Scuba Diving Fundamentals: Mastering Equipment and Techniques, Exams of Nursing

Download Scuba Diving Fundamentals: Mastering Equipment and Techniques and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

SDI Open Water

Describe all the steps to assemble a BCD and regulator to a scuba cylinder.correct answerSpin the tank around so that the back of the valve is facing you. Place the BCD band(s) over the top of the cylinder so that the back of the BCD is facing you. Raise or lower the BCD so the top is even with the cylinder valve. Fasten the buckles. Remove dust cap, hold first stage in left hand, rotate the chambers until the primary second stage sits on the right. Screw the knob on your first stage until it is finger tight. Connect the low pressure inflator hose to the stem on the BCD's inflator. Turn on the air. How should you go about checking that your BCD is attached securely to your cylinder?correct answerYou lift up by the BCD and gently shake it. What is the purpose of streamlining your hoses and accessories?correct answerSo they don't get tangled/ in the way. Describe from the start to finish the steps to disassemble your scuba system.correct answer1. Remove accessories and weights

2. Decompress the system: Turn the valve knob completely clockwise. Decompress one of the second gauges (purge button or the auto inflator button to vent air remaining in the hoses)
3. Detach the LP hose from the inflator assembly by pulling the collar back on the quick disconnect. Unscrew the yoke knob until the first stage can slip off the top of the valve.
4. Undo the straps and remove the BCD from the cylinder.
5. Rinse off gear and fill and dump BCD Describe two important features of a weight system.correct answer1. To weigh you down
6. You can use different weights What should you do any time the second stage is out of your mouth?correct answerPut the back up in your mouth then do either a sweep or reach technique to get it back. Describe two ways to clear a flooded second stage.correct answer1. Depress the purge button before inhaling.

2. Exhale into the mouthpiece. What is the hand signal for out-of-air?correct answerFlat hand cut across your neck The thumbs up signal means "OK." True or False?correct answerFalse Describe two different ways to indicate "OK".correct answer1. Pointer thumb touch
3. Fist on your head Describe how to perform a giant stride entry off a boat.correct answerStand on the edge of the dive platform, check the water below to make sure it is clear of other divers, put your right hand over your mask and regulator and your left hand over your weight belt buckle, stand straight, look directly ahead and take a big step out off the edge of the platform. Signal OK if everything is alright. Name four different water entries.correct answer1. Giant stride
4. Controlled sated
5. Back roll entry
6. Shore entry Describe the two emergency out-of-air ascents.correct answer1. Signal out of air
7. Remove regulator, exhale, reach for your buddy's alternate air source.
8. Put in your mouth, purge and breath exchanging "OK" and "Go up" hand signals.
9. Donor should hold onto the receiver's BCD shoulder strap as you slowly ascend together.
10. Orally inflate your BCD when you reach the surface.
11. Signal out of air
12. Donor grabs buddy, takes a breath, and gives buddy regulator.
13. Receiver purges and takes 2 breaths and passes it back.
14. Donor keeps hand on the hose and they both go up repeating steps 2-3.

How do you vent air from a BCD?correct answerBy holding the end of your inflator hose over your head and depressing the inflator button. A properly weighted scuba diver should float at _____________ when her BCD is deflated and lungs are fully inflated.correct answereye level How do you relieve a leg cramp?correct answerBy grabbing your fin and stretching it out or having a buddy do it for you. What is the reciprocal of a 200-degree heading?correct answer20-degrees Define risk management.correct answerA means of preventing problems and planning a response to any emergency that arises. The concept of risk management involves planning ahead, employing good diving practices, and knowing what to do before an emergency arises. Without a plan, a simple problem can quickly snowball into a full-blown emergency. Why should you avoid consuming drugs or alcohol prior to a dive?correct answerThe use of alcohol and drugs greatly increases the risk of decompression sickness in divers. What elements should you and your buddy agree on before the dive?correct answerA dive plan that contains ebjectives compromised by both divers. Familiarizing yourselves with the dive site and conditions Determining entry and exit points Deciding the direction in which you will travel Reviewing hand signals Agreeing upon dive time, maximum depth and minimum cylinder pressure Lost buddy and emergency procedures Who the leader is Describe what to do if you and your buddy become separated during a dive.correct answerLook around the immediate area for 1 minute. Rap on your cylinder and listen for a reply.

