Research Methods Final Exam Review: Evidence-Based Practice and Study Design, Exams of Advanced Education

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Research Methods Final Exam Review actual update exam

Evidence based practice - integrates the best research evidence, patient values, and clinical expertise What is the "P" in the PICO question: "Will the DASH diet decrease blood pressure in hypertensive adolescent females?" - Adolescent females What is the "I" in the PICO question: "Will a hearing aid increase quality of life in hearing-impaired adults aged 60-90 years who currently do not use a hearing aid? - Hearing aid What type of clinical question is the following: "Will lower extremity strengthening improve balance in an older adult?" - Intervention What type of clinical question is the following: "What are the risk factors for hypertension in young adults?" - Prognostic Which section of a research article compares and contrasts the results of the current study to previously published studies? - Discussion Which section of a research article describes the rationale and objectives for the study? - Introduction or Background Which section of a research article presents tables and figures that summarize the data analysis outcomes? - Results The authors reported on their study conducted with college students to determine the effect of 8 weeks of daily meditation on stress. What type of scientific publication is this? - Original research article The authors evaluated 10 previous studies to summarize the overall evidence for hearing aids to improve the quality of life in older adults. The article states the inclusion and exclusion criteria used to select articles for the summary. What type of scientific publication is this? - Systematic review article True or False:

Randomized controlled trials are generally considered a stronger study design compared to case controlled studies. - True True or False: Non-experimental study designs can be used to establish cause and effect relationships. - False A researcher hypothesizes that listening to classical music during infancy is associated with higher IQ in childhood and plans to test this hypothesis using a non-experimental study design. In this case, classical music is the: - Exposure Randomly assigning women to receive a vitamin D supplement or placebo and measuring bone mineral density before and after the intervention is an example of ____________ study design. - Randomized control trial Testing blood pressure and cholesterol repeatedly over time in a cohort of research participants at baseline, 6 months and 1 year is what type of data collection? - Prospective The outcome of which type of study is most likely to be affected by recall bias? - Case-control study Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative research? - Results are often reported in words, narratives, and quotes True or False: A research study can have a "mixed methods design" (e.g. a study can have a qualitative and quantitative component). - True A researcher wants to answer the question "Are knee injuries in adults related to a history of playing contact sports in childhood?" What study design would you recommend? - Case control A researcher wants to answer the question "Is warfarin or aspirin better at preventing strokes in people with atrial fibrillation?" What study design would you recommend? - Randomized controlled trial Research participants' weight status was classified as "underweight", "normal", "overweight" or "obese" for data analysis. What type of variable was used in data analysis? - ordindal categorical variable

Smoking recorded as "ever" or "never" is a _____________. - Hearing loss recorded as "yes" or "no" is a _____________. - dichotomous categorical variable The mode is: - the most frequent score in a distribution The mean is: - the arithmetic average of a distribution of scores and the most commonly used measure of central tendency. Weight is a continuous variable. The mean(standard deviation) weight among students in HLTH 3098 section 001 was 157(12.2)pounds, and among students in section 002 was 165(8.7)pounds, respectively. Which section has the least variability in student weight? - Inferential (analytical) statistics make inferences from a ________ to a ___________. - sample, population A study was done to determine the effect of regular exercise on quality of life among CAHS students. The primary dependent (outcome) variable is: - quality of life A study was done to determine the effect of regular exercise on quality of life among CAHS students. A possible cofactor variable (covariate) is: - gender A study was done to determine the effect of regular exercise on quality of life among CAHS students. The hypothesis was: Among college students, regular exercise (at least 4x/week for 8 weeks) will increase quality of life. This is an example of a ______________ hypothesis - Alternative, 1 tail Which statistical test is most appropriate for comparing the mean value between two independent groups where the Y - Student's (independent) T-test When comparing the Y variable value between two independent groups, and the Y variable is continuous, but not normally distributed, which is the best approach for analyzing the data? - The continuous data should be divided into categories so that the data can be analyzed using a statistical test that does not require normally distributed data.

