, the process that will be used to manage requirements and how to assess the progress of the work. Elicitation - correct answer ✔✔The knowledge area that describes how the BA will work with stakeholders to identify and understand their needs and concerns, and understand the environment in which they work. elicitation - correct answer ✔✔The purpose of _______________ is to ensure that a stakeholder's actual underlying needs are understood, rather than the their stated or superficial desires. Requirements Management & Communication - correct answer ✔✔The knowledge area that describes how a BA manages conflicts, issues and changes in order to ensure that stakeholders and the project team remain in agreement on the solution scope, how requirements are communicated to stakeholders and how knowledge gained by the BA is maintained for future use. Enterprise Analysis - correct answer ✔✔This knowledge area describes how a BA identifies a business need, refines and clarifies the definition of that need, and defines a solution scope that can be feasibly implemented by the business. Enterprise Analysis - correct answer ✔✔This knowledge area describes the problem definition and analysis, business case development, feasibility studies and the definition of solution scope. Requirements Analysis - correct answer ✔✔This knowledge area describes how the BA prioritizes and progressively elaborates stakeholder and solution requirements in order to enable the project team to implement a solution that will meet the need of the sponsoring organization and stakeholders. Requirements Analysis - correct answer ✔✔This knowledge area involves analyzing stakeholder needs to define solutions that meet those needs, assessing the current state of the business to identify and recommend improvements and the verification and validation of the resulting requirements. Solution Assessment & Validation - correct answer ✔✔This knowledge area describes how the BA assesses proposed solutions and determines which solution best fits the business need, identifies gaps and shortcomings to solutions and determines necessary workarounds or changes to the solution. Solution Assessment & Validation - correct answer ✔✔This knowledge describes how BAs assess a deployed solution to see how well they met the original need so that the sponsoring organization can assess the performance and effectiveness of the solution. Underlying Competencies - correct answer ✔✔This knowledge area describes the behaviors, knowledge and other characteristics that support the effective performance of a BA. Analytical Thinking & Problem Solving, Behavioral Characteristics, Business Knowledge, Communication Skills, Interaction Skills, Software Application - correct answer ✔✔What are the underlying competencies a BA should possess (6)? Ethics, Trustworthiness, Personal Organization - correct answer ✔✔What are the Behavioral Characteristics a BA should exhibit (3)? Analytical Thinking & Problem Solving - correct answer ✔✔Involves assessing a situation, understanding it as fully as possible, and making judgments about possible solutions to the problem. Business Analysis Communication Plan - correct answer ✔✔What is the output of the task Plan Business Analysis Communication? Business Analysis Approach, Business Analysis Plan, Organizational Process Assets - correct answer ✔✔What are the inputs to the task Plan Requirements Management Process? Absolute Reference, Author, Complexity, Ownership, Priority, Risks, Source, Stability, Status, Urgency - correct answer ✔✔What are some of the commonly used requirement attributes? Repository, Traceability, Requirement Attributes, Prioritization Process, Change Management, Tailoring the Requirements Management Process - correct answer ✔✔What are the elements of the task Plan Requirements Management Process? Determine the Process, Who will Authorize Changes, Impact Analysis, Wording of the Request, Coordinate Prioritization of Change - correct answer ✔✔What should be considered when establishing a Change Management process? Decision Analysis, Problem Tacking, Risk Analysis - correct answer ✔✔Techniques used in the task Plan Requirements Management Process. Requirements Management Plan - correct answer ✔✔What is the output of the task Plan Requirements Management Process? Business Analysis Performance Metrics, Business Analysis Plan, Organization Performance Standards, Requirements Management Plan - correct answer ✔✔What are the inputs to the task Manage Business Analysis Performance? Business Analysis Plan - correct answer ✔✔Corrective or preventative measures uncovered while performing a Business Analysis Performance Assessment will result in changes to what plan? Interviews, Lessons Learned Process, Metrics and KPIs, Problem Tracking, Process Modeling, Root Cause Analysis, Survey/Questionnaire, Variance Analysis - correct answer ✔✔What are the techniques used in the task Manage Business Analysis Performance? Business Analysis Performance Assessment, Business Analysis Process Assets - correct answer ✔✔What is the output of the Manage Business Analysis Performance task? Business Analysis Performance Assessment - correct answer ✔✔Includes a comparison of planned versus actual performance, understanding the root cause of variances from the plan and other information to help understand the level of effort required to complete business analysis work. Business Analysis Process Assets - correct answer ✔✔Revised process and templates for BA deliverables should be analyzed and documented and lessons learned should be recorded. Elicitation - correct answer ✔✔To draw forth or bring out something latent or potential Elicitation - correct answer ✔✔To call forth or draw out, as information or a response. Prepare for Elicitation, Conduct Elicitation Activity, Document Elicitation Results, Confirm Elicitation Results - correct answer ✔✔What are the tasks of the Elicitation Knowledge