If you are reunited under water check air supplies and remaining no-stop time to decide how to continue with the dive. If you do not find your buddy after one minute, begin a normal ascent to the surface. Wait on the surface until your buddy ascends. When planning a repetitive dive, the _________ diver should be made first.correct answerdeeper Describe the procedure recommended for a safety stop.correct answerA safety stop should be conducted between 3 and 6 meters (10-20 feet) for 3-5 minutes before coming up to surface. A safety stop is recommended on any dive up to 30 meters (100 feet) and mandatory for dives over 30 meters (100 feet). Describe what to do if you exceed the no-deco time registered on your computer.correct answerThe computer will display each decompression stop depth and time. Ascend at a normal rate and stop at the first decompression depth. Stay at that depth for the time required. Once the mandatory time at this stop has elapsed, the computer will display the next shallower stop depth and the time required. Perform all required stops until the computer clears you to ascend to the surface. What should you do if you become entangled underwater?correct answerDo not struggle. Move back the way you came to try to untangle yourself. If you have a knife cut yourself out. If you do not have a knife wait for someone who does to come cut you out. What is the emergency procedure for suspected decompression sickness?correct answer1. Move the affected diver out of danger.

2. Activate the Emergency Medical System (EMS)
3. Monitor life support signs (pulse and respiration) and provide CPR if necessary.
4. Provide 100% O2 via demand regulator if the diver is breathing.
5. Evacuation if necessary What does SCUBA stand for?correct answerSelf Contained Underwater Breathing

Aparatus List 3 important scuba diving changes that occurred in the 1950's.correct answer1. US Navy Dive tables published in 1957

2. First personal dive computer invented in 1959
3. Dramatic improvements in personal diving equipment What sets SDI (Scuba Diving International) apart from other diving training agencies?correct answerThe first agency to offer entry-level instruction that incorporates the use of dive computers. A. How much larger and closer do items appear underwater? B. Why is this important to a diver?correct answerA. 33% Larger and 25% Closer B. Visual distortion may be disorienting to a diver and can cause dizziness. A. How much faster does sound move underwater than in the air? B. Why is this important to a diver?correct answerA. Sound moves 4X faster in water than air due to the density of the water. B. It's difficult for the diver to tell which direction sound is coming from, or how far away it is. This can be especially dangerous when you hear a boat overhead. What is the first color to be absorbed underwater?correct answerRed is the first color to disappear under water. When diving from the shore, the best time to dive is when there is the least amount of tidal current. XXX tide is when there is no horizontal water movement.correct answerSlack

If you are caught in a rip current, first swim XXX to the shore to get out of it before swimming towards shore.correct answerParallel A. Waves are usually caused by XXX. B. How are waves dangerous to a diver?correct answerA. Wind B. Waves on the surface cause "surge" underneath. In a strong surge, a diver has little control over which direction to swim and can be thrown into underwater formations. True or False: You should anticipate surge action to avoid contact with stationary objects.correct answerTrue: If you experience strong surge, it's best to avoid underwater formations and swim to deeper water where the surge is weaker. A. What types of marine life cause the most diving injuries? B. What do most marine life diving injuries consist of?correct answerA. Fire Coral, Jelly Fish, Fish on the sea floor B. Painful, temporary stings and abraisions What should you do if you see a potentially dangerous animal underwater and it does not leave the area?correct answerAvoid touching sea life. Always respect the environment. Be aware. List 3 different reasons that it is advisable to check with your local dive center before conducting a dive you're unfamiliar with.correct answer1. Find out local laws

2. Find out about typical environmental conditions
3. Find out about dangerous indigenous animals and appropriate first aid. What should you do if visual distortion underwater causes you to become disoriented or dizzy?correct answerGrab hold of a stationary object and wait. Once you have regained your sense of direction, continue with the dive. What should you do if you hear a boat overhead?correct answerBecause sound travels differently in water it's difficult to tell the distance or direction of the source of sounds.