Analytical (inferential) statistics are used to - Test a hypothesis Descriptive statistics are used to - Describe a sample (e.g. mean, mode, median) The Student's T-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) are examples of _____________ statistics. - Analytical (inferential) If an investigator sets an alpha level at 0.05, the following probability values (p-values) would be considered statistically significant. - p=. When evaluating the validity of the results in a research publication, which one of the following is NOT important to consider in drawing your conclusion. - Your personal bias in what you believe the results should be Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical test that - requires the Y variable (outcome variable) to be a continuous variable that is normally distributed. A study was conducted to determine the effects of exercise intensity and exercise duration on swim performance. Alpha was set at 0.05. In the study main effects results, "intensity" p=0.01, and "duration" p=0.03. Further results show that intensity and duration work in synergy to significantly affect swim performance, in that "intensity x duration" p=0.04. Which of the following is true about these results? - Both main effects are significant, and the synergistic effect of intensity x duration is significant. A study was done to determine if a specific 4-week strengthening program improved reaction speed among college soccer players. 40 soccer players were randomized to one of two groups: 1) strengthening program or 2) usual workout only (control). Reaction speed was measured before the study (PRE) and after the study (POST). Reaction speed is a continuous variable and it was normally distributed. P-values for change from PRE to POST in reaction speed within each group were as follows: Group 1, p=0.01; Group 2, p=.76. The most likely statistic used for these analyses were: - Paired t-test A clinician posed the question: "What is the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in ten years in young adults with obesity?" What type of clinical question is this? - prognostic A clinician posed the question: "Will weight lifting increase bone density in an older female with osteopenia?" What type of clinical question is this? - intervention

The following is an unordered list of the steps in Evidence-Based Practice. Select the choice that correctly orders these steps. 1 Find the evidence with efficiency 2 Evaluate your performance 3 Formulate a clinical question 4 Implement the evidence into clinical practice 5 Critically appraise the evidence - 3,1,5,4, Evidence-based practice is defined as the integration of the below elements EXCEPT: - The way we have always done things A study involving 100 research participants with back pain was done to determine the effectiveness of deep tissue massage for low back pain. What type of research article is this? - Original research article A study was done to explore barriers to hearing aid use in hearing-impaired older adults. Open- ended interview questions were asked and the subjects' responses were audio recorded. This is an example of a ___________. - qualitative research study Indicate the section of a research publication where the information below is typically found: This section compares and contrasts the results of the current study with results from previously published studies. - Discussion A study was done to summarize the overall evidence regarding whether hearing aids improve quality of life in older adults. All previously published studies that met specific inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected for the summary. What type of research article is this? - Systematic review article Of the following study designs, which is the strongest for establishing cause and effect relationships?

• randomized control trial Focus groups and content analysis are methods used in ___________ research. - Qualitative The outcome of which type of study design is most at risk of recall bias? - Case-control Indicate the timing of data collection for this scenario: A study was done to compare the effects of speech therapy versus exercise on increasing socialization among persons with Alzheimer's disease. 100 participants with Alzheimer's were enrolled and randomized to 1 of 2 groups: 1) speech therapy

or 2) exercise. Participants came to the clinic for either speech therapy or exercise 3x/week, and socialization skills were measured before and after the 8 week intervention - Prospective Which ONE of the following statements is true of qualitative research? - Results are often reported in words, narratives, and quotes. An investigator wants to determine if there is a significant difference in the current prevalence of obesity among children enrolled in inner-city versus sub-urban public elementary schools. What type of study design would best achieve this objective? - cross- sectional Indicate the study design, in terms of the timing of data collection for this scenario: A study was done to determine the correlation between height, weight and jumping ability. Research participants came into the clinic for a single visit during which investigators measured: weight, height, and jumping ability. - cross-sectional Pregnant women were enrolled into a study at the 12th week of pregnancy and then they completed weekly diaries of their food intake and activity patterns until their standard gestational diabetes screening test at 26 weeks of pregnancy. The objective of the study was to determine if diet and physical activity are predictors of gestational diabetes diagnosis. What is the study design? - Prospective non-experimental Sixty severely malnourished hospital patients were randomized to receive either enteral-tube feeding (n = 30) or a standard oral diet (n = 30). After two weeks, change in nutritional status was measured. What kind of study design is this? - experimental Which of the following is an element of the basic principle of "justice" in human subjects research ethics as described in the Belmont Report? - There should be consideration of equitable distribution of the risks and benefits of the research across society. Which of the following is an element of the basic principle of "respect for persons" in human subjects research ethics as described in the Belmont Report? - All human research participants have the right to informed consent. Lesser et al. (2007) report that published research studies funded exclusively by food and beverage companies were 4 to 8 times more likely to report conclusions favorable to the financial interests of the sponsoring company than published research studies that were not sponsored by food and beverage companies. This finding illustrates which of the following considerations in evaluating the ethical conduct of published research: - conflict of interest

