reviewer for quarterly exam, Study Guides, Projects, Research of English

Download reviewer for quarterly exam and more Study Guides, Projects, Research English in PDF only on Docsity! Speech Context Context refers to the setting or event in which communication takes place. This helps establish meaning and can influence what is said and how it is said. Context is said to have 4 dimensions that interact with one another and determine the appropriateness of words and actions expected to be performed by the communicators. These are physical, psycho-social, cultural, and temporal dimensions of context. Physical context refers to the venue or actual setting where communication takes place. Example: church vs disco Social-psychological context refers to the relationship of communicators and their roles in the event. Example: intimacy vs formality, teacher vs students Cultural context refers to the values, beliefs, lifestyles, and behaviors of a group of people. Example: being around male groups vs being with female groups Temporal context refers to the time when communication occurs or the sequences of topics in a conversation Example: Giving compliment after receiving one vs giving the compliment first 4 Types of Context 1. Intrapersonal Communication Intrapersonal Communication is a type of communication that centers in one person where the speaker acts both sender and receiver of the message. “The message is made up of your thoughts and feelings. The channel is your brain, which processes what you think and feel. There is feedback in a sense that as you talk to yourself, you discard certain ideas and replace them with others’ (Hybel &Weaver, 2012, p.16). Intrapersonal communication may involve different levels of communication activity: internal discourse, solo vocal communication, and solo written communication.  Internal discourse involves thinking, concentration, and analysis. Psychologists include both daydreaming and nocturnal dreaming in this category. Prayer, contemplation, and meditation also are part of this category, though from a theological point of view the argument may be made that this is not solely internal to one person. Example: Consciously appreciating the beauty of a sunset.  Solo vocal communication includes speaking aloud to oneself. This may be done to clarify thinking, to rehearse a message intended for others, or simply to let off steam. Example: Talking to yourself as you complain about your boss.  Solo written communication deals with writing not intended for others. Example: An entry in a diary or personal journal 2. Interpersonal communication refers to communication between and among people and establishes a personal relationship between them and among them. 2 types of Interpersonal Communication Dyad – A type of communication that occurs between two people. The following characteristics describe the interpersonal relationship:  The speaker and listener roles alternate between two persons in a mutual exchange of messages. Impromptu speaking is a speech that a person delivers no preparations. Usually, a person is asked to speak at the spur of the moment because that person is expected to be an expert about the topic. An extemporaneous speech is a type of delivery that allows the speaker to take some time and take notes before entering the stage. This type of speech is preferable for most people because it gives them little preparation as compare to impromptu speaking. Digital Speeches: The New Normal Online public speaking – also known as digital oratory—is a “thesis-driven, vocal, embodied public address that is housed within (online) new media platforms” (Lind, 2012, p. 164). Like all public speeches, online speech should be well-prepared, organized, well-reasoned, and well-rehearsed. Some examples of online public speaking are video blogging (vlogging) for a YouTube channel, speakership for a webinar, and different activities through online classes such as teaching, reciting, and reporting a certain concept for a group project. Purpose Online speaking opportunities are not created equally, and each speech will have different goals—informing, persuading, or entertaining. Remember that digital oratory requires a thesis statement, and the purpose will dictate how you craft the information that you are going to present. Synchronicity Synchronous Speaking - your audience is experiencing it in real-time. Asynchronous Speaking - the speech may be recorded and watched at a different time. YouTube, for example, houses many asynchronous videos, allowing audiences to tune in and watch when their schedule allows it. The following aspects must be considered when delivering your speech online. 