reviewer for quarterly exam, Lecture notes of English

Download reviewer for quarterly exam and more Lecture notes English in PDF only on Docsity! An art’s form, regardless of how it was made and what it is made of, is of pronounced significance in any work of art. In contemporary art, there is now the abundance of the usage of hybrid forms which involves performance art, site-specific installations and environmental art, computer-aided and electronic art, and the likes, which may utilize any medium such as gas, energy, wind, water, dust, etc. Though contemporary art is expected to redefine and reinvent traditional categories of art, it is important to understand these categories before challenging, stretching, or breaking them. Art production in our time today appears to be more democratic and unrestrained. CATEGORIES OF ART FINE ARTS – a Western category of refined objects considered to be among the supreme cultural achievements of human civilization  Believed to be produced by artists who have unique sensibilities and have undergone proper academic training  Expected to be displayed in museums, galleries, salons, performed in theater spaces, or screened-in cinemas  In the early and mid-19th century, it includes painting, sculpture, and architecture but has now expanded to film, photography, prints, installations, digital art, etc POPULAR ART – Is the product of a popular culture which appeals to a broader mass audience.  More accessible, inexpensive, entertaining, commercial, political, naïve, or more colorful than fine art  Also termed as lowly, pang-masa, bakya, or jologs  Reflects the values and structures of our social systems, political hierarchies, and religious beliefs CRAFT – Refers to works that employ the use of specific media such as ceramics, glass, jewelry, weaving, metalworks, and woodworks  Involves making objects rather than images, but may also involve surface ornaments or decorations  Utilitarian  The distinction between craft and art is culturally specific and ever-changing. MEDIUM-BASED CLASSIFICATION OF ART FORM 1. VISUAL ARTS – works that are created primarily for visual perception 1. Two-dimensional – works that are depicted on a flat surface- e.g. painting, sketch, collage, etc. 1. Three-dimensional – works that have volume and mass- e.g. sculpture, furniture, jewelry, etc 2. ARCHITECTURE – refers to man-made environments specifically used for human habitation and as a setting for human activities.- e.g. Religious, residential, industrial, commercial 3. MUSIC – sound, and silence organized based on time- e.g. folk, indigenous, popular, fusion, etc. 4. DANCE – an art form consisting of purposefully selected sequences of human movement- e.g. ballet, indigenous, modern, etc. 5. THEATER – an integrative art that uses live performers to act out real or imagined events before a live audience at a specific space. e.g. street, school, ritual, puppetry, etc 6. PHOTOGRAPHY – the science and art of capturing optical images on a film or light-sensitive surfaces. e.g. fine art, glamour, commercial, etc. 7. CINEMA – an aesthetic communication through the design of time and three- dimensional space into two-dimensional images with sound e.g. mainstream, short film, indie, documentary, etc. 8. BROADCAST AND TELEVISUAL – the distribution of audio and/or video content or other messages to a dispersed audience via any electronic mass communications medium such as television, radio, and the interne 9. DIGITAL ART – is a comprehensive term for any manifestation of arts where a computer or digital technology has been utilized in its creation. 10. INSTALLATION ART - an art usually of mixed media that is organized for and placed in a specific space for a temporary period CONTEMPORARY ART AND THE INFORMATION AGE On the onset of the 20th century, a social transition called as the “postmodern shift” was ignited by a historical passage from the Industrial Age (dominated by farming and manufacturing) to the Information Age (dominated by upbeat and radical changes in technology, communication, and the way we transmit on and receive information). This revolutionary shift is dominated by the visual form and may be characterized by the emergence of the following: 5. Mauro “Malang” Santos – cubism 6. Napoleon Abueva – realism + cubism 7. Eduardo Castrillo – realism + cubism PHOTOREALISM OR HYPERREALISM – art that is rendered in a meticulously realistic style with accurate details resembling that of a photograph Some proponents of this style: 1. Nestor Leynes 2. Augustin Goy MAGIC REALISM – a variation of photorealism where unreal or imaginary subjects are focused on their physical presence