If you hear a boat you should stay down until the sound disappears. Then surface to your dive flag or dive vessel. A. Water that contains a large quantity of suspended particles is said to be XXX. B. Why does this matter to a diver?correct answerA. Turbid B. Turbid water reduces visibility and poses more danger to a diver than clear water. It becomes easier to get lost and lose sight of other divers. A. Water conducts heat away from the body about XXX percent faster than air. B. Why does this matter to a diver?correct answerA. 25% B. It's much easier to experience cold related injuries (such as hypothermia) underwater than on land. Always plan ahead and wear a wetsuit or drysuit as necessary to prevent injury. A. Define Thermocline B. Give an examplecorrect answerA. A layer of water that separates warmer surface water from cold deep water. B. Air temperature could be 85 degrees, Water temperature could be 81 degrees. But water at the bottom could be 51 degrees. What is the absolute pressure (in atm) at 66 feet?correct answer2 atm What will be the volume in a ball that is filled with two cubic feet of air at 99 feet when it's taken to the surface?correct answer8 cubic feet

How many more times dense is the air in a balloon at 4 atm compared to the air density at the surface? correct answer4 X as dense What is the abbreviation for an atmosphere?correct answeratm If a scuba cylindar lasts 2 hours (120 minutes) at sea level, how long will it last at 66 feet?correct answer40 minutes How often should a diver equalize during a descent?correct answerEarly and often What should you do if you experience discomfort in your ears while descending?correct answerStop descent, ascend a few feet. Equalize, then descend again. What is a reverse block?correct answerPressure caused by air spaces in your body expanding during ascent. What is squeeze?correct answerThe painful compression of air spaces in your body or equipment during descent. What should you do if you experience a reverse block upon ascending?correct answerDescend a few feet until the pain subsides. Wait a few moments. Then, ascend again. What is the most important rule in scuba diving?correct answerNever hold your breath! What is the most serious injury that a diver can suffer from if they hold their breath while ascending? correct answerLung over-expansion injury (possibly fatal) Which gas component in air causes decompression sickness and narcosis?correct answerNitrogen What medical problem can occur if a diver ascends much too rapidly for nitrogen to be slowly released, or off-gassed?correct answerDecompression Sickness

List at least 5 factors that can predispose a diver to decompression sickness.correct answer1. Obesity

2. Age
3. Illness
4. Past/Present Injuries
5. Prior History of DCS
6. Fatigue
7. Dehydration
8. Smoke inhalation
9. Use of drugs/alcohol prior to dive
10. Repetative Dives
11. Overexertion
12. Cold Water
13. Diving at higher altitudes Describe the symptoms of DCS, including mild to severe signs and symptoms.correct answer1. Rash or Crackling Skin
14. Joint Pain (most common symptom)
15. Difficulty Breathing
16. Cough
17. Numbness
18. Dizziness
19. Tingling
20. Paralysis
21. Temporary Blindness
22. Unconciousness What is the depth threshold where most scuba divers begin to be affected by nitrogen narcosis?correct answer100 feet

