Science of Diving Final, SCUBA, SSI Open Water Diver Final Exam Questions and Answers 2024, Exams of Advanced Education

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Science of Diving Final, SCUBA, SSI Open Water

Diver Final Exam Questions and Answers 2024

What are the two dive flags - answer Recreational Diving and Alpha Flag 1982 - answer When did OSHA exempt scientific diving from commercial diving The absolute pressure expressed in terms of atmospheres absolute at 33 feet in sea water is:

• A: 2 ata
• B:1 ata
• C: 4 ata
• D: 3 ata - answerA: 2 ata What will the buoyancy of an object be (positive, neutral, or negative) if it displaces an amount of water: a. more than its own weight? b. less than its own weight? c. equal to its own weight? - answer. positive b. negative c. neutral

AAUS - answer American Academy of Underwater Sciences Gauge pressure is defined as:

• A: Hydrostatic pressure minus 1 ata
• B: The pressure at the surface
• C: The depth reading on a gauge
• D: Absolute pressure minus 1 ata - answerD: Gauge pressure is defined as Absolute pressure minus 1 ata What is purpose of first stage - answerto reduce cylinder pressure to immediate pressure and keep that pressure as constant as possible Define Scientific Diving - answerDiving performed solely as a necessary part of a scientific, research, or educational activity by employees whose sole purpose for diving is to perform scientific research tasks When does squeeze in the ear occur - answerWhen the presure outside the ear is greater than the pressure inside the ear The first symptom of a sinus squeeze is usually:
• A: a dull pain deep within the head
• B: a sharp pain at the base of the neck
• C: a crushing pain high in the chest
• D: a sharp pain above the eyes - answerD: a sharp pain above the eyes What is the relationship between increasing and decreasing depth and water pressure? - answerWith increasing depth the water pressure increases. With decreasing depth the water pressure decreases.

If you experience pain in the ear during descent:

• A: Stop the descent and ascend till the pain stops
• B: abort the dive
• C: place a finger in the ear canal and gently massage the ear until the pain ceases
• D: continue the descent while gently exhaling into the mask - answerA: Stop the descent and ascend till the pain stops. Body heat is lost at a rate of than air. - answer25- 30 times faster What year was the petition by United Brotherhood Carpenters and Joiners of America AFL-CIO with respect to diving operations filed? - answer The ultimate responsibility for safe diving procedures rests with the ... - answerindividual diver Proper equalization techniques must be learned in order to:
• A: prevent sinus squeeze
• B: prevent ear pain
• C: prevent squeeze injuries
• D: all answers are correct - answerD At what depth does the greatest expension occur - answer4 feet What are the absolute pressures, air volume, and air density in atmospheres, for: a. 10m/33ft b. 20m/66ft b. 30m/99ft

c. 40m/132ft - answera. 2 bar/ata, 1/2, x 2 b. 3 bar/ata, 1/3, x 3 c. 4 bar/ata, 1/4, x d. 5 bar/ata, 1/5, x In what year did OSHA exempt scientific diving from commercial diving regulations? - answer The purpose of equalization is to:

• A: ensure the uneven application of pressure between the water and air spaces in the body
• B: prevent water from entering air spaces in the body
• C: introduce additional air into body air spaces in response to increasing external pressure
• D: remove all fluids from body air spaces - answerC: introduce additional air into body air spaces in response to increasing external pressure True or false: One of the requirements for meeting the scientific diving exemption to OSHA commercial diving regulations is that the majority of members of an organization's Diving Control Board must be active scientific divers - answerTrue Who fought to obtain a scientific diving exemption in 1975 with a petition filed with OSHA - answerUnited Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America The three primary features to look for in a quality Exposure System are: - answerThickness, fit, & seam integrity Under what two conditions did OSHA exempt scientific diving from commercial diving regulations? - answerDiving Safety Manual and Diving Control (Safety) Board