in the actual material world  It forms its concepts on the logic of imagination, presenting a unique universe  Realistically describes imaginary worlds making the viewer doubt about what is real and what is fantasy, or believe what is supposed to be fantasy  Everything we see is in the realm of the possible, although sometimes unlikely  Magical elements or illogical scenarios appear SURREALISM – sometimes uses hyperrealist technique, but deals with psychological and subconscious reality such as irrationality in dreams, and hallucinations  portrays mainly the world of dreams and the deformations and associations produced by the subconscious  It duplicates the world we experience when we dream  It presents the impossible, using experimental techniques that may shock the viewer Examples of Magic Realism: Examples of Surrealism: SOCIAL REALISM – began in the 1970's as practiced by activist-artists which reflects real socio-political conditions which were commonly oppressive at the time  Some of its characteristics are: o Artwork that gives an accurate portrayal of the scene and characters without embellishments o Artwork that points of political and economic corruption o Artwork that shows how the poor are living o Photography that shows candid portraits o Artwork that shows flaws in human nature o Artwork that portrays nature as powerful and cruel o Artwork that may sometimes be poetic, bizarre, appalling, etc. Some proponents of this style: 1. Pablo Baen Santos – highlighted the plight of the urban and the rural poor 2. Orlando Castillo  Baler  Aurora Traditions revived and taught were:  Pottery  Basket weaving  Textile weaving  Attire making  Playing indigenous musical instruments  Dance  Indigineous architecture  Chanting of oral literature  Life rituals BINAKUL AS ANCESTRAL CONTEMPORARY NATIONAL MOTIF Binakul – (twill in Ilocano) a textile pattern or a blanket design handwoven on a small scale in Ilocos  Commonly characterized by its abstract patterns that somewhat create optical illusions. (In western art, similar paintings and graphic designs have been labeled as “Op Art”.)  This design is present in the blankets of Tinguian and Itneg of Abra, and in the Ilocano abel blankets in Vigan.  There is an impression of movement, flashing, and vibrating, advancing and receding patterns, or of swelling and shrinking. The designs signify the rhythms of the universe present in the ripples of water. Magdalena Gamayo – National Living Treasure and abel weaver from Pinili, Ilocos Norte BULUL, CULTURE OF ANCESTORS IN CONTEMPORARY ART Bulul – a figure that represents Cordilleran ancestors who guard both rice agriculture (plant and harvest), as well as the health of the people  May be male or female  Squatting with knees folded up to support its crossed arms  Standing  Holding baskets  Hands placed in offering positions  Holding weapons  Commonly carved from a log of narra or pili, and at times in stone  Western cubist painters of the 20th century borrowed the “cubistic” form of art from our indigenous peoples Santiago Bose – (1949-2002) an artist with Ilocano and Igorot roots who brought his ethnic and cultural backgrounds into his works and brought folk religion, mythology, rituals and tribal traditions in the national and global arena o His art confronted issues of identity, displacement, and rights of indigenous peoples in relation to the dominance of world powers. o Known as “Santi” ESCAPIST BUCOLIC LIFE IN THE HANDS OF ANGONO AND PAETE ARTISTS There is blood and culture kinship between the towns of Angono in Rizal and Paete in Laguna which resulted from intermarriages among fishing families. Higantes – a common folk tradition of Angono and Paete in their early histories Carlos “Botong” Francisco - a mural painter and a writer - studied in UP Diliman, but on the contrary, was not able to finish his degree and was forced to work. - Later on during the Japanese-Filipino war, he became a professor at UST School of Architecture and Fine Arts - National Artist for Painting - together with Edades and Ocampo, they pursued the modern art movement and were known as the “Triumvirate” of Philippine Modern Art Angono artists – adept in painting showing good illusions of depth and movement on their canvases Paete artists – keener at chiseling volume and gesture on wood Wiparonssocon 4 Finns Der Kubing / Jaw’s harp Tarnbat SOME PROMINENT VISAYAN ARTISTS Hermogena “Nene” Lungay – a Bohol native who pioneered the teaching of studio arts and strived to propagate the practice and appreciation of fine arts, expressing pride of local place and heritage Black Artists of Asia – an art organization founded by