Scuba Diving Fundamentals and Certifications, Exams of Nursing

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PADI IDC

Recreational diving - correct answer Diving no deeper than 130 feet ( metres) with the no stop limits of recognized dive tables or dive computers. Must be within 40 metres/130 feet of the surface or within sight of light from the surface if diving in overhead environment. No Stop Limit - correct answer the max time you can stay at a given depth and still ascend directly to the surface without making a decompression stop (aka no decompression limits or NDL) Decompression sickness - correct answer "the bends" - a condition caused when gas bubbles form in the body after a dive Decompression stop - correct answer a pause or pauses in ascent at a specific depth and time to allow the body to release dissolved gas and avoid decompression sickness Safety stop - correct answer a pause in ascent, usually at 15 feet (5 metres) that is not required but made for added conservatism to further reduced chances of decompression sickness PADI - correct answer Professional Association of Diving Instructors; established in 1966 Deep Dive - correct answer 100 feet (30 metres) or deeper PADI Master Scuba Diver - correct answer PADI Rescue Diver who has earned 5 specialties. PADI Junior Certifications - correct answer 10 years old or older can earn PADI junior OWD certification and those 12 years and older can be come junior AOW and junior RD. Same

requirements as adult certs but require diving with an adult and some additional limits until the diver reaches the age of 15. PADI Seal Team and Bubblemaker - correct answer 8 years and older can scuba dive in a pool or shallow confined water area with pool-like conditions. Bubblemaker status allows kids to experience scuba diving but Seal Team offers a series of pool activities that build skills that transfer to PADI junior OWD. Subdivisions of Tec Diving - correct answer Deep diving; trimix diving; cave diving; technical wreck diving; technology-specific diving Tec Diving definition - correct answer 1) diving more than 130 feet ( metres); 2) required stage decompression; 3) diving in overhead environment beyond 130 feet; 4) accelerated decompression; 5) use of different gas mixtures on single dive Hang time - correct answer slang for time required for decomp stops Accelerated decompression - correct answer Switching to gas blends high in oxygen, or pure oxygen, to shorten the required decompression time Trimix - correct answer gas blend consisting of helium, oxygen, and nitrogen; the helium offsets narcotic properties of nitrogen at deep depths Enriched air nitrox - correct answer gas blend consisting of nitrogen and oxygen, with the proportion of oxygen higher than 21 percent; used to accelerate decompression in tec diving oxygen toxicity - correct answer convulsions caused by oxygen at depth; safe limits determined by the proportion of oxygen in the gas and the depth CCR - correct answer closed-circuit rebreather, a form of scuba that is more efficient because it recycles exhaled gases instead of releasing them as bubbles

hit - correct answer to suffer oxygen toxicity or decompression sickness Technical deep diving - correct answer Dives deeper than 130 feet typically requiring decompression stops; training focuses on equipment, calculations, and using different gas blends. Qualifies divers to dive as deep as 165 feet. Trimix diving - correct answer In ideal conditions, divers use a mix of helium, nitrogen, and oxygen for dives deeper than 165 feet. No set depth limit, but newly certified trimix divers set depth limits to 245 feet (75 metres). Cave diving - correct answer Typically shallower; main danger is far from air/light source and stirring up silt. Sidemount diving - correct answer Typically used in cave diving; divers ear separate cylinders on one or both sides, which allows for movement through very small areas more easily. Technical wreck diving - correct answer Entering the structure of a sunken ship and penetrating beyond 130 linear feet from the surface Technology-specific diving - correct answer Includes training with long- distance diver propulsion vehicles or CCRs NAUI - correct answer National Association of Underwater Instructors John Cronin - correct answer Scuba manufacturer rep who co-founded PADI Ralph Erickson - correct answer swim coach and scuba instructor who co- founded PADI Benoit Roaquayrol - correct answer Developed first open circuit demand scuba in 1865 with Auguste Denayrouze