1. Verbal Delivery – This is the key to digital speech particularly webinars or web conferencing where your vocals overlay a slideshow and your body is not visible to an audience. Verbal enunciation, punctuation, rate, and pauses become key to maintaining your audiences’ attention. “Energy” becomes a key word – an energetic voice has variety and interest to it. 2. Nonverbal Delivery - When rehearsing your nonverbal delivery, ask, “what’s visible in the video?”If your body is visible, you should be aware of your nonverbal cues. You may also consider the position of the camera. Always look at the camera when talking. Eye contact - is still a key part of a digital speech. This allows you to establish a connection with your audience. If you are recording the speech with or without a live audience, view the camera as your “audience substitute.” Facial expressions - Your facial expressions are also visible in a digital speech. If the camera is close up, this is even more true. Rehearse under these conditions, and record your facial expressions to see how they are translating to others. Also, ask: what is visible in the video? What adjustments do you want to make? Can you move further back? Can you adjust the camera? You will only have answers to these questions through a videoed rehearsal. Background - Your background is also part of your video’s nonverbal aesthetics. Make sure that you consider how the background might translate to your audience. Is it messy? Distracting? Is it a white background? If so, you should avoid wearing white and disappearing into the walls. Digital Platforms - Like any public speech, when speaking online, you also have to consider the technical aspects of your speech delivery. You may consider the following before delivering your digital speech:  what technology will be needed;  where it will be located;  is my internet connection stable? Presentation Aids - You may use some presentation aids to make the explanation easier but do not use a presentation aid for a digital speech to avoid being visible to the audience. Preparation Tips  Do tech walk-throughs and make sure your camera is working well and picking up your voice.  Wear appropriate clothing.  Be conscious of lighting.  Make sure you will not be interrupted during the web conference.  Have notes and anything else you need right at hand. While you can use a computer to display them, be conscious of your audience’s ability to see you reading.  If you can be seen, be seen—use the technology to your advantage so that you are not an entirely disembodied voice talking over slides. Speech Types In his book, The Five Clocks, Martin Joos, a German linguist (1962) proposed a theory that classifies language into five types, based on the degree of formality. This theory suggests that our vocabulary usage and manner of communicating must be fitting to the context or the setting.  Intimate – This style is common when communicating between people who are very close and know each other quite well, with a maximum of shared background information. This includes using of private language exclusive within families, very close friends, or groups. It uses personal endearments like ‘Mahal’, ‘Panga’, ‘Honey’, and the likes. In this style, grammar is really not necessary as one can be understood even if the language is incomplete.  Casual – We commonly use this style when talking to peers and friends. This type of language allows us to use jargon, slang, street language, gay language, or vulgar words. Some of the vocabulary words used are ‘bro’ (brother), ‘beshy’ (best friend), and ‘see ya’ (see you).  Consultative – This is also known as the third level language. In this style, professionally or mutually acceptable language is a must. The two defining features of this style are a) the speaker supplies the background information b) the listener participates continuously. Example situations are communications between teachers and students, employers and employees, doctor and patient, judge and lawyer, or President and his/her constituents.  Formal – We use this style during formal settings. This language is expected to be presented in complete sentences with specific word usage. Unlike the consultative style, this is one-way. Examples are sermons by priests and ministers, State of the Nation Address of the president, formal speeches, or pronouncements by judges.  Frozen - This is the most formal communicative style, often used in a formal ceremony. It uses complex grammatical sentence structure and vocabulary known only to experts in different fields. Common examples are the Preamble to the Constitution, Lord’s Prayer, and Allegiance to the flag. Indirect Speech Act – This happens when there is an indirect relationship between the form and the function of the utterance. Example: “You are standing in front of the Television.” In this case, the surface meaning of words does not carry the intended meaning. Since the utterance was not directly stated, the listener then must rely on the context and the ability to infer in order to create a common and appropriate understanding of the message. Performatives – Performative utterances are statements that enable the speaker to perform something just by stating it. A performative utterance once stated by the right person under the right circumstances results in a change in the world. Example: The boss of the company saying “You are fired!” will have a huge impact on the employee receiving the message. But if the same statement is uttered by an ordinary worker who is not authorized to perform the utterance, then there is no effect whatsoever, since conditions are not met. Five Classifications of Speech Acts Searle (1979) suggests that speech acts consist of five general classifications to classify the functions or illocutionary of speech acts Declaration- is the act that brings change in the external situation. This class includes acts of appointing, naming, resigning, baptizing, surrendering, excommunicating, arresting, and