An object immersed in water will be buoyed upward by a force to the weight of the water it displaces. - answerequal What is the relationship between air volume and density, and how do they vary according to this relationship when pressure increases or decreases? - answerAir volume and density change proportionately with pressure. As pressure increases, air volume decreases, and air density increases. As pressure decreases, air volume increases, and air density decreases. A high pressure scuba cylinder should be stored:

• A: secured with a minimum of 500 to 750 psi
• B: lying flat with no air
• C: with the valve slightly open to allow air expansion
• D: secured with the valve open - answerA: A high pressure scuba cylinder should be stored secured with a minimum of 500 to 750 psi What do you do if you have problems equalizing your ears - answerstop your descent, go up a few feet to lessen the pressure and slowly try your descent again. At what level should we be concern with nitrogen narcois - answerIt is recommended that recreational divers stay above 100 feet/ 30 meters One of the primary factors contributing to heat loss for divers is:
• A: Absorption
• B: Convection
• C: Diffusion
• D: Refraction - answerB: One of the primary factors contributing to heat loss for divers is Convection

What is a "squeeze"? - answerA pressure imbalance that pushes tissues into an air space. The Information System components are: A: Dive Computer B: Analogue Instruments C: SSI DiveLog D: All the above - answerD: All of the above (Dive Computer, Analogue Instruments, & SSI DiveLog) What does the Diving Control Board consist of, and what authority does it hold? - answerConsists of majority of active scientific divers and has autonomous & absolute authority over the scientific diving program's operation The purpose of a BC is to: - answer-Provide surface floatation

• Maintain neutral buoyancy during the dive
• Control ascent and descent rates This major factor contributed to obtaining the scientific diving exemption - answerlow accident/incident rate documented within the scientific diving community What is considered a repetative dive - answerAny dive started more that 10 minutes and less than 12 hours after a previous scuba dive. If surface interval is less than t0 minutes both dives must be considered as one dive. Under the SSI Equipment Service Program, your Delivery System should be serviced and performance checked:

• A: every 3 years
• B: every 5 years
• C: every month
• D: every year - answerD: every year Assuming a consistent air consumption rate, diving at a pressure of 4 ata will use as much air as diving at 2 ata. - answer2 times What is "equalization"? - answerThe process of adding air to an air space. During normal diving activities, divers should never exceed an ascent rate of feet per minute. - answer Year AAUS was incorporated - answer A scuba tank for recreational diving should be filled with:
• A: A mixture of helium and oxygen
• B: Pure, filtered compressed air or Nitrox
• C: A mixture of hydrogen and oxygen
• D: pure oxygen - answerB: A scuba tank for recreational diving should be filled with Pure, filtered compressed air or Nitrox The rate at which the body becomes saturated with nitrogen:
• A: will vary based on factors, such as depth and blood supply to a particular area of the body
• B: is always the same rate

• C: is slower at the beginning of the process and faster at the end of the process
• D: is faster t the beginning of the process and slower at the end of the process - answerA: will vary based on factors, such as depth and blood supply to a particular area of the body The transfer of oxygen and nitrogen into the bloodstream occurs through the walls of the:
• A: Arteries
• B: Bronchiole trees
• C: Alveoli
• D: Blood vessels - answerC: Alveoli What is considered to be an altitude dive - answerAny dive that is 1000 feet above sea level The most serious lung over-expansion injury is:
• A: Arterial gas Embolism
• B: Mediastinal emphysema
• C: Pneumothorax
• D: Subcutaneous emphysema - answerA: Arterial gas Embolism What are the three ways you can equalize air spaces during descent? - answer1. pinch your nose and blow gently against it

2. wiggling your jaw side-to-side and swallowing
3. blow air into mask through your nose The term gradient can be described as: - answerThe difference between the internal partial pressure and the external partial pressure of a gas