Auguste Denayrouze - correct answer Developed first open circuit demand scuba in 1865 with Benoit Rouquayrol Henry A. Fleuss - correct answer In 1879, he developed first practical working scuba - an oxygen rebreather that did not differ much from modern oxygen rebreathers. Louis Boutan - correct answer Took first underwater photographs by a diver in

John Scott Haldane - correct answer Published first dive tables in 1908. Louis de Corlieu - correct answer Invented first rubber fins for swimming in

Emile Gagnan - correct answer Co-developed the open circuit compressed air regulator with Jacques Cousteau in 1943. Conshelf I - correct answer Founded by Jacques Cousteau, the project entailed two divers spending 1 week in 33 feet of water. Conshelf II - correct answer Five divers lived at 36 feet for one month in the Red Sea. Phil Nyutten - correct answer Patented oil-filled rotary joint for hard suits, which becomes the basis of the Newt Suit. Raymond E. Rogers - correct answer Developed the Recreational Dive Planner Atomic mass - correct answer total mass of particles in atom Atomic number - correct answer number of protons in an atom

Isotopes - correct answer Atoms of an element that have a different number of neutrons (but same number of protons) Molecular elements - correct answer compounds that consist entirely of atoms from a single element Reactive (chemistry) - correct answer An atom with an electron formation that allows it to form a chemical bond; reactivity depends on the number of electrons in its outermost shell. Stable (chemistry) - correct answer An atom that has the max number of electrons in its outermost shell and will not react with other atoms. Examples of this are the inert gases such as helium and neon. Ionic bonding - correct answer One atom takes an electron from another atom to complete its outer shell (e.g. NaCl) Covalent bonding - correct answer Atoms share electrons to complete their outer shell (e.g. water) Pressure (related to diving) - correct answer Pressure we experience from the atmosphere and while diving is the force of gravity acting on air and water. Atmospheric pressure is the weight of the air above you and water pressure is the weight of the water above you - the water is pulled down by gravity. Weight - correct answer a measure of the force of gravity acting upon mass Mass - correct answer mass is a measure of matter based on the matter's inertia; can be used interchangeably with weight in diving because we only ever dive on earth... Work - correct answer application of a force through a distance Energy - correct answer the capacity to do work

Polar Structure of Water - correct answer Negative charge at the oxygen end and slight positive charge at the hydrogen end; the polarity causes water molecules to create a hydrogen bond (or polar bond) with each other Surface Tension of Water - correct answer Polar bonds between water molecules make the water surface slightly cohesive, so it resists penetration and separation. Solubility in Water - correct answer The universal solvent; molecules begin to interact according to their polarity. Ionic substances are ripped apart and remain suspended within water Nonpolar molecules don't readily dissolve in water. Oils and fats are nonpolar. Heat Capacity - correct answer A measure of the amount of heat that must be added or removed from a substance to make it change temperature a given amount. Water and heat capacity - correct answer Water's polar structure gives it one of the highest heat capacities of all naturally occurring substances. When heating water, a significant amount of heat energy must first break the bonds before heat can increase the kinetic energy (temp) of the water molecules. For the same reason, water also has a high heat of vaporization and high latent heat of fusion ( when water freezes, it releases large quantities of heat). High heat capacity is critical for moderating the world's climates (e.g. carrying warm water from equatorial regions to the cooler regions closer to the poles). Water and ice - correct answer As water cools, it becomes more dense just like any other liquid, but only until it reaches 4C/39F. Unlike most substances, solid water is less dense than liquid water, which is why ice floats. Density Stratification - correct answer Water forms into layers of differing densities. Descending from one layer into another often results in an abrupt temperature drop.