Area? Business Need, Solution Scope & Business Case, Stakeholder List, Roles & Responsibilities - correct answer ✔✔What are the inputs for the task Prepare for Elicitation? Business Domain, Corporate Culture & Environment, Skills of the Analyst, Requirement Deliverable - correct answer ✔✔What factors guide technique selection? Brainstorming, Document Analysis, Focus Groups, Interface Analysis, Interviews, Observation, Prototyping, Requirements Workshop, Survey/Questionnaire - correct answer ✔✔What techniques are used in the task Prepare for Elicitation? Scheduled Resources, Supporting Materials - correct answer ✔✔What is the output of the task Prepare for Elicitation? Business Need, Organizational Process Assets, Requirements Management Plan, Scheduled Resources, Solution Scope & Business Case, Supporting Materials - correct answer ✔✔What are the inputs to the task Conduct Elicitation Activity? Conduct Elicitation Activity - correct answer ✔✔The goal of this task is to meet with stakeholder(s) to gather information regarding their needs. Tracing Requirements - correct answer ✔✔While eliciting requirements it is important to guard against scope creep, This activity will ensure that the requirements should be included since they meet the business goal/objectives. Data Dictionary & Glossary, Brainstorming, Document Analysis, Focus Groups, Interface Analysis, Interviews, Observation, Prototyping, Requirements Workshops, Survey/Questionnaire - correct answer ✔✔What are the techniques used in the task Conduct Elicitation Activity? Elicitation Results - correct answer ✔✔What is the output of the task Conduct Elicitation Activity? Elicitation Results - correct answer ✔✔What are the inputs for the Document Elicitation Results task? Brainstorming, Document Analysis, Focus Groups, Interface Analysis, Interviews, Observation, Problem Tracking, Prototyping, Requirements Workshop, Survey/Questionnaire - correct answer ✔✔What are the techniques used in the task Document Elicitation Results? Requirements (Stated), Stakeholder Concerns - correct answer ✔✔What is the output of the task Document Elicitation Results? Requirements (Stated, Unconfirmed), Stakeholder Concerns (Unconfirmed) - correct answer ✔✔What are the inputs for the task Confirm Elicitation Results? Interviews, Observation - correct answer ✔✔What are the techniques used in the task Confirm Elicitation Results? Requirements (Stated, Confirmed), Stakeholder Concerns (Confirmed) - correct answer ✔✔What is the output of the task Confirm Elicitation Results? Requirements Package - correct answer ✔✔What is the output of the task, Prepare Requirements Package? Business Analysis Communication Plan, Requirements, Requirements Package - correct answer ✔✔What are the inputs to the task, Communicate Requirements? Requirements Workshop, Structured Walkthrough - correct answer ✔✔What are the techniques used in the task, Communicate Requirements? Communicated Requirements - correct answer ✔✔What is the output of the task, Communicate Requirements? Enterprise Analysis - correct answer ✔✔What knowledge area discusses the business analysis activities necessary to identify a business need, problem or opportunity, define the capture of the solution and justify the investment necessary to deliver the solution. Enterprise Analysis - correct answer ✔✔What knowledge area is often the starting point for initiating a new project? Define Business Need, Access Capability Gaps, Determine Solution Approach, Define Solution Scope, Define Business Case - correct answer ✔✔What are the tasks in the knowledge area, Enterprise Analysis? Business Goals & Objectives, Requirements (Stated) - correct answer ✔✔What are the inputs to the task, Define Business Need? Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound - correct answer ✔✔Objectives must be SMART. What does SMART stand for? Goals - correct answer ✔✔Long-term, ongoing and qualitative statements of a state or condition that the organization is seeking to establish and maintain. Benchmarking, Brainstorming, Business Rules Analysis, Focus Groups, Functional Decomposition, Root Cause Analysis - correct answer ✔✔What are the techniques used in the task Define Business Need? Business Need - correct answer ✔✔What is the output of the task, Define Business Need? Business Need, Enterprise Architecture, Solution Performance Assessment - correct answer ✔✔What are the inputs to the task, Assess Capability Gaps? Document Analysis, SWOT Analysis - correct answer ✔✔What are the techniques used in the task, Assess Capability Gaps? Required Capabilities - correct answer ✔✔What is the output of the task, Assess Capability Gaps? Business Need, Organizational Process Assets, Required Capabilities - correct answer ✔✔What are the inputs to the task, Determine Solution Approach? Benchmarking, Brainstorming, Decision Analysis, Estimation, SWOT Analysis, Feasibility Analysis - correct answer ✔✔What are the techniques used in the task, Determine Solution Approach? Solution Approach - correct answer ✔✔What is the output of the task, Determine Solution Approach? Assumptions & Constraints, Required Capabilities, Solution Approach - correct answer ✔✔What are the inputs for the task, Define Solution Scope? Solution Scope Definition, Implementation Approach, Dependencies - correct answer ✔✔What are the elements of the task, Define Solution Scope? Implementation Approach - correct answer ✔✔This describes how the chosen solution will deliver the solution scope, may break delivery down into releases or provide a roadmap that indicates the timeframe in which a capability is expected. Dependencies - correct answer ✔✔This will impose constraints to the effort to deploy the solution, including relationships that may exist between solution components. Functional Decomposition, Interface Analysis, Scope Modeling, User Stories, Problem or Vision Statement - correct answer ✔✔What techniques are used in the