Which of the following was the first document in the history of research methods to establish the rights of research participants? - The Nuremberg Code of 1947 A dietitian measures each participant's body weight in kilograms (00.0 kg) and height in meters (0. m) and based on these data, he then codes their weight status as underweight, normal, overweight, or obese. What is the format of the variable weight status in this example? - continous A client rates her pain management satisfaction as: "Yes, satisfied" or "No, not satisfied." What is the format of the variable, pain management satisfaction? - categorical, dichotomous The mean is statistical term defined as: - the arithmetic average of a distribution of scores A client identifies her pain management satisfaction as: 1) not at all satisfied, 2) somewhat not satisfied, 3) somewhat satisfied, or 4) very satisfied. What is the format of the variable, pain management satisfaction? - categorical, ordinal If continuous data are normally distributed, approximately____% of the values will fall within +/- standard deviations of the mean. - 95% The median is a statistical term defined as: - the midpoint in a distribution; the score that divides the group in half A z-score is a statistic that is expressed in: - standard deviation units In a study examining if childhood trauma is predictive of stuttering, the investigator thinks that an additional factor that may be predictive of stuttering is age. In this example, age could be considered the: - cofactor variable Another term for the "outcome variable" in a research study is the: - dependent variable If continuous data are normally distributed, approximately____% of the values will fall within +/- standard deviation of the mean. - 95%

A study was done to compare midterm exam scores across the six majors represented in the HLTH 3098 class. Midterm scores were normally distributed. The most likely statistic for this analysis was: - An investigator examined the effect of mindfulness meditation on serum cortisol levels (a hormonal measure of stress) among college students. The hypothesis was: Among college students, daily mindfulness meditation for 8 weeks will decrease serum cortisol levels. Based on this hypothesis, the dependent variable is: - serum cortisol The table below is adapted from "The Impact of Hearing Loss on Quality of Life in Older Adults" (Dalton, 2003). Assessment scores were generated for three quality of life variables in older adult research participants—General Health, Social Functioning, and Mental Health. Hearing function was measured in the same research participants and they were categorized as: No Hearing Loss, Mild Hearing Loss, and Moderate-Severe Hearing Loss. Assuming the three quality of life variables are normally distributed, what is the most likely statistic that was used to compare each of these outcomes between the 3 levels of hearing loss? - ANOVA An investigator examined the effect of mindfulness meditation on serum cortisol levels (a hormonal measure of stress) among college students. The hypothesis was: Among college students, daily mindfulness meditation for 8 weeks will decrease serum cortisol levels as compared to baseline levels. The most likely statistic used to test this hypothesis was: - paired t- test Researchers compared Body Mass Index (BMI, kg/m2) of 1,000 undergraduate students at the University of Kentucky versus the University of Cincinnati. UK student mean BMI=22.5 kg/m2, and UC student mean=22.2 kg/m2. Researhers considered P<0.05 statistically significant. Healthy BMI range is 18.5 - 24.9 kg/m2. The P-value for the comparison of mean BMI was P=0.044. Which one statement is true about this result? - A study was carried out to determine if average serum cortisol levels (a hormonal measure of stress) were significantly different between 1st year and 4th year college students. Data for the cortisol variable were normally distributed. What statistic was most likely used to analyze these data? - Independent (Student's) t-test An investigator conducted a study to investigate the effect of mindfulness meditation on stress among college students. The hypothesis was: Among college students, daily mindfulness meditation for 8 weeks will decrease stress. Based on this hypothesis, what might be a possible cofactor variable? - year in college A study was done among college students to compare stress by year in college (First/second year or Third/fourth year) and regular exercise (Yes or No). Stress was measured on a scale from 0.0 (no stress) to 100 (high stress). The tables below shows the mean results and the ANOVA results. If

statistical significance was set at P<0.05, what is the best conclusion? - Lack of regular exercise is significantly associated with higher levels of stress irrespective of the student's year in college. Which ONE of the following statistics can be used to determine if there is a significant difference in daily high temperature in Miami, Florida, across the four seasons (Winter, Spring, Summer, Fall)? Assume daily high temperature is normally distributed. - ANOVA Of the statistical tests listed below, which is appropriate for examining the association between two normally distributed continuous variables? - pearson correlation Of the statistical tests listed below, which one is appropriate for analyzing data with an independent variable with three categories and a dependent variable that is continuous and normally distributed?