AAUS Mission Statement - answerTo facilitate the development of safe and productive scientific divers through education, research, advocacy, and the advancement of standards for scientific diving practices, certifications, and operations Which of the following overexpansion injuries can be characterized by chest pain, breathing difficulties, weakness, and cyanosis (blueness) of the lips and nail beds:

• A: bends
• B: Subcutaneous emphysema
• C: Mediastinal emphysema and Pneumothorax
• D: Rupture of the eardrum - answerC: Mediastinal emphysema and Pneumothorax AAUS Mission statement - answerTo facilitate the development of safe and productive scientific divers through education, research, advocacy and the advancement of standards for scientific diving practices, certifications and operations AAUS Purposes and Goal - answerDevelop, review and revise standards; collect, review and distribute statistics; conduct symposia and workshops; represent the scientific diving interests of the membership before other organizations and government agencies; fund research education and development of safe scientific diving programs AAUS Purposes and Goals (5) - answer1) To develop, review and revise standards

2. To collect, review and distribute statistics

3. To conduct symposia and workshops
4. To represent the scientific diving interests
5. To fund research, education and development of safe scientific diving How often should you equalize during descent? - answerFrequently When is the best time to do shore diving - answerduring times of minimal exchange of water between the tides In air at 1 ata, the partial pressure of nitrogen is , oxygen is.

• A: .21/.79 ata
• B: 1.5/.8 ata
• C: .79/.21 ata
• D: .8/.4 ata - answerC Gas can enter the bloodstream and cause serious damage to the lungs or even death by:
• A: ascending to fast
• B: holding your breath underwater
• C: diving with respiratory congestion
• D: all answers are correct - answerD:All of the above (ascending to fast , holding your breath underwater, and/or diving with respiratory congestion) How do we measure wave length - answerfrom the crest of one wave to the crest of the next wave, with the wave trough lying between them.

The term No-decompression Limit is defined as: Maximum time at without having to perform a decompression stop during the

• answerdepth, mandatory, ascent To use a compass to navigate to a sighted object: Point the compass toward the object, rotate the until the marks are over the magnetic needle, and follow the line. - answerbezel, witness, lubber What three steps should you take if you feel discomfort in an air space while descending? - answer1. stop your descent

2. signal your buddy(ies)
3. ascend slightly until the discomfort passes and try again A dive computer keeps track of a diver's nitrogen absorption levels so that the diver can:

• A: Avoid an Arterial gas Embolism
• B: Stay within the no decompression limits on each dive
• C: dive deeper than 100 feet
• D: Make decompression dives - answerB: Stay within the no decompression limits on each dive You should perform a safety stop at 15 feet for 3 to 5 minutes on every dive. True False - answerTrue

Lead Diver responsibilites - answer1) Coordination with other known activities

2. Checking diver certification
3. Briefing What is a surface interval? The amount of the diver stays of the water or on the dives - answertime, out, surface between AAUS Historic slogan - answerDedicated to the advancement and practice of scientific diving Which two fish blend well into their enviorment - answerStonefish & scorpian fish are camouflaged well with their background, and their behavior of remaining motionless on the rocks makes them almost impossible to spot What is the most important rule in scuba diving? - answerto breathe continuously and never, ever hold your breath The two scientific diver certification types are: - answer1) Temporary Diver Permit
4. Scientific Diver Certification Residual nitrogen is defined as: - answerThe amount of excessive nitrogen dissolved in our blood stream and tissues after a dive More than of Earth's oxygen is produced by marine plants. - answer85% A dependent action to take in response to an out of air emergency is:

• A: an emergency buoyant ascent
• B: sharing air using the primary second stage and using the alternate air source yourself
• C: a controlled swimming ascent
• D: all answers are correct - answerB: sharing air using the primary second stage and using the alternate air source yourself What force acts on the water to create a tide - answerGravity of the moon and sun, primarily the moon, pulling at the side of the earth nearest the moon. The first thing you should do if you observe signs of panic in a diver at the surface is: Completely fill your and instruct the diver to establish buoyancy - answerBC, panicked, postitive To achieve the SSI Advanced Open Water Diver rating, a diver is required to: - answerComplete 4 Specialty Courses and log a total of 24 dives To achieve the SSI Specialty Diver rating, a diver is required to: - answerComplete any 2 Speciality courses AND Log a total of 12 dives What are the consequences of breaking the most important rule in scuba diving? - answerlung overexpansion injuries To achieve the SSI Master Diver rating, a diver is required to: - answerBe certified as an SSI Advanced Open Water Diver, complete the SSI Stress and Rescue Specialty Course, and log a total of 50 dives Describing diving with the acronym SCUBA came from what event? - answerThe development of the Demand For the Regulator in 1943

4 components of the total diving system & accessory equipment - answer1) Simplicity

2. Consistency
3. Adaptability
4. Reliability/Redundancy What is a rip current - answeranytime waves reach the shoreline, the water must return and follows the path of least resistance How does increasing depth affect how long your air supply lasts? - answerit shortens it Open-Circuit Scuba - answerAll exhaled gas is lost Semi-Closed Scuba - answerSome exhaled gasis recycled What's the most efficient way to breathe dense air underwater? - answertake slow, deep breaths What do you do when you see a shark - answerdo not make sudden movement, maintain visual contact with the shark and move about in a deliberate and cautious manner When selecting scuba equipment, what are the three most important factors? - answersuitability, fit, and comfort Closed-Circuit Scuba - answerAll exhaled gas is recycled How do you prepare a new mask for use? - answeryou may need to scrub the interior of the glass with a mask cleaner. main preparation is to adjust the strap. fit it over the crown of your head, above your ears, with a snug but not overly tightly fit. secure the strap locking device if it has one.

How often do aluminum cylinders need visual inspection? - answerAnnually The condition in which certain colors are diminished as depth increases is called:

• Refraction
• Turbidity
• Diffusion
• Absorption - answerAbsorption Cetaceans - answerWhales, and their smaller cousins, dolphins and porpoises are called cetaceans If a flexible air-filled container has a volume of 40 cu ft on the surface, what would the volume be at 99 feet in sea water? (rounded off) - answer10 cu (Pressure=P ; Volume=V) (P1 & V1 = starting ; P2 & V2 = ending) (P1 x V1 = P2 x V (99ft=4ata=P2 ; V2=40cu) (40/4=10cu) One atmosphere of pressure is defined as: - answer- 1 ATA
• Each 34ft Depth of Freshwater
• Each 33ft Depth of Salt water (0ft = 1ata salt water) (33ft = 2ata salt water)

(66ft = 3ata salt water) (99ft = 4ata salt water) What are two basic types of tank valves? - answeryoke and DIN Gauge pressure is defined as:

• Hydrostatic pressure minus 1 ata
• The pressure at the surface
• The depth reading on a gauge
• Absolute pressure minus 1 ata - answer- Absolute pressure minus 1 ata Gauge pressure is defined as: - answerabsolute pressure minus 1 ATA How often do aluminum cylinders need hydrostatic testing? - answerEvery 5 years Sinus squeeze can be prevented by:
• Valsalva technique
• Wearing earplugs
• Tilting the divers head back and forth
• Not diving with a cold - answer- Not diving with a cold What's the difference between a DIN valve and a yoke valve? - answerthe yoke system holds the first stage to the cylinder with a clamp system. with the DIN system, the regulator threads into the valve. Hogarthian Principles - answer"A driven perfectionist who will not rest until every piece of gear he uses is at it's absolute best"

DIR - answerDoing It Right gear configuration The absolute pressure expressed in terms of atmospheres absolute at 33 feet in sea water is: - answer2 ATA Remember: ATA increases by 1 every 33ft depth in saltwater Where are electric rays found - answerall oceans in shallow water What's the best way to keep water out of a scuba tank? - answerto never completely empty it and store the cylinder in a standing position. Ear squeeze can be prevented by: - answer-Relaxing