Norberto Roldan, Nunelecio Alvarado, Charlie Co, and Dennis Ascalon who explored new styles of expression while dealing with social and cultural issues of the locals. ART IN MINDANAO Twenty-two schools of living traditions in Mindanao are supported by the NCCA. The elders of communities teach weaving and embroidery, dance, making musical instruments, and crafting bead accessories. SOME PROMINENT ART 1. MALONG – a traditional cloth used as a skirt both for men and women, a blanket, a dressing cover, hammock, and as a prayer mat; also used for rituals and the malong dance 2. BEAD ACCESSORIES – prominent in Zamboanga del Sur with patterns in the bead design called karitis, sabat and, batangyawe; designs normally include diamonds and zigzags in primary and secondary colors 3. Tribal musical instruments such as GANDINGAN (gongs) and LUBAKAN (drums), KUBING, PULALA, DAYUDAY, KUTYAPI 4. OKIR/OKKIL – an ornamental design often carved in house beams called panolong, or embroidered in clothing, incised on wooden chests, boxes, musical instruments, engraved on handles of swords - its design is characterized by a curvilinear motif inspired from a leaf called pako rabong 5. SARIMANOK – a symbol in a form of a rooster with a hanging fish in its beak 2. Cloth 3. Plastic PAINTING PAINTING - refers to the process of applying colors / pigments on a flat surface by the means of a brush, painting knives, or other applying materials. - Painting is a form of visual art which entails both the act and the result of the action (tangible product). - Forms can be created using a wide variety of painting materials such as watercolor, acrylic, oil, gouache, etc. - Each type of painting pigment has a corresponding brush to be used for it. Example: OIL PAINT – BRISTLE BRUSH ACRYLICS – BRISTLE / NYLON BRUSH WATER COLOR – SABLE BRUSH  Different painting pigments will have varying opacities.  There are 3 CLASSIFICATIONS OF MEDIA/TOOLS to be used in painting: 1. Pigment 2. Brush or other tools to apply pigment 3. Surface to be painted on  There are different kinds of BRUSHES/APPLICATION TOOLS. Some of these are: Filbert Round Flat Rigger / Liner Sword Mop Fan Waterbrush Palette knife  COMMON THEMES OF PAINTING 1. Genre Painting - depicts scenes from everyday life, of common people working or in recreation, generally in a highly realistic manner or style. 2. History Painting - paintings with subject matter drawn from classical history and mythology, and the Bible – in the eighteenth century it was also used to refer to more recent historical subjects "The Making of the Philippine Flag", Fernando Amorsolo 3. Landscapes, skyscapes, cityscapes - artistic representations that show scenery of mountains, valleys, trees, rivers, skies, or cities Landscape, Post-impressionistic style Landscape, Realism Skyscape, Digital Painting Cityscape 4. Portraits - is a representation of a particular person. A self-portrait is a portrait of the artist by the artist. Self-portrait, Victorio Edades, Neo- realism 5. Religious Painting - (1) Any artwork that has a Christian or Biblical theme (Christian art); or (2) Any artwork which illustrates the worship of any god, or deity; or (3) Any artwork with an Islamic, Buddhist, Hindu, Sikh, Juche Judaic, Bahai, or Jainist theme, or any art depicting themes of the Shinto, Cao Dai or traditional Chinese religions. - to qualify as "religious", the painting, sculpture or architecture concerned must have some recognizable moral narrative, that imbues the work with the necessary sacred "quality." "The First Mass in Limasawa", Carlos "Botong" Francisco 6. Still life - is a piece that features an arrangement of inanimate objects as its subject. Usually, these items are set on a table and often include organic objects like fruit and flowers and household items like glassware and textiles. Still life with Water Jug, Paul Cezanne, Post-impressionism SOME PAINTING TECHNIQUES: 1. SFUMATO – entails the smooth blending of colors; there are no visible brush strokes 2. IMPASTO – characterized by thick application of paint which makes brushworks obvious and gives a texturized outcome to the painting SCULPTURE SCULPTING – The action or art of processing plastic or hard materials into works of art by carving, modeling, casting and molding, welding, or assembling parts together.  