• ANOVA Of the statistical tests listed below, which one is appropriate for analyzing the association between two dichotomous variables? - Chi-square analysis Which answer is true regarding Pearson correlation (r)? - Appropriate to use for statistical analysis when you have two continuous, normally distributed variables Which of the following statistical tests below is most appropriate for examining if Body Mass Index (BMI) is significantly different between freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior students at UC? Assume BMI is normally distributed. - ANOVA Which of the following statistical tests are most appropriate for examining if there is a significant association between Body Mass Index (BMI) and number of minutes per day spent in exercise among UC students? Assume both variables are normally distributed. - Pearson correlation Which ONE of the following statements is true about adjusted regression models? - In adjusted regression models, multiple independent variables are accounted for in the regression results. Identify if the statement most often applies to Linear Regression or (binary) Logistic Regression: Used when the dependent variable is dichotomous - Logistic regression Identify if the statement most often applies to Linear Regression or (binary) Logistic Regression: Results report the odds ratio (OR) - Logistic regression

Identify if the statement most often applies to Linear Regression or (binary) Logistic Regression: Results report the beta coefficient - Linear regression A study was conducted to determine how common back pain was among first year college students. Students were asked, "Are you currently experiencing back pain?" Of the 1,000 students who answered the question, 100 responded, "yes," resulting in a rate of 100/1000, or 10%. The researchers did not ask about their back pain history. Does the resulting rate of 10% represent incidence or prevalence? - Prevalence A study was conducted to determine the rate of new back pain among undergraduate students during their first year of college. Only freshman students who started college without having ever experienced back pain were included in the study. Students were interviewed monthly throughout their first 12 months of college. At each interview, the students were asked if they have experienced back pain since the previous interview. Of the 200 student participants, 10 developed back pain during the study time frame, resulting in 10/200, or 5% per year. Does the result represent incidence or prevalence? - incidence The below table is adapted from the research publication: Beynnon et al. First-time inversion ankle ligament trauma. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 2005; 33 (10): 1485-1491. The table shows relative risk and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) of an ankle ligament trauma among college athletes as compared to high school athletes. Education levelRelative Risk (95% CI)High School Reference groupCollege1.51 (0.79-2.86) Based on the above results, are college athletes at significantly higher risk of ankle ligament trauma as compared to high school athletes? - No The below table is adapted from the research publication: Beynnon et al. First-time inversion ankle ligament trauma. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 2005; 33 (10): 1485-1491. The table shows relative risk and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) of an ankle ligament trauma among male college athletes according to their sport. Sport playedRelative Risk (95% CI)Lacrosse Reference groupSoccer2.45 (0.74-8.14)Basketball0. (0.16-4.97) Based on the above results, are male college soccer players at significantly higher risk of ankle ligament trauma as compared to male college lacrosse players? - no The below table is adapted from the research publication: Beynnon et al. First-time inversion ankle ligament trauma. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 2005; 33 (10): 1485-1491. The table shows relative risk and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) of an ankle ligament trauma among female college athletes according to their sport.