task, Define Solution Scope? Problem or Vision Statement - correct answer ✔✔States the business need, identifies key stakeholders and briefly describes the positive impact that meeting the business need will have on those stakeholders. Solution Scope - correct answer ✔✔What is the output of the task, Define Solution Scope? Solution Scope - correct answer ✔✔Defines what must be delivered in order to meet the business need, and the effect of the proposed change initiation on the business and technology operations and infrastructure. Define Business Case - correct answer ✔✔This task determines if an organization can justify the investment required to deliver a proposed solution. Assumptions & Constraints, Business Need, Solution Scope, Stakeholder Concerns - correct answer ✔✔What are the inputs to the task, Define Business Case? Benefits, Costs, Risk Assessment, Results Measurement - correct answer ✔✔What are the elements to the task, Define Business Case? Decision Analysis, Estimation, Metrics & KPIs, Risk Analysis, SWOT Analysis, Vendor Assessment - correct answer ✔✔What are the techniques used in the task, Define Business Case? Business Case - correct answer ✔✔What is the output of the task, Define Business Case? Prioritize Requirements, Organize Requirements, Specify & Model Requirements, Define Assumptions & Constraints, Verify Requirements, Validate Requirements - correct answer ✔✔What are the tasks in the knowledge area, Requirements Analysis? Assumptions & Constraints - correct answer ✔✔What is the output of the task, Define Assumptions & Constraints? Requirements (Any Except Stated) - correct answer ✔✔What are the inputs to the task, Verify Requirements? Cohesive, Complete, Consistent, Correct, Feasible, Modifiable, Unambiguous, Testable - correct answer ✔✔What are the characteristics of quality for a requirements? Acceptance & Evaluation Criteria Definition, Problem Tracking, Structured Walkthrough, Checklists - correct answer ✔✔What are the techniques for the task, Verify Requirements? Requirements (Verified) - correct answer ✔✔What is the output of the task, Verify Requirements? Verify Requirements - correct answer ✔✔This task ensures that requirement specifications and models meet the necessary standard of quality to allow them to be used effectively to guide further work. Requirements have been defined correctly. Business Case; Stakeholder, Solution or Transition Requirements (Verified) - correct answer ✔✔What are the inputs to the task, Validate Requirements? Opportunity Cost - correct answer ✔✔Benefits that could have been achieved with an alternative investment rather than this one. Acceptance & Evaluation Criteria Definition, Metrics & KPIs, Prototyping, Risk Analysis, Structured Walkthrough - correct answer ✔✔What are the techniques used in the task, Validate Requirements? Validate Requirements - correct answer ✔✔The goal of this task is to ensure that all requirements support the delivery of value to the business, fulfill its goal and objectives and meet a stakeholder need. Requirements (Validated) - correct answer ✔✔What is the output of the task, Validate Requirements? Solution Assessment & Validation - correct answer ✔✔This knowledge area describes the tasks that are performed in order to ensure that solutions meet the business need and to facilitate successful implementation. Assess Proposed Solution, Allocate Requirements, Assess Organizational Readiness, Define Transition Requirements, Validate Solution, Evaluate Solution Performance - correct answer ✔✔What are the tasks in the knowledge area, Solution Assessment & Validation? Assumptions & Constraints, Requirements (Prioritized and Approved), Solution Options - correct answer ✔✔What are the inputs to the task, Assess Proposed Solution? Acceptance & Evaluation Criteria, Decision Analysis, Vendor Assessment - correct answer ✔✔What are the techniques used in the task, Assess Proposed Solution? Assessment of Proposed Solution - correct answer ✔✔What is the output of the task, Assess Proposed Solution? Requirements (Prioritized and Approved), Solution (Designed), Solution Scope - correct answer ✔✔What are the inputs to the task, Allocate Resources? Acceptance & Evaluation Criteria, Business Rules Analysis, Decision Analysis, Functional Decomposition, Process Modeling, Scenarios & Use Cases - correct answer ✔✔What are the techniques used in the task, Allocate Resources? Requirements (Allocated) - correct answer ✔✔What is the output of the task, Allocate Resources? Allocate Requirements - correct answer ✔✔Allocate stakeholder and solution requirements among solution components and releases in order to maximize the possible business value given the options and alternatives generated by the design team. Assess Organization Readiness - correct answer ✔✔Describes the effect a new solution will have on an organization and whether the organization is prepared for the organizational change the solution implementation will cause. Enterprise Architecture, Solution Scope, Solution (Designed), Stakeholder Concerns - correct answer ✔✔What are the inputs to the task, Assess Organizational Readiness? Cultural Assessment, Operational or Technical Assessment, Stakeholder Impact Analysis - correct answer ✔✔What are the 3 elements in the Assess Organizational Readiness? Acceptance & Evaluation Criteria, Data Flow Diagrams, Process Models, Focus Groups, Interviews, Survey/Questionnaire, Organizational Modeling, Problem Tracking, Risk Analysis, SWOT Analysis, Force Field Analysis - correct answer ✔✔What are the techniques used in the task, Assess Organizational Readiness? Organizational Readiness Assessment - correct answer ✔✔What is the output of the task, Assess Organizational Readiness? Define Transitional Requirements - correct answer ✔✔Define requirements for capabilities needed to move from an existing solution to a new solution. Organizational Readiness Assessment, Requirements (Stated), Solution (Deployed), Solution (Designed) - correct answer ✔✔What are the inputs for the task, Define Transitional Requirements? Data, Ongoing Work, Organizational Change - correct answer ✔✔What are the likely sources of transition requirements? Business Rules Analysis, Data Flow Diagrams, Process Modeling, Organization Modeling, Data Modeling - correct answer ✔✔What are the techniques used in the task, Define Transition Requirements? Transition Requirements - correct answer ✔✔What is the output of the task, Define Transition Requirements? Validate Solution - correct answer ✔✔Ensure that the solution meets the business need and determine the most appropriate response to identified defects. Trustworthiness - correct answer ✔✔Stakeholders involved the BA in decision making, acceptance of the BA's recommendations, willingness to discuss difficult or controversial topics with the BA, stakeholders willing to support or defend the BA when problems occur. Business Principals - correct answer ✔✔Characteristics that are common to all organizations with a similar purpose and structure, whether or not the are in the same industry. Business Principles & Practices, Industry Knowledge, Organization Knowledge, Solution Knowledge - correct answer ✔✔What are the elements of Business Knowledge? Industry Knowledge - correct answer ✔✔Understanding of the competitive forces that shape an industry, understand the various customer segments that the industry services and the demographic or other characteristics common to that segment. Organizational Knowledge - correct answer ✔✔Understanding of the business architecture of the organization that is being analyzed. Understanding business models (generates profit), org structure, relationships between business units and the persons who occupy key stakeholder positions. Solution Knowledge - correct answer ✔✔Familiarity with the range of commercially available solutions or suppliers can assist with the identification of possible alternatives. Oral Communications, Teaching, Written Communication - correct answer ✔✔What are the elements of Communication Skills? Visual Learner, Auditory Learner, Kinesthetic Learner - correct answer ✔✔What are the different types of learning styles? Facilitation & Negotiation, Leadership & Influencing, Teamwork - correct answer ✔✔What are the characteristics of Interaction Skills? Facilitation - correct answer ✔✔The skill of moderating discussions among a group or enable all participants to effectively articulate their views on a topic under discussion and to further ensure that participants in the discussion are able to recognize and appreciate the differing viewpoints that are articulated. Leadership - correct answer ✔✔Involved motivating people to act in ways that enable them to work together to achieve shared goals and objectives. Emotional and Cognitive - correct answer ✔✔Two types of conflict. Cognitive Conflict - correct answer ✔✔Requires the team to focus on examining the premises, assumptions, observations and expectations of the team members. This type of conflict can have a beneficial effect of strengthening the foundations of the analysis and the solution. General Purpose Applications & Specialized Applications - correct answer ✔✔Name the 2 types of Software categories that assist in BA productivity. Acceptance & Evaluation Technique - correct answer ✔✔Define the requirements that must be met in order for a solution to be considered acceptable to key stakeholders. Acceptance Criteria - correct answer ✔✔The minimum set of requirements that must be met in order for a particular solution to be worth implementing. Evaluation Criteria - correct answer ✔✔Set of requirements that will be used to choose between multiple solutions. - Agile methodologies may require that all requirements be expressed in the form of testable acceptance criteria. - Acceptance criteria are also necessary when the requirements express contractual obligations - correct answer ✔✔What are the advantages of the Acceptance & Evaluation Criteria Definition? - Acceptance and evaluation criteria may express contractual obligations and as such may be difficult to change for legal or political reasons. - correct answer ✔✔What are the disadvantages of the Acceptance & Evaluation Criteria Definition? Benchmarking - correct answer ✔✔Performed to compare the strengths and weaknesses of an organization against its peers and competitors. Benchmarking - correct answer ✔✔The objective of this technique is to determine how companies achieve their superior performance levels and use that information to design projects to improve operations of the enterprise. Benchmarking - correct answer ✔✔This technique is usually focused on strategies, operations and processes. -Benchmarking provides organizations with information about new and different methods, ideas, and tools to improve organizational performance. - correct answer ✔✔What are the advantages of Benchmarking? - Benchmarking is time consuming; and may not have the expertise to conduct the analysis and acquire or interpret useful competitive information. - Because it involves assessing solutions that have been shown to work elsewhere, with the goal of reproducing them, benchmarking cannot produce innovative solutions or solutions that will produce a sustainable competitive advantage. - correct answer ✔✔What are the disadvantages of Benchmarking? Brainstorming - correct answer ✔✔An excellent way to foster creative thinking about a problem. The goal is to produce numerous new ideas and to derive themes for further analysis. - Ability to elicit many ideas in a short time period. - Non-judgmental environment enables creative thinking. - Can be useful during a workshop to reduce tension between participants - correct answer ✔✔What are the advantages to the technique, Brainstorming? - Dependent on participants' creativity and willingness to participate. Organizational