A sculpture has three dimensions – height, width, and depth. GENERAL TYPES OF SCULPTURE: 1. FREE-STANDING – also known as “sculpture-in-the-round”; surrounded on all sides by space; one that is meant to be viewed from all sides. Wood sculpture by John McAbery 2. RELIEF - is any work which projects from but which belongs to the wall, or other type of background surface, on which it is carved. Reliefs are traditionally classified according to how high the figures project from the background. - from Italian, Relievare: “to raise” - also called “rilievo” Types of Relief: A. SUNKEN - A variation of relief carving, found almost exclusively in ancient Egyptian sculpture, is sunken relief (also called incised relief), in which the carving is sunk below the level of the surrounding surface and is contained within a sharply incised contour line that frames it with a powerful line of light and shade. B. BAS (pronounced: “bah”) – or the low relief sculpture; Italian: Basso-relievo; the design projects only slightly from the ground and there is little or no undercutting of outlines. Around 10-20% of the design projects from the ground 9. Instant camera 10.SLR (Single Light Reflex 11. .DSLR (Digital Single Light Reflex) 12.Digital camera Basic photography lighting: 1. Key light - main source of light that is used to light up your subject. The light pattern will depend on where you place it. Usually, it is placed slightly above your subject and about 45 degrees from the camera off to one side so as it would create shadows and depth making your subject appear 3-dimensional. 1. Fill light - fills in the shadows of your frame. 2. Back light - gives an edge light to the rear portion of your subject. Often, the backlight shoots down from a higher angle. 4 Characteristics of Light: 1. Direction 2. Color 3. Quantity 4. Quality DEPTH OF FIELD / FOCUS - the zone of acceptable sharpness within a photo that will appear in focus. - also known as FOCUS RANGE or EFFECTIVE FOCUS RANGE 2 KINDS OF D.O.F. 1. Shallow 2. Deep APERTURE - Adjustment of the lens opening measured as F-number / F-stop, which controls the amount of light passing through the lens. - The higher the F-number, the smaller the opening, and vice versa. SHUTTER SPEED - (exposure time) is the length of time when the shutter is open and light can enter the image sensor inside the camera. The shutter speed is indicated as 1 sec, 1/2 sec, 1/4 sec... 1/125 sec to 1/250 sec, etc. - A faster shutter speed can completely freeze the action of a moving subject - A slower shutter speed can blur the subject in the direction of motion, and therefore capture the motion of subjects such as flowing water. BOKEH - The aesthetic quality of the blur produced in the out-of-focus parts of an image produced by a lens. RULE OF THIRDS - The basic principle behind the rule of thirds is to imagine breaking an image down into thirds (both horizontally and vertically) so that you have 9 parts. As follows: POWERPOINTS - The theory is that if you place points of interest in the intersections or along the lines that your photo becomes more balanced and will enable a viewer of the image to interact with it more naturally  The rapid succession of these still images or photographs creates the illusion of motion. Brief history 1. Chronophotography - “photography of movement”; the inspiration of motion pictures 2. Harold Edgerton 3. Kinetoscope 4. Latham brothers- creators of the Eideloscope 5. Lumière brothers- created the Cinematographe 6. Pertierra - Spanish man who introduced film in the Philippines in 1890’s 7. Antonio Ramos - Spanish soldier who imported Lumière Cinematographe and brought 30 film titles 8. Walgrah- British man who opened the first movie hall in 1900 9. Samuel Rebarber -Spanish entrepreneur who opened the second movie house in 1902 10.1910 – The first picture with sound reached Manila, using the Chronophone 11.1911 – A British film crew visited the Philippines, and filmed, among other scenes, the Pagsanjan Falls in color STORYBOARD - is a graphic representation of how your video will unfold, shot by shot.  It is made up of a number of squares with illustrations or pictures representing each shot, with notes about what's going on in the scene and what's being said in the script during that shot (occasional or case to case basis). ELEMENTS OF FILM: 1. Script / Literary Design / Narrative 2. Mise-en-scene / Visual Design (Performance, Blocking, Lighting, Costume, Hair and Make-Up, Set Design) 3. Cinematography (Timing, camera movement, angle, framing) 4. Editing 5. Sound Design CAMERA ANGLES: 1. Bird’s Eye View (BEV) 2. High Angle (HA) 3. Eye Level (EL) 4. Low Angle (LA) 5. Worm’s Eye View (WEV) 6. Dutch Angle (DA) or Canted Angle (CA) CAMERA MOVEMENTS: 1. Dolly 2. Zoom 3. Tilt 4. Pan 5. Pedestal 6. Truck TECHNIQUES OF FILMMAKING: 1. Narrative 2. Documentary 3. Experimental MUSIC – The science or art of ordering tones or sounds in succession, in combination, and in temporal (time-based, sequential) relationships to produce a composition having unity and continuity. - Came from the Greek word “MOUSIKE”; in Greek mythology, it is any of the fields of science and art governed by the 9 muses (goddesses) - Its main media ELEMENTS OF MUSIC: 1. MELODY – An agreeable succession or arrangement of sounds - Tones organized as an aesthetic whole 2. HARMONY - The pleasing combination of simultaneous musical sounds - The science of the structure, relation, and progression of chords 3. PITCH - the degree of highness or lowness of a tone.  