Review DIT 121 Exam 3 Best Exam Solutions Questions Wth Answers Tested And Verified Answer, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Nutrition

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Review DIT 121

Exam 3 Best Exam Solutions Questions Wth Answers Tested And Verified Answers GRADED A+

1. What are phytochemicals? Name an example and explain the benefit.

In foods, phytochemicals impart tastes, aromas, colors, and other characteristics. They give hot peppers their burning sensation, garlic its pungent flavor, and tomatoes their red color. In the body, phytochemicals can have profound physiological effects—acting as antioxidants , mimicking hormones, stimulating enzymes , interfering with DNA replication , suppressing inflammation , destroying bacteria , and binding to cell walls Examples: whole grains, chives, garlic, hot peppers and, turmeric

**- linked to reductions in the risk of major chronic diseases

• protect against DNA damage
• Defend body against cancer**
  2. Name the primary function, deficiency and two major food sources

of each of the fat-soluble vitamins. Function Deficiency(Defici Major food

encies develop slowly) sources Vitamin A -Vision -maintenance of cornea,epithelial cells, mucous membranes, skin, bone and tooth growth reproduction; -immunity -Antioxidant in the form of beta carotene Infectious diseases, night blindness, blindness (xerophthalmia), keratinization Retinol: milk and milk products Beta- carotene: dark green, leafy and deep yellow/orange veg etables Vitamin D

• Mineralization of bones (raises blood calcium and phosphorus by increasing absorption from the digestive tract, withdrawing calcium from bones, stimulating retention by kidneys) -Rickets, -osteomalacia -elderly (osteoporosis) Synthesized in the body with the help of sunshine; fortified milk Vitamin E -Antioxidant (stabilization of cell membranes, -regulation of oxidation reactions,
• protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFA] and vitamin A) -Vitamin E is a fat- soluble antioxidant and one of the body’s primary defenders against the adverse effects of free radicals Erythrocyte hemolysis, nerve damage Vegetable oils, salad dressings, wheat germ, sweet potato, liver, green leafy vegetables, nuts, seeds. Vitamin K Synthesis of blood- clotting proteins and -Hemorrhagic disease
• ½ synthesized by bacteria in

bone proteins -Skeletal weakness the gut

• ½ milk, eggs, liver, green leafy, cabbage-type vegetables. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant and one of the body’s primary defenders against the adverse effects of free radicals. Its main action is to stop the chain reaction of free radicals from producing more free radicals. In doing so, vitamin E protects the vulnerable components of the cells and their membranes from destruction. Most notably, vitamin E prevents the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, but it protects other lipids and related compounds (for example, vitamin A) as well.

3. What is beta-carotene? Where do we find it? Why is it important in the diet? - Beta-carotene is a red-orange pigment

• found in fruits and vegetables
• It is a precursor t o vitamin A , thus, in measuring a person’s vitamin intake, it is important to count both the amount of active vitamin and the potential amount of vitamin

4. What is the daily recommended intake of water for adults?

• 2 to 3 liters of water ( about 8 to 12 cups )

5. List the major function, deficiency symptoms, and best food source for the following minerals: a. Iron ■ Function - part of protein hemoglobin which carries oxygen in the blood, part of the protein myoglobin in muscles which makes oxygen available for muscle contraction ; necessary for the utilization of energy as part of the cells metabolic machinery.

■ Deficiency symptoms - Anemia , weakness, fatigue, headaches, impaired work performance, and cognitive function, impaired immunity, pale skin, pica, concave nails. ■ Best Food Source - Red meat, fish, poultry, eggs, legumes b. Iodine ■ Function - it is an integral part of the thyroid hormones that regulate body temperature, metabolic rate, reproduction, growth, blood cell production, nerve and muscle function, and more ■ Deficiency symptoms - an underactive thyroid gland, goiter - enlargement of the thyroid gland, mental and physical retardation in infants ■ Best Food Source - iodized salt, seafood, bread, dairy products, plants grown in iodine rich soil and animals that are fed from plants grown in that area c. Fluoride ■ Function - strengthens teeth and helps make them resistant to decay ■ Deficiency symptoms - tooth decay ■ Best Food Source - water, tea, seafood d. Zinc ■ Function - part of many enzymes; associated with hormone insulin, involved in making genetic material in proteins, immune reactions, transport of Vitamin A , taste perception, wound healing, the making of sperm , and normal development of a fetus ■ Deficiency symptoms - growth retardation , delayed sexual maturation, impaired immune system, hair loss, eye and skin lesions, loss of appetite ■ Best Food Source - protein containing foods: red meats, shellfish, whole grains, some fortified cereal e. Sodium ■ Sodium is the principal cation of the extracellular fluid and the primary regulator of its volume.

