Research Methods in Business, Exams of Nursing

Download Research Methods in Business and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Quantitative Methods Exam 1 questions well answered to pass What are the five steps of the research process - correct answer ✔✔1. Clarifying the research question 2. proposing research 3. data collection 4. data analysis and interpretation 5. reporting the results What do you do when clarifying the research question? 3 points - correct answer ✔✔1. change a management dilema into a research question 2. research the question and formulate it into a specific hypothesis 3. give it an operational definition operational definition - correct answer ✔✔an operational definition basically describes the idea that you are examining in a very specific manner What 6 things do you need to consider when proposing the research? - correct answer ✔✔1. purpose 2. methods 3. timing 4. budget 5. delivery 6. legal contract What 2 things does the budget tell you? - correct answer ✔✔1. it gives percents and factors 2. assigns a cost to each part/task of the research Definition of Primary research - correct answer ✔✔research that you conduct yourself secondary research - correct answer ✔✔research that someone else conducted, collected in the past on your topic What 5 things do you need to consider when designing your research? - correct answer ✔✔1. what instruments might you need? 2. will you need to train personnel? 3. will you pay participants? 4. do you need to seek approval? 5. what special equipment/ software will you need? what 4 things do you need to consider about data collection? - correct answer ✔✔1. it needs to be submitted according to ethical standards 2. is it concrete and/or abstract? 3. is your data pertinent to your research question? 4. make sure your data fits with the hypothesis and actually answers your question 4 things to consider during data analysis and interpretation - correct answer ✔✔1. check for accuracy and outliers 2. develop summaries 3. look for patterns 4. apply statistical techniques What should reporting the results do? - correct answer ✔✔it should inform a management decision 4 things to avoid during the research process - correct answer ✔✔1. ill-defined problem 2. unsearchable questions 3 . politically motivated research 4 .data that doesn't apply to the research question and unnecessary research definition of discrete variable - correct answer ✔✔isolated whole numbers separated by gaps (# of kids in family) definition of continuous variable - correct answer ✔✔can have decimals (hours worked, temperature) Definition of level of measurement - correct answer ✔✔determines the statistical tests that should be done to summarize and present data, Nominal level data 3 - correct answer ✔✔1. the variable of interest is divided into categories or outcomes 2. there is no natural order to the labels/outcomes EX categorical , qualitative, frequencies ordinal-level data 2 - correct answer ✔✔1. data are represented by an attribute (good-poor) 2. the data can be ranked or ordered but the distance is not meaningful EX ranked data Interval- Level data - correct answer ✔✔1. there are equal, meaningful intervals 2. data classifications are ordered according to the amount the characteristic possesses Ratio-level Data 3 - correct answer ✔✔- the highest level of measurement that has all the characteristics of interval 1. ordered according to the amount of the characteristics they possess 2. there are equal, meaningful intervals 3. there is a true/absolute zero but no negative Likert Scales - correct answer ✔✔- feels ordinal but produces interval data - gives an attribute and a number Ethical things to consider - correct answer ✔✔1. societal rights 2. participants rights 3. confidentiality (who has the right to access the data) 4. anonymity (concealing the participants identity) 5. debriefing definition of qualitative research 3 - correct answer ✔✔- method of inquiry where researchers aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior/attitudes/cognitions and the reasons that govern such behaviors - investigates the why and the how - the researchers role receives great attention because they interact with participants qualitative research techniques - correct answer ✔✔1. group interviews 2. focus groups 3 ethical inquiry 4 action research 5. observation 6. in-depth interview 7. ethnography 8. case studies 3 differences in the focus of research between qualitative and quantitative data - correct answer ✔✔qualitative: theory building, understanding, interpretation quantitative: theory testing, description, explanation 3 differences in sample design and size between qualitative and quantitative data - correct answer ✔✔qualitative: non-probability (might be bias), purposive, small sample quantitative: probability, large sample, a non bias representation of the population 2 differences in turnaround between qualitative and quantitative data - correct answer ✔✔qualitative: shorter turnaround, insight development is ongoing quantitative: longer turnaround, time consuming because insight development follows data entry What is the general sampling rule? - correct answer ✔✔you should keep conducting interviews until no new insights are gained Definition