VOICE REGISTERS: From highest to lowest register Female: Soprano, Mezzo Soprano, Alto Male: Tenor, Baritone, Bass 4. TIMBRE – The tone color or the tone quality - Allows us to distinguish between one instrument and another - It might be: bright, dark, brassy, reedy, harsh, noisy, buzzy, pure, raspy, shrill, mellow, strained, etc. 5. RHYTHM - The timing of musical sounds and silences - Beat, tempo, pulse 6. DYNAMICS – The loudness or softness of a tone or sound - Volume  Crescendo - getting louder  Decrescendo - getting softer 7. TEXTURE - The thickness or thinness of a tone or sound  Monophonic - one voice or line  Polyphonic - many voices or lines  e.g. Rough (Rock & Roll), Smooth (Jazz) MAIN MEDIA OF MUSIC: 1. VOCAL – sound produced through the human voice 2. INSTRUMENTAL – sounds produced using crafted instruments that creates different sounds depending on the method of use TWO MAJOR CULTURAL SOURCES OF PHILIPPINE MUSIC 1. WESTERN HERITAGE Four categories: a. CLASSICAL REPERTOIRES – usually heard in concert halls and auditoriums and are composed of musicians who have had formal training in music. Examples: Symphonies and concertos Opera – serious drama Operetta – comedies Kundiman – follows a major-minor tonal parts and is based on poetry which professes intense love, whether intended for a woman or for the country b. SEMI-CLASSICAL MUSIC – may be heard in different places—outdoors, at different programs and social gatherings, and other less formal settings that are usually designed for entertainment. Examples: Sarswela – came from Zarzuela, which was popular during the late Spanish to the American period; also done as a theatrical performance Rondalla – is an ensemble of plucked string instruments of different sizes c. POPULAR MUSIC – emerged as a result of the introduction of Jazz and Vaudeville by the Americans Examples: Rock and Roll – as a genre began in the United states, characterized by its 4/4 time signature and commonly played with an electric guitar, electric bass guitar, keyboards, and drums Original Pilipino Music – in the 60’s were written in English and were influenced by American ballads Folk Ballads – usually sung solo with guitar played by the singers themselves; examples are Freddie Aguilar, Gary Granada, etc. Fusion – indigenization of popular music which was initiated by Joey Ayala, Asin; usually has strong poetic content d. CONTEMPORARY or NEW MUSIC COMPOSITIONS – started with the compositions of Nicanor Abelardo after 1931 when he departed from the tonal harmonic 5. ENERGY (HOW?) - Energy is about how the movement happens. - It may change in an instant, and several types of energy may be concurrently in play. - Saying that a dance "has a lot of energy" is misleading. ALL dances use the element of energy. - Energy choices may also reveal emotional states.  Attack – sharp/smooth, sudden/sustained  Weight – o Strength: push, horizontal, impacted o Lightness: resist the down, initiate up o Resiliency: rebound, even up and down o Flow – free, bound, balanced, neutral o Quality – flowing, tight, loose, sharp, swinging, swaying, suspended, collapsed, smooth SOCIAL DANCES – performed in halls during birthdays, anniversaries, and other social occasions - usually formal and involve young ladies and gentries of a community SOME EXAMPLES: 1. Rigodon de Honor – a formal square dance with strict figurative movements and formations, with the participants who were usually members of the upper class come in formal ternos and Barong Tagalogs intricately designed 2. Ballroom dancing – usually done by a couple in different dance duets, like the tango and the waltz FOLK INDIGENOUS DANCES – have been created by country folks, mostly those that have been Christianized  These dances are expressive forms that are not purely movement but also convey different meanings and contexts SOME EXAMPLES: 1. Tinikling – one of the most famous; consists of a man and a woman dancing against two bamboo poles that are rhythmically struck together to the beat of music - Their feet/legs are not supposed to be caught while dancing 2. Maglalatik – A combative dance by men - also called, “Magbabao” - mimics the battle between the Christian and the Moro Muslim tribesmen - embodies the element of a battle, reconciliation, and a prize as well - coconut halves are attached to the torso of the dancer which are clicked with handheld shells at the rhythm of a music 3. Pandango – a courtship dance that is executed with different objects that partly define its variations, like lighted candles—Pandango sa Ilaw from Mindoro, Pandango sa Sambalilo from Bulacan where the “suitor” tries to wear a hat by dipping his head into the upturned hat to show his skill to his beloved, Pandango sa Plato from Laguna uses plates which are balanced on the hands and heads of the dancers 4. Singkil – a Muslim dance where the princess is the main dancer, who traverses along two pairs of bamboo being struck together - An attendant holds a parasol on top of the princess’ head - starts at a slow pace and increases into an almost dizzying speed THEATER – came from the Greek word, “Theatron”, which means a place for viewing - is a collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place. - Stories are relayed to an audience by means of actions and words. - The specific place of the performance is also named by the word "theater”. - A very effective medium to promote social awareness, as a means of entertainment and a liberal way to express one’s opinion. ELEMENTS OF THEATER: 1. THE PLAYWRIGHT AND HIS PLAY – He has to work out his plot in terms of actual actions and dialogue to be performed and spoken by actors within the limited facilities of the stage. 2. THE TEXT / SCRIPT – usually contains the following:  The play’s title, the playwright’s name, the setting, the characters and their brief description, the sound effects, light effects, and other parentheticals (stage directions). 3. THE DIRECTOR – he presents, translates and interprets a story into a dramatic action. 4. THE PERFORMER – The ones who impersonate characters and do the role- playing - The actors and actresses. 5. PRODUCTION DESIGN – This includes all the scenery and props, make-up, costumes, lights, music, sound and other possible effects. 6. THEATER SPACE – Commonly known as the stage. It is said to be the acting area with the purpose of putting life into action where the audience can see it. 7. AUDIENCE – the assembled spectators or listeners SOME EXAMPLES: 1. KOMEDYA, OR COMEDY - professional entertainment consisting of jokes and satirical sketches, intended to make an audience laugh. 2. TRAHEDYA OR TRAGEDY – any story that does not end in happy endings or sometimes might require the death of a main character. 3. SINAKULO OR SENAKULO - is a Lenten play that is a dramatic presentation of the Passion of Jesus Christ -- his trial, suffering and death. The senakulo is performed during Holy Week in the Philippines. It takes eight nights—from Palm Sunday to Easter—to present the entire sinakulo. 4. SARSWELA – presented during the time of the Spaniards; depicts love stories, normally the script is sung. 5. BODABI L - It featured a hodgepodge of musical numbers, short-form comedy and dramatic skits, and even magic acts, often staged inside the theaters of Manila. -It is most commonly known as “Variety Shows” at present 6. MORO-MORO – It depicted battles between Christians and Moros—as Muslims in the Philippines are popularly known—with the Moros as the perpetual villains who always lost to the Christians in the end. 7. DUPLO AT KARAGATAN – extemporaneous poetic debates. Duplo having a more ornate form than Karagatan; whereas in Karagatan, a sense of enigma will be left in the minds of the spectators FORMS OF THEATER SPACES: 1. PROSCENIUM – Also known as the “PICTURE-FRAME STAGE” - introduced during the Italian Renaissance, and is the most commonly used stage. - The audience sits facing the stage and seats are usually arranged on increasing levels. - The stage is actually designed to assure better visibility. 2. THRUST - Also known as “TRESTLE, PLATFORM, OR OPEN STAGE” - developed by the Ancient Greeks. - Has the benefit of greater intimacy between performers and the audience than a proscenium - retains the utility of a backstage area - Is one that extends into the audience on three sides and is connected to the backstage area by its upstage end. 2. Artists who through the content and form of their works have contributed in building a Filipino sense of nationhood. 3. Artists who have pioneered in a mode of creative expression or style, thus, earning distinction and making an impact on succeeding generations of artists. 4. Artists who have created a substantial and significant body of works and/or consistently displayed excellence in the practice of their art form thus, enriching artistic expression or style. 