Dissolved substances also increase water density and cause stratification. Thermocline - correct answer Transition between layers of different temperatures Halocline - correct answer A transition between a freshwater and a saltwater layer Heat - correct answer Total kinetic energy of the molecules within a given mass; measured in joules, calories, or BTUs (British Thermal Units). Temperature - correct answer The measure of the average degree of molecular motion within the mass; measured in Celsius, Fahrenheit, Rankine, and kelvins. Heat vs. Temperature - correct answer Suppose you have a large mass and a small mass of water, both with the same temperature. Although the temperature is the same and it's the same substance, the large mass will have considerably more heat because there are many, many more molecules in motion within it. Joule - correct answer amount of heat required to raise one gram of air one degree Celsius Carlorie - correct answer amount of heat require to raise one gram of water one degree celsius Conduction - correct answer Heat transmission via direct contact; a substance that easily transmits heat is a conductor. Water is an excellent conductor (20 times better than air). Insulator - correct answer a substance that resists conduction; air is a good insulator which is why dry suits insulate you better than wet suits Convection - correct answer Heat transmission via fluids; because a fluid becomes less dense and rises when heated, there is always cool water flowing over you during a dive.

Radiation - correct answer heat transmission via electromagnetic waves Absolute zero - correct answer The temperature at which there is no molecular motion. Nothing can be colder than 0 K or 0 R. Absolute 0 on Kelvin scale is -273C and absolute value on Rankine scale is -460F. Turbidity - correct answer Relative concentration of suspended particles Diffusion - correct answer Water scattering and deflecting light Wavelength range perceptible by humans - correct answer 400 nm to 760nm; differences within this range we perceive as color; we see color based on the wavelengths an object reflects; wavelengths relate to the amount of energy in light (red end of the spectrum as less energy that the blue end) Color absorption - correct answer Continual process by which water absorbs wavelengths with less energy more easily; by 15 feet, red is gone. There's less of all colors at 6 feet than there is at 3 feet. Color absorption is a function of the total distance light travels through water. Fluorescents - correct answer EMIT color when stimulated by light of any shorter wavelength; these colors stand out at depth Refraction - correct answer the change in direction when light passes from a medium of one density to a medium of a differing density; the speed of light changes causing a shift in its path Water magnification ratio - correct answer Objects underwater are magnified so they appear closer by a ratio of about 4:3 for their actual and apparent distances; an object may be 25% closer and 33% larger than it actually is.

Visual reversal - correct answer Results from visual processing and how your brain interprets what it sees depending upon water clarity, contrast and the amount of light; turbidity can make things look farther away than they actually are Sound transmission - correct answer The elasticity of a substance, not really the density, that allows it to transmit sound more effectively. Many dense materials have superior elasticity, which is why it's a general rule of thumb is that sound travels better through denser materials; however, it is not universal. Speed of sound - correct answer Entirely depends on the matter through which it travels; in air at sea level at 0C/32F sound travels at about 332m/1087ft/sec; in fresh water at 15C/58F, the speed is approximately 1410m/4625ft/sec, while saltwater at the same temperature it's approximately 1550m/5048ft/sec. Archimedes' Principle - correct answer An object wholly or partially immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. Specific gravity - correct answer the tendency of a solid or liquid to float or sink in water; pure water is the standard and has a specific gravity of 1. Anything less dense than water will have a specific gravity less than 1.0 and will float because the upward force of buoyancy is greater than the downward pull of gravity. Seawater specific gravity - correct answer 1. Ideal gas law - correct answer All gases behave according to the same ideal law (most gases have same properties with respect to pressure/volume relationships, pressure changes with temperature changes, and so on) Real gas law - correct answer accounts for individual variation due to differences in gas molecules