on Independent variable - correct answer ✔✔the variable that is manipulated in order to measure the change in the dependent variable Definition of the dependent variable - correct answer ✔✔the variable that is measured definition of moderating variable - correct answer ✔✔changes the relationship between the IV and DV (how many tests you had that day) definition of mediating variable - correct answer ✔✔explains the change/ the relationship between the IV and DV (how much effort was put into studying for this test) the web of research design - correct answer ✔✔research design exploratory descriptive experimental lab field 2 characteristics of exploratory research and 3 examples - correct answer ✔✔- seeks to develop initial hunches or insights - provides direction for further research - types: focus groups, case study, observational definition of internal validity - correct answer ✔✔observed results solely due to the experimental manipulation Threats to external validity 2 - correct answer ✔✔1. reactive bias 2. a non representative sample bias threats to internal validity 4 - correct answer ✔✔1. history effects 2. maturation effects (over time participants change) 3. pretesting effects 4. morality effect Definition of reliability - correct answer ✔✔how consistent the data is, its not an indicator of validity definition of internal consistency reliability - correct answer ✔✔splitting a measurement down the middle (1st half and second half) definition of retest reliability - correct answer ✔✔people are given an instrument multiple times to see if they react consistently the 2 formats for hypotheses and which is better - correct answer ✔✔descriptive and question descriptive is better because is has statistical standing 2 types of relational hypotheses and examples - correct answer ✔✔correlational and causal correlational- women under 35 purchase fewer units than women over 35 causal- an increase in income leads to an increase in the percent of income saved the role of the hypothesis 4 - correct answer ✔✔1 guide the direction of the study 2 identify relevant facts 3 suggest the most appropriate research design 4 provide a framework for organizing the resulting conclusions a strong hypothesis is .....3 - correct answer ✔✔adequate, testable, better than rivals 4 sources of error in an experiment - correct answer ✔✔1. respondent (the participants want to give a postive impression of themselves) 2. situation (an external factor that adverly affects the participants and therefor the study) 3. measuerer (can accidentaly influence the results) 4. instrument (can malfunction) 2 things important for surveys - correct answer ✔✔1. the more points/options available the more reliable the indicator is. want to have +/- 7 2.avoid leading, complicated, double barreled and one sided questions rater errors 5 - correct answer ✔✔1. leniency (people are at opposite ends of the spectrum) 2. central tendency (people don't commit to anything) 3. primacy (1st option is most appealing) 4. recency (the last option seems most appealing) 5. halo (keep emotional questions for the end) what is a frequency distribution - correct answer ✔✔a collection of observations produced by sorting observations into classes and showing their frequency of occurrences in each class (basically dividing stuff up into different categories) what is ungrouped data? - correct answer ✔✔- its used when observations are sorted into classes of single values - use it with 20 or less observations or it becomes overwhelming to create and interpret steps for finding the frequency distribution of ungrouped data 3 - correct answer ✔✔1. arrange a column of values highest to lowest 2. place tally marks next to each observation 3. add up the tally marks and substitute that number what is grouped data? - correct answer ✔✔when observations are grouped into classes of more than 1 value steps for finding the frequency distribution of grouped data 4 - correct answer ✔✔1. decide the number of classes by using the equation 2^k , use the smallest value of k that makes the number closest to the sum of the observations 2. determine the class interval using max value - minimum value/ k 3. each observation should be included in ONE class 4. tally the observations in each class, the number of observations in each class is the class frequency what is a relative frequency distribution? - correct answer ✔✔- it shows the frequency of each class as a percentage and gives us the concentration of values - frequency of each class/total observations X 100 name the 3 graphs for quantitative data 3 - correct answer ✔✔Histogram frequency polygon stem and leaf what is a histogram - correct answer ✔✔- a bar type graph with no gaps between the bars - H axis shows the class intervals of the frequency distribution - V axis shows the increases in frequency what us a frequency polygon? - correct answer ✔✔- a line graph used for comparing two distributions - place dot in the middle of each bar top and erase the bars what is a stem and leaf display? - correct answer ✔✔a cross between a frequency table and a histogram , it provides information about the individual scores what are the four shapes of frequency distributions? draw them - correct answer ✔✔normal (looks like a hill)