5. Artists who enjoy broad acceptance through: 5.1. Prestigious national and/or international recognition, such as the Gawad CCP para sa Sining, CCP Thirteen Artists Award, and NCCA Haraya Awards (Alab and Dangal) 5.2 Critical acclaim and/or reviews of their works 5.3 Respect and esteem from peers. WHO MAY NOMINATE SOMEONE TO BE A NATIONAL ARTIST?  Government and non-governmental cultural organizations  Educational institutions  Private foundations and councils (except agencies attached to NCCA and CCP, likewise, board members, consultants, officers, staffs, committee members are disqualified) CATEGORIES FOR NOMINATION  Dance – choreography, direction, performance  Music – composition, direction, performance  Theater – direction, performance, production design  Visual arts – painting, sculpture, printmaking, photography, installation art, mixed media art, illustration, graphic arts, performance art, imaging  Literature – poetry, fiction, essay, playwriting, journalism, literary criticism  Film and Broadcast arts – direction, writing, production design, cinematography, editing, camera work, performance  Architecture, Design, and Allied arts – architectural design, interior design, industrial art design, landscape architecture, fashion design SOME EXAMPLES OF NATIONAL ARTISTS FERNANDO AMORSOLO - National Artist for Visual Arts: Painting  “Grand Old Man of Philippine Art”  Romantic realist  Awarded posthumously after the establishment of the award in 1972  Ever first National Artist LEVI CELERIO - National Artist for Music  Lyricist, composer  Included in the Guinness Book of World Records as the only person who made music through a leaf.  “Ugoy ng Duyan, Kahit Konting Pagtingin, Ang Pipit, Dungawin Mo Hirang” ALICE REYES - National Artist for Dance  A great contributor to the development of the contemporary dance in the Philippines  A teacher, director, choreographer.  Mixed ballet and modern dances with indigenous Filipino dances NVM GONZALES - National Artist for Literature  Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzalez  A fictionist, essayist, poet, and a teacher  During his writing career, Gonzalez wrote five novels, eight short fictions and multiple essays, with his work translated into languages like English, Chinese, German, Russian, and Indonesian.  His first novel, The Winds of April, was published in 1941 and won honorable mention for the Commonwealth Literary Awards. Unfortunately, most of the copies were destroyed when the Japanese occupied the Philippines during the war. An article in LA Times explains that “soldiers…used copies of the book as fuel for cooking and making tea.” Recently, the University of the Philippines Press republished copies of this lost book. JUAN NAKPIL - National Artist for Architecture  Believes that there is a Philippine Architecture that reflects Filipino traditions and culture LINO BROCKA - National Artist for Film  Catalino “Lino” Ortiz Brocka  Created 66 films before his death ISHMAEL BERNAL - National Artist for Film, 2001  “The Genius of Philippine Cinema”  Focused on societal issues of his time FRANCISCO COCHING - National Artist for Visual Arts  “King of Komiks”  “Dean of Filipino Illustrators” RAMON VALERA - National Artist for Fashion Design  “High Priest of Local Fashion”  Terno  Butterfly sleeves NEWLY CONFERRED NATIONAL ARTISTS (2018)  Ryan Cayabyab – Music  Lauro “Larry” Alcala – Visual Arts  Francisco Mañosa – Architecture  Ramon Muzones – Literature  Resil B. Mojares – Literature  Amelia Bonifacio – Theater  Eric de Guia “Kidlat Tahimik” – Film and Broadcast Arts GAWAD SA MGA MANLILIKHA NG BAYAN (GAMABA) The NCCA launched the National Living Treasures Award or the Gawad sa mga Manlilikha ng Bayan (GAMABA) to bridge the divide between what has been branded as “high art” versus traditional arts and craft. It has paved a way for folk artists not to live in anonymity and obscurity. 1988 NATIONAL FOLK ARTISTS AWARD – initiated by the Rotary Organization, gave recognition to outstanding Filipino artists (music and poetry)  Highlights the diversity in our heritage and cultural traditions REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7355 – Through this, GAMABA was institutionalized by NCCA in 1992  promotes the transfer of the unique skill of the living treasures to others to further the appreciation and to show pride about the masters of these crafts MANLILIKHA NG BAYAN - A citizen engaged in any traditional art (uniquely Filipino)  With distinctive skills that have reached such a high level of technical and artistic excellence