Sport playedRelative Risk (95% CI)Lacrosse Reference groupSoccer1.14 (0.35-3.74)Basketball 2. (1.02-7.76) Based on the above results, are female college basketball players at significantly higher risk of ankle ligament trauma as compared to female college lacrosse players? - yes The following table is adapted from: Njølstad I, Arnesen E, Lund-Larsen PG.Smoking, serum lipids, blood pressure, and sex differences in myocardial infarction. A 12-year follow-up of the Finnmark Study. Circulation. 1996 Feb 1;93(3):450-6. The table shows Rate Ratio and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of myocardial infarction by smoking status. Smoking Status Rate Ratio (95% CI) Never1.0 (reference)Former 1.4 (0.6 - 2.9)Current 3.6 (2.2. - 6.0) Based on the results table above, do current smokers have a significantly higher rate of myocardial infarction than never-smokers? - yes The following table is adapted from: Njølstad I, Arnesen E, Lund-Larsen PG.Smoking, serum lipids, blood pressure, and sex differences in myocardial infarction. A 12-year follow-up of the Finnmark Study. Circulation. 1996 Feb 1;93(3):450-6. The table shows Rate Ratio and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of myocardial infarction by smoking status. Smoking Status Rate Ratio (95% CI) Never1.0 (reference)Former 1.4 (0.6 - 2.9)Current 3.6 (2.2. - 6.0) Based on the results table above, do former smokers have a significantly higher rate of myocardial infarction than never-smokers? - no Of the statistical tests listed below, which is most appropriate for statistical analysis in the following scenario? A researcher will enroll 100 research participants in an intervention comprised of daily guided meditation for 2 months. Stress will be measured on a continuous scale, ranging from 0-100, before (PRE) and after (POST) the 2 month intervention. The researcher will compare PRE vs POST stress values in the sample of 100 participants. Assume stress is a normally distributed variable. - paired t-test Of the statistical tests listed below, which is most appropriate for examining if there is a significant association in young adults between current smoking status (yes, no) and high school graduation status (high school diploma versus did not graduate from high school)? - Chi-square analysis Of the statistical tests listed below, which is the most appropriate for identifying significant predicters of smoking status among college students (formatted as current versus not current smoker), where the potential predictors are gender, history of smoking before college, smoking status of the parents,

number of friends who smoke, works at least 10 hours per week, year in college, major in college. [Hint: ask yourself, is the outcome variable dichotomous or continuous?] - Logistic Regression In a randomized controlled trial, analyzing the data using all subjects randomized, whether or not they finished the intervention, is termed: - Intention to treat analysis Having an adequate sample size in a study is important for being able to statistically test a hypothesis. Choose the best answer regarding sample size. - The hypothesized effect size and variability (e.g. standard deviation) of the outcome are both important factors to consider in determining the study sample size. The greater the variability (e.g. standard deviation) of the study outcome, the _____ sample size required. - larger A study was done to compare the effects of 8 weeks of meditation versus 8 weeks of aerobic exercise on reducing stress in college students. 20 students were randomized to either 1) meditation or 2) exercise. The null hypothesis was: there will be no difference in stress between the groups after 8 weeks of treatment. The published article didn't have a sample size calculation in the Methods section. The results showed no difference in stress between the groups after 8 weeks of treatment. As a critical reviewer of the scientific literature, what are your thoughts regarding this study? - You are suspicious of a Type II error (accepting the null hypothesis falsely). A study was done to compare the effects of 8 weeks of meditation versus 8 weeks aerobic exercise on reducing stress in college students. 20 students were randomized to either 1) meditation or 2) exercise. The null hypothesis was: there will be no difference in stress between the groups after 8 weeks of treatment. The published article didn't have a sample size calculation in the Methods section. The results showed no difference in stress between the groups after 8 weeks of treatment. The article did not include a sample size calculation in the Methods article. Which section of the article would you most likely find the authors mention the possibility of the study being limited by a small sample size? - discussion A researcher is planning a study to determine the effect of a motivational interviewing approach on weight loss. The hypothesis is: motivational interviewing will decrease weight more than a handout regarding healthy eating (control group). Based on a priori specification of alpha = 0.05 and beta =0.10 (i.e., power of 0.90), the sample size calculation indicated that 100 subjects were needed in each group (i.e., 200 subjects total). The researcher randomly assigned 100 people to the treatment group and 100 people to the control group, measured each person's weight when they enrolled in the study, and measured each person's weight again at the end of the study. The average weight loss for participants in the treatment group was 5 pounds, and the average weight loss in the control group was 3 pounds (p=0.06). If the researcher wanted power of 0.95 (beta=0.05), what would happen to the required sample size? - it would increase