Amadeo Avogadro - correct answer Discovered that a given volume at the same temperature and pressure always has the same number of gas molecules, no matter what gas the volume holds. Avogadro's number - correct answer Physicists determined that a 0C and 1 bar/ata, 22.4 litres of gas consists of 602.2 billion trillion molecules (6.022 X 10^23) - referred to as one mole. General Gas Law - correct answer PV = nRT Boyle's Law (descriptive) - correct answer If temperature remains constant, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the absolute pressure. Boyle's Law (mathematically) - correct answer PV = K Charles Law - correct answer If pressure is kept constant, the volume increases as the temperature increases. If the volume is kept constant, the pressure increases when the temperature increases. Charles law as it applies to scuba cylinders - correct answer For every 1C, scuba cylinder pressure will change .6 bar. For every 1F, scuba cylinder pressure will change 5psi. Dalton's Law - correct answer The total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the pressures of each of the different gases making up the mixture - each gas acting as if it alone were present and occupied the total volume. Partial pressure - correct answer Individual pressure exerted by a component gas Partial pressure and oxygen toxicity - correct answer Oxygen becomes toxic when partial pressure exceeds 1.4 bar/ata

Surface equivalency - correct answer Comparing the effects of a single gas in a mix breathed at a particular depth with the effect of a greater percentage of the same gas at the surface. EANx - correct answer Enriched Air Nitrox - air that has had oxygen added to reduce the proportional amount of nitrogen and thereby increase the allowable no stop dive time. Gas Tension - correct answer Pressure exerted within a liquid by a particular gas in solution Henry's Law - correct answer The amount of gas that dissolves into a liquid at a given temperature is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas. Pressure gradient - correct answer Difference between the partial pressure of gases in contact with a liquid and the gas tension within the liquid Composition of Air - correct answer Nitrogen - 79.084% Oxygen - 20.946% Argon - 0.934% Carbon Dioxide - .033% Isobaric counterdiffusion - correct answer Occurs when a diver breathes a slowly diffusing gas (e.g. nitorgen) while surrounded by a rapidly diffusing gas (e.g. in a helium-filled dry suit). It can also occur if you breathe a rapidly diffusing gas while decompressing a slowly diffusing gas. Reflex respiratory centers - correct answer Control breathing by stimulating the urge to breathe when carbon dioxide is detected above distinct levels Peripheral chemoreceptors - correct answer monitor oxygen level sand signal respiratory centers when a decline in the partial pressure of oxygen below a specific level is detected. Tidal volume - correct answer Volume of gas you inhale and exhale during normal breathing

Vital capacity - correct answer Maximum volume that you inhale after total expiration Residual volume - correct answer Air left in your lugs after you exhale completely Dead air-space/dead space - correct answer Portion of your tidal volume that plays no direct part in gas exchange (i.e. sinuses, trachea, and bronchi). With SCUBA equipment, dead air space includes snorkel, regulator or other breathing equipment. Laminar flow - correct answer when gas flows through smooth passages and travels uninterrupted Hypercapnia - correct answer excess carbon dioxide Tachycardia - correct answer Speeding up of heart rate Bradycardia - correct answer Slowing down of heart rate Carotid-sinus reflex - correct answer Carotid arteries brings arterial blood to your brain; carotid-sinus receptors continuously monitor blood pressure within carotid arteries. If the receptors detect high blood pressure, they stimulate the cardioinhibitory center which slows your heart. Two major causes of hypercapnia - correct answer 1) high exertion

2. failing to breathe slowly and deeply Skip breathing - correct answer pausing briefly before exhaling Hypocapnia - correct answer insufficient carbon dioxide

Warning signs of CO poisoning - correct answer headache, confusion, narrowed vision Pulmonary oxygen toxicity - correct answer lengthy exposure to PO2 greater than 0.5 bar/ata Central Nervous System oxygen toxicity - correct answer nervous system reactions to oxygen exposure; up to 1.4 bar/ata is within the acceptable range; 1.4-1.6 bar/ata is within contingency range; 1.6 and above is deemed hazardous and a high CNS risk. Normoxic conditions - correct answer normal oxygen conditions (P02 @. bar/ata) Central nervous system toxicity symptoms - correct answer VENTID: visual disturbances (tunnel vision, blurring), ear disturbances (ringing, music), nausea, twitching (especially in face), irritability and dizziness (vertigo)