and interpersonal politics may also limit participation. - Group participants must agree to avoid debating the ideas raised during brainstorming. - correct answer ✔✔What are the disadvantages to the technique, Brainstorming? Data Modeling - correct answer ✔✔This technique represents the types of peoples, places, things and concepts that are important to the business, attributes associated with them and the significant business relationships among them. Name, Value/Meanings, Description - correct answer ✔✔What are the attributes of a Data Model? - Data models offer the flexibility of different levels of description. They provide a consistent modeling approach that supports the transition through planning, analysis, design and implementation. - Because they have a strong basis in mathematical concepts, data models are supported by rigorous rules for correctness and completeness. This encourages accuracy - correct answer ✔✔What are the advantages of the technique, Data Modeling? - Data models can be complex, and they deal with concepts that may be unfamiliar to people without a background in Information Technology. If not properly presented, they can be difficult for users to understand and relate to. Terms and definitions may vary in use in different organizational units or domains. - correct answer ✔✔What are the disadvantages of the technique, Data Modeling? Decision Analysis - correct answer ✔✔Approach to decision making that examines and models the possible consequences of different decisions. Make an optimal decision under conditions of uncertainty. Discounted Cash Flow, Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return, Average Rate of Return, Pay Back Period, Cost-Benefit Analysis - correct answer ✔✔Name some commonly used financial valuation techniques. Elimination of Dominated Alternative, Ranking Objects on a Similar Scale - correct answer ✔✔Two effective trade-off methods. - Decision analysis provides an effective technique to determine the expected value of an alternative scenario to the organization. - Using consistent financial justification techniques in all business cases provides decision makers with quantitative measures upon which to make project investment decisions. - Decision analysis may force stakeholders to honestly assess the importance they place on different alternatives. - correct answer ✔✔What are the advantages of the technique, Decision Analysis? - Decision analysis requires specialized knowledge and skills, including mathematical knowledge, an understanding of probability, and similar concepts. - The results of decision analysis may be treated as more certain than they actually are, if decision- makers do not understand the limitations of the model and the assumptions behind it. - Decision-makers may be reluctant to revisit decisions, even when more information is available on areas of uncertainty that might change the optimal decision. - correct answer ✔✔What are the disadvantages of the technique, Decision Analysis? Document Analysis - correct answer ✔✔A means to elicit requirements by studying available documentation on existing and comparable solutions and identifying relevant information. - Not starting from a blank page. - Leveraging existing materials to discover and/or confirm requirements. - A means to cross-check requirements from other elicitation techniques such as interviews, job shadowing, surveys or focus groups - correct answer ✔✔What are the advantages of the technique, Document Analysis? - Limited to "as-is" perspective. - Existing documentation may not be up-to-date or valid. - Can be a time-consuming and even tedious process to locate the relevant information. - correct answer ✔✔What are the disadvantages of the technique, Document Analysis? Estimation - correct answer ✔✔Forecast the cost and effort involved in pursuing a course of action. Used to develop a better understanding of the possible range of costs and effort associated with any initiative Analogous Estimation - correct answer ✔✔Use of a similar project as the basis for developing estimates for the current project. Also known as "top-down" estimating. This is usually done at the beginning of the project or project phase and more detailed estimates follow as more is known. Parametric Estimation - correct answer ✔✔Use of parameters, multiplied by the number of hours. (COCOMO II, Function Point Counting, Use Case Points, and Story Points) Bottom-up Estimation - correct answer ✔✔Using this technique the business analyst has collected the deliverables, activities, tasks, and estimates from all the involved stakeholders and rolls them up to get a total for all the activities and tasks. Rolling Wave - correct answer ✔✔Technique involving refinement of estimates. Estimate the details for activities in the current iteration or increment and provide an analogous estimate for the entire scope of work. As the end of the iteration approaches, estimates for the next iteration can be made and the initial estimate for all activities is refined. Three-point Estimation - correct answer ✔✔Most optimistic estimate; most pessimistic estimate; most likely estimate Historic Analysis - correct answer ✔✔Uses history as a basis for estimating. It is similar to analogous estimation, but is used not only for the top-down estimate, but for the detailed tasks as well. Expert Judgment - correct answer ✔✔Estimating relies on the expertise of those who have performed the work in the past. These experts can be internal or external to the project team or to the organization. Delphi Estimation - correct answer ✔✔Combination of expert judgment and history. Individual estimates, sharing the estimates with experts, and having several rounds until consensus is reached. An average of the three estimates is used - Estimates can help stakeholders make better decisions based on an improved understanding of the likely outcomes from an initiative - correct