so on. Example: You are fired! Commisive- is an utterance used to commit the speaker to do something in the future. This class includes acts of promising, vowing, volunteering, offering, guaranteeing, pledging, betting, and so on. Example: I'm going to Paris tomorrow. Directive- aims to make someone else to do something that the speaker desires. This class includes acts of requesting, ordering, forbidding, warning, advising, suggesting, insisting, recommending, and so on. Example: Could you close the window? Expressive- is an utterance used to express the emotional state of the speaker. This class includes acts of apologizing, thanking, congratulating, condoling, welcoming, deploring, objecting, and so on. Example: I am sorry that I lied to you. Assertive- is an utterance intended to tell you how things are in the world, a representation of reality. This class includes acts of stating, asserting, denying, confessing, admitting, notifying, concluding, predicting, and so on. Example: No one makes a better cake than me. Audience Analysis and Logical Organization Audience Analysis entails looking into the profile of the target audience. This is important to develop a topic that is fitting to your audience. The profile of your audience includes the following:  demography (age range, male-female ratio, educational background and affiliations degree, program taken, nationality, economic status, academic or corporate designation)  situation ( time, venue, occasion, and size)  psychology (values, beliefs, attitudes, preferences, cultural, and racial ideologies and needs) The purpose is your goal when writing a speech. It can be any of the three - to inform, to entertain, or to persuade An informative speech aims to help the audience understands a certain concept or idea An entertainment speech is a design to captivate an audience’s attention and amusement while delivering a clear message. A persuasive speech has a goal of convincing the audience to accept the speaker’s point of view. The topic is the overall message or main point of your speech. You identify the main idea once you have decided on your purpose. Narrowing down a topic means making the main idea more specific and focused. Some topics are too broad or general, therefore, it has to be trimmed down in order to make it easier to develop. Narrowing the topic also helps the audience to grasp the idea since it makes the speechless complicated. Data Gathering is the stage where you collect ideas, information, resources, and references, related to your specific topic. Some gathering methods can be done such as visiting the library, searching the internet, survey and interview, and others. Writing patterns are structures that help in organizing the ideas related in the topic of your speech. Some patterns of the speech are: biographical, categorical/topical, causal, chronological, comparison/contrast, problem-solution, and spatial.  Biographical is generally used if we want to describe a person’s life.  Categorical Pattern creates categories of information that go together to help support your original specific purpose.  Causal is used to explain cause-and-effect relationships.  Chronological places the main idea in the time order.  Comparison/Contrast presents a comparison/contrast of two or three points.  Problem-solution identifies what you believe is causing the problem, and then recommend a solution to correct the problem. Outlining and Editing The introduction is the foundation of your speech. It is necessary that you catch the attention of your audience at the onset of your speech since it will set the tone of the entire delivery. The following are some effective attention catcher strategy to use when writing and delivering the introduction. 1. Use a real-life experience and connect the experience to your subject. 2. Use practical examples and explain the connection to your topic. 3. Start with a familiar or strong quote and explain what it means. 4. Use facts or statistics and highlight the importance of your subject. 5. Tell a personal story to illustrate your point. The body of the speech is composed of related sentences about the topic or central idea of your speech. This provides examples, explanations, or any details that can help you deliver your purpose and explain the main idea of your speech. Voice modulation happens when you control or adjust your voice. Sometimes, you may choose to go louder when speaking if you need to emphasize important messages. On some occasions, you may choose to go softer, faster, slower, dramatic, or emotional depending on the message that you want to portray. When delivering a speech, it is essential to convey your message with variation by manipulating the resonance and timbre of your voice. This will help your audience to clearly understand your presentation. Stage Presence One of the most common phobias is the fear of public speaking. Most of us get nervous or anxious when ask to address a speech in front of the people. This is commonly known as speech apprehension or speech anxiety. In order to deliver a memorable speech, we must learn how to manage our fear of public speaking and develop stage presence. Stage presence happens when the speaker has the ability to own the stage by showing confidence and projecting it when talking in front of the public. Making