■ Sodium also helps maintain acid-base balance and is essential to nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction ■ Hyponatremia → the dangerous condition of having too little sodium in the blood. excessive sodium losses, not from inadequate sodium intake ■ Deficiency symptoms are high blood pressure, dizziness, thirst, lethargy, best found in salt ■ Significant Sources → #1 is processed foods – 75% # Salt shaker; Table salt, soy sauce; moderate amounts in meats, milk, bread, and vegetables; large amounts in processed foods file:///Users/naomisirak/Downloads/DIT121_CH12.pdf f. Potassium ■ Primary cation inside the cell ■ a. Maintains normal fluid balance ■ b. Maintains electrolyte balance ■ c. Facilitates many reactions ■ d. Assists in nerve transmission ■ e. Assists in muscle contractions ■ Potassium plays a major role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance and cell integrity ■ Controlling potassium distribution is a high priority for the body because it affects many aspects of homeostasis, including a steady heartbeat. ■ Diets low in potassium, especially when combined with high sodium intakes, raise blood pressure and increase the risk of death from heart disease. ■ Potassium deficiency is characterized by an increase in blood pressure, kidney stones, and bone turnover. As the deficiency progresses, symptoms include irregular heartbeat, muscle weakness, and glucose intolerance. ■ Potassium is the primary cation inside cells; fresh foods, notably fruits and vegetables, are its best sources g. Chromium ■ Function - enhances insulin action and may improve glucose tolerance ■ Deficiency symptoms - diabetes like condition

■ Best Food Source - meats especially liver , whole grains, brewers yeast h. Magnesium ■ Functions: ● 60% bones & teeth ● 40% enzyme regulation & energy metabolism Catalyst in ATP formation. ● 3. Muscle contraction ● Nerve impulse transmission ● Protein synthesis ■ Function - Bone mineralization, building protein, enzyme action, normal muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, maintenance of teeth, and a functioning immune system ■ Deficiency: Adults fall short of recommendation but deficiency not common; weakness, confusion, convulsions, hallucinations. Seen in alcohol abuse. Insufficient Mg increases cardiovascular risk. ■ Sources: Halibut , cashews, artichoke best sources. Hard water, legumes, dark green vegetables, seafood, chocolate, seeds, nuts

6. What is the DRI for sodium? - 1 teaspoon (the equivalent of about 2.3 grams or 2300 milligrams of sodium )
7. What enhances nonheme iron absorption from plants?

10. Describe the "optimum" vitamin/mineral pill. When are

• Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) also enhances nonheme iron absorption from foods eaten at the same meal by capturing the iron and keeping it in the reduced ferrous form, ready for absorption.

8. When is vitamin/mineral toxicity most likely to occur?

• when using supplements (mega supplements) The best supplement? a. No more than 100% of the DRI b. Multivitamin/mineral supplement better than single supplements 9. What 2 fat-soluble vitamins are considered the **most toxic?
• Vitamin A and Vitamin D** supplements needed? Supplements needed when...
• specific nutrient deficiencies
• low energy intakes (less than 1600kcal/day)
• vegetarians (vegans)
• lactose intolerant
• infants, women of childbearing age, pregnant women
• those who had surgeries recently
• taking meds that interfere with body use of nutrients

11. What vitamin needs an “intrinsic factor” for absorption and why?

• Vitamin B12 because it is bound with a protein. It needs an intrinsic factor so that when it reaches the small intestine it will be recognized by the receptors

12. What is osteoporosis? Who is at greatest risk for developing osteoporosis? How is it prevented?

• a disease in which the bones become porous and fragile due to a loss of minerals; also called adult bone loss.
• Older people, especially women are at a higher risk for osteoporosis. It can be prevented with a change in lifestyle, exercising, increasing intake of vitamin D, stop smoking and drinking alcohol. Lower body weight if needed People at risk:
• 1. Female
• 2. Genetics - small frame, thin body
• 3. Post menopausal.
• 4. Over 50 y.o.
• 5. Life style (no exercise)
• 6. Poor lifetime diet habits
• a. High intake of animal protein
• b. High intake of caffeinated soda pop
• 7. Lactose intolerant
• 8. Smokers
• 9. Medications - anticonvulsants
• 10. Excess alcohol intake

13. What is the most common worldwide mineral deficiency that affects thousands of people, including those in the US? - Iron is the most common - it affects 1.5 to 2 million people mostly preschoolers, pregnant women, and people who are overweight
14. What foods contribute to the majority of sodium we eat each day? - Processed food
15. Name the 4 vitamins/mineral or phytochemicals that function as antioxidants in the body.