answer ✔✔What is the advantage of the technique, Estimation? - Stakeholders frequently treat estimates as commitments, and expect that once an estimate is given the solution team will meet the time and cost estimate. - Estimates are often consciously or unconsciously altered to match the desires of influential stakeholders, because the estimators or others are concerned that higher estimates would cause a project to be rejected or be seen as demonstrating a lack of commitment. - correct answer ✔✔What is the disadvantage of the technique, Estimation? - Interviews are not an ideal means of reaching consensus across a group of stakeholders. - Requires considerable commitment and involvement of the participants. - Training is required to conduct effective interviews. In particular, unstructured interviews require special skills including facilitation/virtual facilitation and active listening. - Depth of follow-on questions may be dependent on the interviewer's knowledge of the business domain. - Transcription and analysis of interview data can be complex and expensive. - Based on the level of clarity provided during the interview, the resulting documentation may be subject to interviewer's interpretation. - There is a risk of unintentionally leading the interviewee. - correct answer ✔✔What are the disadvantages of Interviews? Lessons Learned Process - correct answer ✔✔The purpose is to compile and document successes, opportunities for improvement, failures, and recommendations for improving the performance of future projects or project phases - Useful for identifying opportunities for process improvement. - Can help build team morale after a difficult period. - correct answer ✔✔What are the advantages of the technique, Lessons Learned Process? - All participants must be prepared to avoid any urge to assign blame during these sessions or honest discussion may not occur. - Participants may be reluctant to document and discuss problems - May risk becoming a "gripe" session and improvement opportunities may be neglected. - correct answer ✔✔What are the advantages of the technique, Lessons Learned Process? Metrics & KPIs - correct answer ✔✔The purpose is to measure the performance of solutions, solution components, and other matters of interest to stakeholders. Key Performance Indicator (KPI ) - correct answer ✔✔Measures progress towards a strategic goal or objective. Reporting - correct answer ✔✔The process of informing stakeholders of metrics of indicators in specified formats at specified intervals. Monitoring - correct answer ✔✔A continuous process of collecting data to determine how well a solution has been implemented compared to expected results. Evaluation - correct answer ✔✔The systematic and objective assessment of a solution to determine its status and efficacy in meeting objectives over time, and to identify ways to improve the solution to better meet objectives. Clear, Relevant, Economical, Adequate, Quantifiable - correct answer ✔✔A good indicator has 5 characteristics: Reliability, Validity, Timeliness - correct answer ✔✔Three key factors when assessing the quality of indicators and their metrics: - Establishing a monitoring and evaluation system allows stakeholders to understand the extent to which a solution meets an objective, and how effective the inputs and activities of developing the solution (output) were. - Indicators, metrics and reporting also facilitate organizational alignment, linking goals to objectives, supporting solutions, underlying tasks, and resources. - correct answer ✔✔What are the advantages of using Metrics and KPIs? - Gathering excessive amounts of data beyond what is needed will result in unnecessary expense in collecting, analyzing and reporting. It will also distract project members from other responsibilities. On agile projects, this will be particularly relevant. - A bureaucratic metrics program fails from collecting too much data and not generating useful reports that will allow timely responsive action. Those charged with collecting metric data must be given feedback to understand how their actions are affecting the quality of the project results. - When metrics are used to assess performance, the individuals being measured are likely to act to increase their performance on those metrics, even if this causes suboptimal performance on other activities. - correct answer ✔✔What are the disadvantages of using Metrics and KPIs? Non-functional Requirements Analysis - correct answer ✔✔The purpose is to describe the required qualities of a system, such as its usability and performance characteristics. Reliability, Performance Efficiency, Operability, Security, Compatibility, Maintainability, Transferability - correct answer ✔✔Checklist of characteristics to consider when considering non-functional requirements. - Success in meeting non-functional requirements will have a strong influence on whether or not a system is accepted by its users. - correct answer ✔✔What are the advantages of Non-functional Requirements Analysis? - Non-functional requirements are often more difficult to define than functional requirements. Expectations regarding quality attributes may not be described and users of an application may find them difficult to articulate. - Overly stringent non-functional requirements may significantly impact the cost of developing a software application. - correct answer ✔✔What are the disadvantages of Non-functional Requirements Analysis? Observation - correct answer ✔✔A means of eliciting requirements by conducting an assessment of the stakeholder's work environment. This technique is appropriate when documenting details about current processes or if the project is intended to enhance or change a current process. - Provides realistic and practical insight into the business by getting a hands-on feel for how the business process works today. - Elicits details of informal communication and ways people