a conscious effort in avoiding mistakes before and during speech delivery can be helpful to increase confidence and develop stage presence. An article from Business Insider written by Jacquilyn Smith enumerates some common errors when delivering a speech. Eye darts - These are quick movements of our pupil. This habit prevents the speaker from maintaining meaningful sustained eye contact with the listeners. Effective eye communication is essential as it shows sincerity when talking. Distracting mannerisms – Physical mannerisms are movements that we unconsciously do when speaking. Some of these are scratching the head, tossing the hair, rubbing the neck, and tilting the head when talking. We also have verbal mannerisms that pertain to repetitive and often meaningless words that most of us use to ‘fill in’ gaps while talking. An example of this is the excessive usage of the word “actually”. Low energy – An active and enthusiastic speaker is what the audience is looking for in a presentation. Always crank up your energy level by smiling and speaking expressively when talking. Enjoy the moment and be happy, this will definitely transcend to your audience. Lack of pauses – Speakers tend to speak fast when nervous or anxious. Regardless of the reason, always consider proper paused when speaking. Pausing before and after you say something very important will help your audience to remember your speech. Reading from your slides – Reading your slides and cue cards can be helpful to remember the main points of your speech. But do not rely too much on your slides because it prevents you to maintain eye contact with your audience. Tools for Effective Speech Delivery One of the strategies you can use to improve your speech delivery is through observations. Try to emulate people who speak in public excellently. How they approach their audience  How they connect with their audience  How they present themselves  How they use their voice in terms of volume Facial Expression Your facial expression is a useful tool when delivering a speech. Being expressive on your face can help you to get your message across to your audience. However, it is important that your facial expression manifests naturally and not planned or rehearsed. While delivering the speech you should be aware of any artificial or inappropriate facial expressions. Some of these are poker face, arching eyebrows, smiling and frowning even if it is not necessary, and others. All facial expressions that will be reflected on your faces must reflect your emotions based on the story or the message that you are sharing. When you rehearse your speech, try to look at the mirror and see how happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise, and love show on your face. This is a good technique to check how your facial expression changes when delivering a speech. Gestures and Movements The way we move some parts of our body while speaking has a huge impact on our image as a presenter or speaker. These body movements and gestures silently send messages to our audience. For example, both arms folded across your chest might mean arrogance for others. Fidgeting or any repetitive movement like playing with the id or scratching the neck while talking might signify unpreparedness or nervousness. To become effective with gestures and body movements, we must understand that any movements, even performed unconsciously, must be purposeful. It should reflect what is being said and the total meaning behind the message. Rapport with the Audience Building rapport with the audience is one of the most essential skills any speaker should learn. Effective speech delivery also relies on the ability to connect and communicate well with the audience by making sure that the audience is on board with what you are presenting. Peter Dhu, a well-known inspirational keynote speaker shared some tips for quickly building rapport with the audience. This was published on LinkedIn on August 17, 2016. Here are some tips that he shared: Have accommodating body language – Body language is helpful to build rapport and trust in your audience. Your body language must demonstrate warmth as if you want to make your audience feel that you are speaking for them. Use a lower rate of speech and use pauses rather than ums and ahs – Do not rush when talking and model silence and pauses. This will help your audience to relax, comfortable, and more ready to connect with you. Using appropriate pauses instead of ums and ahs helps demonstrate confidence and connection and rapport. Talk about the audience and what you hope to give them - Focus on your presentation instead of yourself and make the presentation visibly and emotionally about the audience. The presentation should be about your audience and about their needs. It is easier to build rapport if your audiences feel that you are there for them. Listen to the audience – Ask the audience what they want to know or learn or what are their major concerns and needs? And address them. By doing this and showing interest in their questions you will build rapport. Manage your audience’s energy level – Your audience may get tired when you go on speaking for too long and rapport will be lost. Manage your audience by getting them to stand up or speak to the person sitting beside them. You can also throw questions for