A researcher is planning a study to determine the effect of a motivational interviewing approach on weight loss The hypothesis is: motivational interviewing will decrease weight more than a handout regarding healthy eating (control group). The researcher randomly assigned 100 people to the treatment group and 100 people to the control group, measured each person's weight when they enrolled in the study, and measured each person's weight again at the end of the study. The average weight loss for participants in the treatment group was 5 pounds, and the average in the controls group was 3 pounds (p=0.06). A different research study investigating subject satisfaction with weight loss programs suggested a benchmark loss of at least 7 pounds is needed for a person to be "satisfied" with their weight loss. Synthesizing information from both the benchmark study and the above randomized controlled trial, what is your conclus - The weight loss difference between the treatment and control groups, although statistically significant, may not be clinically meaningful. Vignette from: Chuang TY et al. Effect of a virtual reality-enhanced exercise protocol after coronary artery bypass grafting. Phys Ther 2006:86;1369-1377Chuang et al (2006) compared outcomes between cardiac rehab patients who performed treadmill training with virtual reality (VR group) versus those who performed treadmill training without virtual reality (non-VR group). 24 subjects were randomized to one of two groups: 1) VR group (n=12), or 2) non-VR group (n=12). Study design was a randomized control trial. All subjects received cardiac rehab (including 30 min of treadmill training) 2x/week for 3 months. During the study, 4 subjects were lost to follow up, resulting in 20 subjects completing the study. Each group lost 2 subjects. Choose the best answer below. - You are slightly concerned about the percent loss to follow up, because it is a little over 15%. Chuang et al (2006) compared outcomes between cardiac rehab patients who performed treadmill training with virtual reality (VR group) versus those who performed treadmill training without virtual reality (non-VR group). 24 subjects were randomized to one of two groups: 1) VR group (n=12), or 2) non-VR group (n=12). Study design was a randomized control trial. Study investigators provided all subjects with cardiac rehab (including 30 min of treadmill training) 2x/week for 3 months. Randomization was performed by "lottery" where each subject (blindly) picked a ball from a box that originally contained 24 balls (12 of ball A=non-VR group, and 12 of ball B=VR group). Investigators were not involved in this randomization. Choose the best answer below. - Even though group assignment was randomized, in this type of study it is not possible to truly mask the participant to the type of rehab that they are receiving Chuang et al (2006) compared outcomes between cardiac rehab patients who performed treadmill training with virtual reality (VR group) versus those who performed treadmill training without virtual reality (non-VR group). 24 subjects were randomized to one of two groups: 1) VR group (n=12), or 2) non-VR group (n=12). Study design was a randomized control trial. All subjects received cardiac rehab (including 30 min of treadmill training) 2x/week for 3 months. There were no significant differences between groups in age, body mass index, V02max (oxygen capacity) or months since cardiac surgery. Choose the best answer below. - Although randomization cannot guarentee that baseline characteristics will be similarly distributed between groups, it does increase the probability of similar distribution of baseline characteristics.

A systematic review was conducted to investigate the effect of early aquaticphysical therapy (PT) after orthopedic surgery (Villalta and Peiris. 2012. Arch Phys Med Rehabil). Below is a figures from the Results section.Figure 1: Standardized Mean Difference (95% CI) for the effect of aquatic physicaltherapy vs land-based physical therapy on Activities of Daily Living (ADL; a measureof overall health). Abbreviations: IV = inverse variance; Std. = standardized. What is the formal name of the way the results are displayed in Figure 1 above? - a forest plot A systematic review was conducted to investigate the effect of early aquaticphysical therapy (PT) after orthopedic surgery (Villalta and Peiris. 2012. Arch Phys Med Rehabil). Below is a figures from the Results section. Figure 1: Standardized Mean Difference (95% CI) for the effect of aquatic physicaltherapy vs land-based physical therapy on Activities of Daily Living (ADL; a measureof overall health). Abbreviations: IV = inverse variance; Std. = standardized. What is the outcome measure being analyzed in Figure 1 above? - A systematic review was conducted to investigate the effect of early aquaticphysical therapy (PT) after orthopedic surgery (Villalta and Peiris. 2012. Arch Phys Med Rehabil). Below is a figures from the Results section. Figure 1: Standardized Mean Difference (95% CI) for the effect of aquatic physicaltherapy vs land-based physical therapy on Activities of Daily Living (ADL; a measureof overall health). Abbreviations: IV = inverse variance; Std. = standardized. What are the two treatment groups that are being compared in Figure 1 above? - Aquatic versus Land-based physical therapy A systematic review was conducted to investigate the effect of early aquaticphysical therapy (PT) after orthopedic surgery (Villalta and Peiris. 2012. Arch Phys Med Rehabil). Below is a figures from the Results section.Figure 1: Standardized Mean Difference (95% CI) for the effect of aquatic physicaltherapy vs land-based physical therapy on Activities of Daily Living (ADL; a measureof overall health). Abbreviations: IV = inverse variance; Std. = standardized.How many individual research studies are included in the meta-analysis shown in Figure 1 above? - 6 A systematic review was conducted to investigate the effect of early aquaticphysical therapy (PT) after orthopedic surgery (Villalta and Peiris. 2012. Arch Phys Med Rehabil). Below is a figures from the Results section. Figure 1: Standardized Mean Difference (95% CI) for the effect of aquatic physicaltherapy vs land-based physical therapy on Activities of Daily Living (ADL; a measureof overall health). Abbreviations: IV = inverse variance; Std. = standardized. How many total research participants are represented in the meta-analysis in Figure 1 above? - 234 A systematic review was conducted to investigate the effect of early aquaticphysical therapy (PT) after orthopedic surgery (Villalta and Peiris. 2012. Arch Phys Med Rehabil). Below is a figures from the Results section. Figure 1: Standardized Mean Difference (95% CI) for the effect of aquatic physicaltherapy vs land-based physical therapy on Activities of Daily Living (ADL; a measureof overall health). Abbreviations: IV = inverse variance; Std. = standardized. How many total research participants received Aquatic Physical Therapy in the meta-analysis in Figure 1 above? - 115