actually work around the system that may not be documented anywhere. - correct answer ✔✔What are the advantages of the technique, Observation? - Only possible for existing processes. - Could be time-consuming. - May be disruptive to the person being shadowed. - Unusual exceptions and critical situations that happen infrequently may not occur during the observation. - May not well work if the current process involves a high level of intellectual activity or other work that is not easily observable - correct answer ✔✔What are the disadvantages of the technique, Observation? Throw-away Prototype - correct answer ✔✔This prototype seeks to quickly uncover and clarify interface requirements using simple tools, sometimes just paper and pencil. The focus is on functionality that is not easily elicited by other techniques, has conflicting viewpoints, or is difficult to understand. - Supports users who are more comfortable and effective at articulating their needs by using pictures, as prototyping lets them "see" the future system's interface. - A prototype allows for early user interaction and feedback. - A throw-away prototype can be an inexpensive means to quickly uncover and confirm a variety of requirements that go beyond just the interface such as processes, data, business rules. - A vertical prototype can demonstrate what is feasible with existing technology, and where there may be technology gaps. - An evolutionary / functional prototype provides a vehicle for designers and developers to learn about the users' interface needs and to evolve system requirements. - correct answer ✔✔What are the advantages of using the technique, Prototyping? - Depending on the complexity of the target system, using prototyping to elicit requirements can take considerable time if the process gets bogged down by the "how's" rather than "what's". - Assumptions about the underlying technology may need to be made. - A prototype may lead users to develop unrealistic expectations regarding the delivered system's performance, completion date, reliability and usability characteristics. - Users may focus on the design specifications of the solution rather than the requirements that any solution must address. Developers may believe that they must provide a user interface that precisely matches the prototype, even if superior technology and interface approaches exist. - correct answer ✔✔What are the disadvantages of using the technique, Prototyping? Requirements Workshop - correct answer ✔✔A structured way to capture requirements. May be used to scope, discover, define, prioritize and reach closure on requirements for the target system. Considered one of the most effective ways to deliver high quality requirements quickly. - A requirements workshop can be a means to elicit detailed requirements in a relatively short period of time. - A requirements workshop provides a means for stakeholders to collaborate, make decisions and gain a mutual understanding of requirements. - Requirements workshop costs are often lower than the cost of performing multiple interviews. A requirements workshop enables the participants to work together to reach consensus. •- Feedback is immediate. The facilitator's interpretation of requirements is provided immediately to the stakeholders and validated. - correct answer ✔✔What are the advantage of using a Requirements Workshop? - Stakeholder availability may make it difficult to schedule the requirements workshop. - The success of the requirements workshop is highly dependent on the expertise of the facilitator and knowledge of the participants. - Requirements workshops that involve too many participants can slow down the workshop process. Conversely, collecting input from too few participants can lead to overlooking requirements that are important to users, or to specifying requirements that don't represent the needs of majority of the users. - correct answer ✔✔What are the disadvantage of using a Requirements Workshop? Risk Analysis - correct answer ✔✔To identify and manage areas of uncertainty that can impact an initiative, solution, or organization. Acceptance, Transfer, Avoidance, Mitigation - correct answer ✔✔What are the strategies for a negative risk? Share, Enhance, Exploit - correct answer ✔✔What are the strategies for a positive risk? - Risk analysis enables an organization to prepare for the likelihood that at least some things will not go as planned. - correct answer ✔✔What are the advantages of the technique, Risk Analysis? - The number of possible risks to most initiatives can easily become unmanageably large. It may only be possible to manage a subset of potential risks. - As risks are inherently uncertain, it may prove difficult to usefully estimate the impact of the risks. - correct answer ✔✔What are the disadvantages of the technique, Risk Analysis? Root Cause Analysis - correct answer ✔✔The purpose is to determine the underlying source of a problem. Root Cause Analysis - correct answer ✔✔A structured examination of the aspects of a situation to establish the root causes and resulting effects of the problem. A critical element is to ensure that the current business thinking and processes are challenged. Fishbone Diagram, Five Whys - correct answer ✔✔Two techniques used in Root Cause Analysis? - Root cause analysis provides a structured method to identify the root causes of identified problems, thus ensuring a complete understanding of the problem under review, - correct answer ✔✔What is an advantage of Root Cause Analysis? - Root cause analysis works best when someone who has formal training or extensive experience facilitates a team of experts. The primary concern revolves around the ability of the facilitator to remain objective, a critical element to effective root cause analysis - correct answer ✔✔What is an disadvantage of Root Cause Analysis? Scenarios & Use Cases - correct answer ✔✔Are written to describe how an