• Never diving with a cold
• rotating the jaw, swallowing or Valsalva Three states of matter - answerSolid, Liquid, Gas The greatest relative pressure change in sea water takes place between and feet. - answer0/33ft The first symptom of a sinus squeeze is usually:
• a dull pain deep within the head
• a sharp pain at the base of the neck
• a crushing pain high in the chest
• A sharp pain or wedging sensation above the eyes - answer-A sharp pain or wedging sensation above the eyes

When do we treat punture wounds - answerimmediately Sinus squeeze can be prevented by: - answerNot diving with a cold Relaxing rotating jaw, light blowing out of plugged nose If you experience pain in the ear during descent:

• Stop the descent and ascend till the pain stops
• abort the dive
• place a finger in the ear canal and gently massage the ear until the pain ceases
• continue the descent while gently exhaling into the mask - answer-Stop the descent and ascend till the pain stops Why do you need scuba tank visual inspections and pressure tests and how often are they done? - answerto keep the maintenance of the cylinder and to know it is properly working. the visual inspection is done annually. the pressure test is done every two to five years. Body heat is lost at a rate of than air. - answer25- 30 times faster What catagory do the soft-bodied animals belong to - answerMollusks are the scientific category given to these forms Salt water weighs pounds per cubic foot and freshwater weighs pounds per cubic foot. - answer64/62. Proper equalization techniques must be learned in order to:
• prevent sinus squeeze

• prevent ear pain
• prevent squeeze injuries
• all answers are correct - answer-all answers are correct How does looking at something underwater affect its apparent size? - answerthe make them looker larger and/or closer Percentages of Nitrogen and Oxygen in air - answerN = 78% O = 21% How does water affect light intensity and color? - answeras you go deeper, it gets darker and colors start to fade. Archimedes' Principle - answerAn object immersed in water is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the water displaced What causes the holes in sponges - answerthe circulation of the water throughout their bodies. larger & fewer holes let water out. smaller and numerous holes let the water in How does being underwater affect hearing? - answersound travels over longer distances and more efficiently Density formula - answerD = M/V Absolute pressure is defined as: - answerThe total pressure exerted on an object Taxonomy - answerthe traditional way of broadly classifying plants and animals

How should you move underwater to compensate for the increased resistance of water? - answerslowly and steadily Density of freshwater - answer62.4 lbs/ft The absolute pressure expressed in terms of atmospheres absolute at 99 feet in salt water is: - answer4 ATA (0ft = 1ata salt water) (33ft = 2ata salt water) (66ft = 3ata salt water) (99ft = 4ata salt water) Density of saltwater - answer64 lbs/ft How do you breathe underwater for maximum efficiency? - answerslowly and deeply Proper equalization techniques must be learned in order to: - answer-Prevent ear pain

• prevent sinus squeeze
• prevent squeeze injuries When are waves considered to be of a certian size - answeras measured on a vertical distance from the crest (top) of a wave to the trough (bottom) Rip tides - answerrip tides are caused by the interchange of water during tidal exchange. They are present only in areas where there is a considerable amount of water moving in a relatively small space

what are eight symptoms of overexertion while diving? - answerfatigue, labored breathing, a feeling of suffocation or air starvation, weakness, anxiety, headache, muscle cramping, and a tendency to panic An object immersed in water will be buoyed upward by a force the weight of the water it displaces. - answerequal to Boyle's Law - answer(At constant temperature) the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure What are dive tools good for - answerto free the diver from entangement The three Basic Rules of Scuba stated in the proper order of importance are: - answerBreathe continuously, ascend slowly and maintain control, and never dive alone or beyond your level of training (3 B's breath, bubbles, and buddy) what two properties may an exposure suit lose due to increased water pressure at depth? - answerbuoyancy and circulation The most efficient breathing pattern for scuba diving is: - answerdeep balanced inhalation followed by long balanced exhalation, without any pause Boyle's Law formula - answerP1V1=P2V2 Digital gauges - answerdigital gauges are more accurate than analog gauges and are standard in all dive computers.