These include the nutrient antioxidants , vitamins A, C and E, and the minerals copper, zinc and selenium

• Vitamin C
• Vitamin A
• Vitamin E
• Selenium
• Polyphenols -grapes, wine, green tea

16. Where are oxalates and phytates found and how do they impact mineral absorption? ■ Phytates in whole grains (also known as phytic acid) ● Phytates perform an essential role in plants, as they are an energy source for the sprouting seed. When a seed sprouts, phytase enzymes break down the stored phytates. ■ Oxalates in spinach, beets, rhubarb, cocoa, sweet potato ● Oxalates are a natural substance in many foods. They bind to calcium during digestion in the stomach and intestines and leave the body in stool. Oxalate that is not bound to calcium travels as a waste product from the blood to the kidneys where it leaves the body in the urine.
17. How can calcium absorption be enhanced? - Factors Increasing Absorption - Absorption about 30%. - a. Adequate Vitamin D. - b. Lactose increases solubility of Ca. - c. HCL, more soluble in acid. - d. Need - higher absorption when pregnant (50%); teens (60%). - Factors Decreasing Absorption - a. Lack of stomach acid. - b. Vitamin D deficiency. - c. High fiber diet. - d. Phytates in whole grains (also known as phytic acid) - e. Oxalates in spinach, beets, rhubarb, cocoa, sweet potato
18. What is the most commonly used calcium supplement? - calcium carbonate

19. What minerals are most important for bone and skeleton formation? 7 Major Minerals Needed in amounts greater than 100 mg/day Electrolyte: Sodium, Potassium and Chloride Bone/teeth: Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Structure: Sulfur (Sulfate)
20. Which of the six classes of nutrients is considered most essential/critical to your health? - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water
21. Name the major function, deficiency disease and best food source for the water-soluble vitamins: Major function Deficiency disease Best food source Thiamin -Coenzyme in CHO energy metabolism. TPP (thiamin pyrophosphate) -Nerve function -Beri beri (paralysis, loss of appetite, mental depression) - Wernicke- Korsakoff Toxicity: No

• Pork is the richest. Fortified cereals, grains, bread; acorn squash; whole grains; liver. Niacin -Coenzyme in many metabolic reactions (glucose, fat & alcohol) a. Part of NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) b. Part of NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). -Supports skin, nervous and digestive system. -Pellagra -diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and eventually death; often called the four Ds Toxicity : Yes. Especially nicotinic acid. Niacin flush; liver damage, increase in blood pressure. -Meat, poultry, and legumes; whole grains, enriched bread, and cereals; mushrooms, potatoes & tomatoes. (All protein-rich foods) Riboflavin - Coenzyme in energy metabolism Part of FMN - flavin mononucleotide Part of FAD - flavin adenine dinucleotide. b. DNA - mAriboflavinosis -Inflammation of the membrane of the mouth, skin, eyes and GI tract Toxicity : No

-DAIRY IS THE BEST

-milk and milk products(cheese, yogurt) -whole-grain fortified or enriched grain products; liver

synthesis. c. Needed normal skin and vision. d. Converts the amino acid tryptophan to niacin B (Cobalamin) -DNA & RNA synthesis for new cells

• Normal growth -Maintain nerve fibers -Releases folate coenzyme -Pernicious anemia. Macrocytic or megaloblastic anemia. Nerve degeneration; paralysis. It causes folate deficiency. - Dairy is best. Meat, dark green vegetables, whole grains, and fortified cereals and bread, mushrooms and liver. vitamin C -collagen synthesis -antioxidant -resists/fights infection -aids in wound healing -promotes iron absorption -Scurvy - bleeding gums, pinpoint hemorrhages, weakness, delayed wound healing -Sudden death: massive internal bleeding -Diarrhea, cramps, nausea, headache, insomnia, fatigue, kidney stones. Toxicity : Diarrhea, cramps, nausea, headache, insomnia, fatigue, kidney stones -Fruits & vegetables only Pyridoxin e B -Coenzyme amino acid and fatty acid metabolism PMP = pyridoxamine phosphate PLP = pyridoxal phosphate - Hemoglobin formation; RNA and DNA synthesis OH Ch 10 Vitamins 32013 bb EC 5 3. Transmits nerve impulses -Weakness, irritability, insomnia; anemia; growth failure, impaired motor function, convulsions, depression. Toxic: Yes. Irreversible nerve damage -Best - chicken, meat, legumes, green leafy vegetables, potatoes, whole grains, bananas, and watermelon ●

Folate a) DNA & RNA synthesis for new cells. b) Activates B 12 c) coenzyme form is THF (tetrahydrofolate) & DHF (dihydrofolate) d) Blood formation - part of hemoglobin -Macrocytic or megaloblastic -anemia -Mental confusion, -depression, -gi deterioration Toxicity: Masks vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms. -Fortified grains/cereals since 1996, green leafy vegetables; liver, orange juice and legumes.