A systematic review was conducted to investigate the effect of early aquaticphysical therapy (PT) after orthopedic surgery (Villalta and Peiris. 2012. Arch Phys Med Rehabil). Below is a figures from the Results section.Figure 1: Standardized Mean Difference (95% CI) for the effect of aquatic physicaltherapy vs land-based physical therapy on Activities of Daily Living (ADL; a measureof overall health). Abbreviations: IV = inverse variance; Std. = standardized. What is the range of sample sizes for the individual studies included in the meta-analysis in Figure 1 above? - 19 to 85 A systematic review was conducted to investigate the effect of early aquaticphysical therapy (PT) after orthopedic surgery (Villalta and Peiris. 2012. Arch Phys Med Rehabil). Below is a figures from the Results section.Figure 1: Standardized Mean Difference (95% CI) for the effect of aquatic physicaltherapy vs land-based physical therapy on Activities of Daily Living (ADL; a measureof overall health). Abbreviations: IV = inverse variance; Std. = standardized. In how many of the individual studies shown in Figure 1 above were the results statistically significant at p<0.05? - 1 A systematic review was conducted to investigate the effect of early aquaticphysical therapy (PT) after orthopedic surgery (Villalta and Peiris. 2012. Arch Phys Med Rehabil). Below is a figures from the Results section. Figure 1: Standardized Mean Difference (95% CI) for the effect of aquatic physicaltherapy vs land-based physical therapy on Activities of Daily Living (ADL; a measureof overall health). Abbreviations: IV = inverse variance; Std. = standardized. What is the 95% CI (95% confidence interval) for the pooled results in the meta-analysis shown in Figure 1 above? - [0.07, 0.58] A systematic review was conducted to investigate the effect of early aquaticphysical therapy (PT) after orthopedic surgery (Villalta and Peiris. 2012. Arch Phys Med Rehabil). Below is a figures from the Results section.Figure 1: Standardized Mean Difference (95% CI) for the effect of aquatic physicaltherapy vs land-based physical therapy on Activities of Daily Living (ADL; a measureof overall health). Abbreviations: IV = inverse variance; Std. = standardized. In the meta-analysis shown in Figure 1 above, were the pooled results statistically significant in showing Aquatic Physical Therapy having a greater improvement in ADL? - yes Identify the correct order for the 5 steps of evidence based practice - formulate, find, appraise, implement, evaluate which phrase correctly lists the three types of clinical questions - diagnostic, prognostic, treatment (intervention) PICO questions are used for asking which type of clinical questions - treatment (intervention)

Identify the "P" in the PICO question: Will the DASH diet decrease blood pressure in a 12 - year - old female? - 12 - year - old female Identify the "I" in the PICO question: Will a hearing aid increase quality of life in a 60 - year - old female? - Hearing aid Identify the 'C' in the PICO question: Will plyometric strengthening be more effective than a knee brace in preventing injury in a high school football player - Knee brace Identify the 'O' in the PICO question: Will aerobic exercise be more effective than strength training in improving glucose control in adults with type 2 diabetes - Glucose control Identify the correct category for the clinical question: What are the risk factors of falls in older adults? - Prognostic definition Identify the correct category for the clinical question: Will lower extremity strengthening improve balance in an older adult? -