why should you avoid an excessively tight-fitting hood? - answerit it is too tight, it can restrict blood flow through your neck 1 ATM of saltwater - answer33 ft integrated weights - answermost BC's have integrated weights to replace the traditional weight belt what's the most important feature of any weight system? - answerthe quick release 1 ATM of freshwater - answer34 ft The purpose of a BC is to:

• Provide surface floatation
• Maintain neutral buoyancy during the dive
• Control ascent and descent rates
• all answers are correct - answer-all answers are correct As volume decreases with depth, density - answerIncreases The most efficient breathing pattern for scuba diving is: - answerA deep balanced inhalation followed by a long balance exhalation without any pauses between inhalation and exhalation. regulators - answerthe regulators that you use for your diving adventures are truly life support equipment how do you determine how much weight you need for a dive? - answeryou want to wear just

enough to offset your positive buoyancy, but not more. the second is the right distribution of weight.- trim. Which of the following Total Diving System subsystems best describes the SCUBA?

• Delivery system
• Buoyancy system
• Information system
• Snorkeling system - answer-Delivery system A scuba cylinder must be hydrostatically tested: - answerwithin fixed intervals set by local laws Considerations for selecting cylinders - answertherea are two considerations for selecting cylinders, capacity and weight if you lose contact with your buddy underwater, what should you do? - answerlook for your buddy for no more than a minute, then reunite on the surface Assuming a consistent air consumption rate, diving at a pressure of 4 ata will use as much air as diving at 2 ata. - answer2 times Pressure formula - answerP = (depth/33 or 34) + 1 During normal diving activities, divers should never exceed an ascent rate of feet per minute. - answer30 Servicing diving system - answerthe total diving system should be serviced ofte by your SSI Dive Center to ensure that it is functioning at its peak performance

DCR formula - answerDCR = air used/time 1950's - answerconsidered by many to be the genesis age of the Scuba The rate at which the body becomes saturated with nitrogen:

• will vary based on factors, such as depth and blood supply to a particular area of the body
• is always the same rate
• is slower at the beginning of the process and faster at the end of the process
• is faster t the beginning of the process and slower at the end of the process - answer-will vary based on factors, such as depth and blood supply to a particular area of the body what's the definition of "underwater visibility"? - answeryou measure visibility as the distance you can see horizontally underwater The Buoyancy Control System components are: - answerBuoyancy compensator, inflation device, and weight belt or BC weight pockets The SSI Equipment Service Program is designed to: - answerKeep all of the components of the total diving system to optimal performance SCR formula - answerSCR = DCR/P Haldanes theory that the human body can withstand a 2:1 pressure difference was revised by D Workman to a nitrogen ratio of:
• 3:1
• 1:1
• 5:1
• 1.58:1 - answer1.58:1

What four principle factors affect underwater visibility? - answerwater movement, weather, plankton, and bottom composition Pressure to volume conversion formula - answerft3/min = (psi/min) x (rated tank ft3/rated tank psi) how do you avoid the problems associated with diving in clear water? - answerusing a reference and staying two seconds away from your buddy First Stage Air-Delivery System - answerThe air delivery system first-stage, power inflator, computer and instruments are too sensitive for an untrained technician to handle If a flexible air-filled container at 100 feet of sea water has a volume of 10 cu ft, what would be the volume if it were transported to the surface?

• 20 cu ft
• 15 cu ft
• 40 cu ft
• 30 cu ft - answer- 40 cu ft (Pressure=P ; Volume=V) (P1 & V1 = starting ; P2 & V2 = ending) (P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 (100ft=4ata=P2 ; V2=10cu) (10 x 4 = 10cu) Whistles & Alarms - answerplastic whistles and other audible signaling devices such as alarms work well for signaling on the surface.