22. What is the major health concern of ingesting contamination minerals, especially lead?

• Contaminant minerals include the heavy metals lead, mercury, and cadmium, which enter the food supply by way of soil, water, and air pollution.
• Chemically similar to nutrient minerals such as iron, calcium, and zinc (cations with two positive charges), lead displaces them from some of the metabolic sites they normally occupy so they are then unable to perform their roles.
• Excess lead in the blood also deranges the structure of red blood cell membranes, making them leaky and fragile. Lead interacts with white blood cells, too, impairing their ability to fight infection, and it binds to antibodies, thwarting their effort to resist disease.

23. What is the DRI for calcium? - 1000 mg/day
24. How much calcium is in a. 8 fl oz of milk →approx.. 300 mg b. 1 cup of cottage cheese → 187 mg c. 1 cup of broccoli → 43 milligram d. 1 ½ oz. cheddar cheese → 306 mg
25. Review the vitamin worksheet you completed as an assignment.
26. Is you diet better or worse than 16 weeks ago?

Chapter 10 ● From which of these food groups do most people get their riboflavin? ○ Milk and milk products ● Without adequate vitamin B6, abnormal compounds produced during tryptophan metabolism accumulate in the brain. TRUE ● Many older adults develop vitamin B12 deficiency because they develop atrophic gastritis. TRUE Chapter 11

1. Vitamin A participates in the conversion of light energy into nerve impulses at the retina. TRUE 2. Beta-carotene serves as a vitamin D precursor. False 3. Eat sweet potatoes, not corn, to meet your vitamin A needs. TRUE

4. Though called a vitamin, the active form of vitamin D is actually a hormone. TRUE 5. In the brain, vitamin D appears to protect against cognitive decline and slows the progression of Parkinson's disease. TRUE 6. Worldwide, the prevalence of the vitamin-D-deficiency disease rickets is extremely high. TRUE 7. Primary deficiency of vitamin E is quite common. FALSE
5. Vitamin E is found predominantly in vegetable oils, seeds, and nuts. TRUE 9. Vitamin K plays a critical role in blood coagulation. TRUE
6. Vitamin K participates in the synthesis of the bone protein osteocalcin. TRUE

11. Because infants are born with a sterile intestinal tract, a single dose of vitamin K is given at birth to prevent hemorrhagic disease. TRUE 12. Which vitamin A compound(s) act(s) like hormones, regulating cell differentiation, growth, and embryonic development? retinoic acid 13. What vitamin A compound(s) bind(s) with opsin to form rhodopsin? Retinal
12. One ounce of beef liver provides more than three times the RDA for vitamin A.
13. The production of calbindin , a protein that binds calcium in the intestinal cells, slows as a result of a vitamin D deficiency
14. Retnoic acid is the form of vitamin A which acts like a hormone and is necessary for maintaining the health of epithelial tissue.
15. The production of calbindin , a protein that binds calcium in the intestinal cells, slows as a result of a vitamin D deficiency.
16. Vitamin E is easily destroyed by heat and exposure to air.
17. Vitamin E deficiency can cause hemolytic anemia in premature infants.
18. Vitamin E's main function if to prevent the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the cell membrane
19. Dietary vitamin E requirements increase with increasing intakes of polyunsaturated fats
20. Without vitamin K, osteocalcin cannot bind to the minerals that normally form bones, resulting in low bone density.
21. Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of prothrombin and other clotting factors. 24. Free radicals: are unstable and highly reactive molecules because they contain one or more unpaired electrons
22. Foods rich in vitamin C seem to protect against certain types of cancers, especially head and neck cancer. Chapter 12
23. Cells in the kidneys respond to low blood pressure by releasing an enzyme called renin. 2. Which electrolyte is found in its cation form? Sodium
24. The acidity of the body's fluids is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions.

4. Which food (or food group) contains phytates? Legumes 5. Which food offers the most potassium per serving? acorn squash 6. High blood calcium signals the thyroid gland to secrete calcitonin