actor interacts with a solution to accomplish one or more of that actor's goals, or to respond to an event. Scenario - correct answer ✔✔Is generally understood to describe just one way that an actor can accomplish a particular goal Use Case - correct answer ✔✔Describes all the possible outcomes of an attempt to accomplish a particular goal that the solution will support. - Use cases are good at clarifying scope and providing a high-level understanding of user behavioral goals, normal situations, alternatives or exception paths. - correct answer ✔✔What are the advantages of Scenarios & Use Cases? - Business analysts are frequently tempted to describe most or all system behavior using use cases. - Use cases do not have any features to support integration or the discovery of common elements, which is one of the reasons they are usually written at the highest-level of abstraction that is appropriate. Additional analysis and design is usually required after use case definition is complete to identify these common elements. - correct answer ✔✔What are the disadvantages of Scenarios & Use Cases? - Not well suited for collecting information on actual behaviors. - The response rates for surveys are often too low for statistical significance. The use of incentives or enforcement means may be used to alleviate this. - correct answer ✔✔What are the disadvantages of a Survey/Questionnaire? SWOT Analysis - correct answer ✔✔A valuable tool to quickly analyze various aspects of the current state of the business process undergoing change. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats - correct answer ✔✔SWOT stands for: - The SWOT analysis helps quickly analyze various aspects of the current state of the organization and its environment prior to identifying potential solution options. - correct answer ✔✔What are the advantages of a SWOT Analysis? - The SWOT analysis is a very high-level view; more detailed analysis is almost always needed. - correct answer ✔✔What are the disadvantages of a SWOT Analysis? Strengths, Weaknesses - correct answer ✔✔What are the internal factors in a SWOT Analysis? User Story - correct answer ✔✔A brief description of functionality that users need from a solution to meet a business objective. The goal they are trying to accomplish, and any additional information that may be critical to understanding the scope of the story. - User stories create an environment of customer ownership of features and prioritizations in an incremental, iterative development environment. They may eliminate the need to provide functional requirements in some environments. User stories also require that the value delivered by the story be clearly articulated. - correct answer ✔✔What are the advantages of a User Story? - They may not be the best technique for some environments with regulatory restrictions or when an organization mandates documentation. This modeling technique may not be effective when participants are not co-located. This technique does not explicitly address how to document non-functional requirements. - correct answer ✔✔What are the disadvantages of a User Story? Vendor Assessment - correct answer ✔✔To assess the ability of a potential vendor to meet commitments regarding a product or service - An effective vendor assessment reduces the risk of the organization developing a relationship with an unsuitable vendor and is likely to improve long-term satisfaction with the decision. - correct answer ✔✔What are the advantages of a Vendor Assessment? - Can be time-consuming to gather sufficient information on multiple vendors. - Some information may not be readily available. - Vendors with new and innovative products may score poorly because they do not have a significant history in the market - correct answer ✔✔What are the disadvantages of a Vendor Assessment? A statement of the needs of a particular stakeholder or class of stakeholders - correct answer ✔✔What is a STAKEHOLDER requirement, according to the BABOK 2.0? Requirements Analysis - correct answer ✔✔According to the BABOK 2.0, what type of analysis generates STAKEHOLDER requirements? TRUE - correct answer ✔✔The BA is a stakeholder in all business analysis activities? Business Analysis Planning and Monitoring - correct answer ✔✔Stakeholder Analysis is part of what knowledge area? - Identification - Complexity - Attitude and influence - Authority Levels for BA Work - correct answer ✔✔What are the elements of stakeholder analysis? - Number and variety of stakeholder groups - Number of interfacing business processes and automated systems - correct answer ✔✔What are the complexity factors regarding stakeholder groups? - Business goals approach - Business Analysis - Collaboration - Sponsor - Team members - correct answer ✔✔What are the factors of stakeholder attitude directed at? Influence on the project, organizational, project health and other stakeholders - correct answer ✔✔What are the factors of influence by stakeholders on a project? - Approval of deliverables - Inspection/Approval of requirements - Approval of requirements process - Traceability - Veto of proposed requirements or solutions - correct answer ✔✔Stakeholder authority over business analysis takes what forms? - Collated - Dispersed - correct answer ✔✔What are the two types of geographic distribution of stakeholders? The Business Analysis Communication Plan - correct answer ✔✔What describes how, when and why the business analyst will work with stakeholders? ....to record the conflict in the Requirements Issues Log. - correct answer ✔✔When a conflict arises between stakeholders on one or more documented requirements, the first thing that needs to take place is what? Perform tailoring exercises - correct answer ✔✔Organizational culture, Stakeholder preference, complexity, organizational maturity and availability of resources are all factors used to do what? - Confirm Elicitation Results - Define Business Case