List two possible ways a diver may feel if they become "narked" at depth.correct answerExtreme Euphoria Extreme Anxiety What should a diver do to alleviate the symptoms of nitrogen narcosis?correct answerAscend normally until you no longer feel the affects Which gas causes extreme headache and nausea, and in high enough concentrations causes unconciousness and the lips and fingernails to turn bright red?correct answerCarbon Monoxide What may indicate that the air in a scuba cylinder is dangerous to breath?correct answerOdor or Taste What should you do if you suddenly feel sick and develop a headache during a dive?correct answerMake a controlled ascent to the surface. Breath fresh oxygen or air until the symptoms clear up. If symptoms do not clear up, seek immediate medical attention. Failure to equalize the pressure in your ears on descent will result in (A) Reverse Block (B) Squeeze (C) Nitrogen Overloadcorrect answer(B) Squeeze When a scuba diver holds his/her breath on ascent, he/she may: (A) Experience decompression sickness (B) Rupture his/her lungs (C) Suffer an air embolism (D) Diecorrect answer(B) Rupture his/her lungs (C) Suffer an air embolism (D) Die

What causes you to want breath?correct answerBuild up of carbon dioxide Atmospheric pressure is 14.7 PSI at sea level. What is the absolute pressure at a depth of 33 feet?correct answer29.4 PSI The correct time to begin equalizing your ears is (A) When you feel pressure (B) Early and often (C) 3 feet below the surfacecorrect answer(B) Early and often A. In Pocatello Idaho (abt 4,000 feet), what is the atmospheric pressure (PSI) on land? B. How deep would you need to dive to equal 1 atm if diving in Pocatello, ID?correct answerA. About 12.7 PSI B. About 26 ft. List and describe the 3 types of boyancycorrect answer1. Positive buoyancy - floating at the surface

2. Neutral buoyancy- remains at constant depth, neither floating or sinking
3. Negative buoyancy- sinking A. Describe Boyle's Law B. Why is this important to a diver?correct answerA. If pressure increases, then volume decreases, and vice versa. B. Boyle's law can be used to determine the effect of depth on air consumption and it can be used to prevent diving related injuries. To prevent injury it is important to equalize at the XXX before you dive, and then every couple of feet thereafter.correct answersurface True or False: You should equalize before beginning descent at the surface and continue to equalize every couple of feet thereafter.correct answerTrue. Equalize early and often.

What is the main purpose of a snorkel?correct answerIt's used when a long swim on the surface is required in order to conserve air in the tanks. How do you know if a mask fits correctly?correct answer1. Press the mask against your face without using the strap 2. Make sure there's no hair under the skirt of the mask 3. Inhale slightly 4. If the mask tightens against your face and doesn't fall off it's a good fit. Name at least 1 visual and 1 audible rescue signaling device.correct answer1. Whistles 2. Horns 3. Inflatable Tube 4. Inflatable Lift Bag Name 2 basic fin designs and describe the main features of each.correct answer1. Open Heel - Necessary when diving in cold water to enable the diver to wear neoprene boots. Also adjustable sizes are available. 2. Full Foot - Must be exact fit. But, allow more efficient use of leg muscles. What is the main difference between a wet suit and a dry suit?correct answer1. Wet suit keeps a diver warm by trapping a small layer of water between the suit and the diver's skin. 2. Dry suit keeps a diver warm by trapping dry air between the skin and the suit. Dry suits are typically more buoyant. But they're also much warmer. What extra attire can enhance a divers warmth when worn with a wet suit or a dry suit?correct answer1. Neoprene boots 2. Gloves 3. Hoods. Name 2 functions of wet bootscorrect answer1. Protection against abrasions 2. Warmth List 4 functions of a dive computer.correct answer1. No Decompression Limit 2. Current Depth 3. Max Depth 4. Dive Time 5. Ascent Rate 6. Required Decompression 7. Surface Interval Time 8. Time to Fly 9. Logbook 10. Bottom Time Define Maximum Dive Depth.correct answerThe deepest point reached during a dive Define No-Stop Time or No-Stop Dive.correct answerA dive during which you can safely ascend straight to the surface with no decompression stops.

What are 2 ways a PDC may alert a diver that he/she is ascending too fast?correct answer1. Visual Alarms 2. Audible Alarms How do you determine the time limit for a repetitive dive from a PDC?correct answerUse the Surface Interval Time feature What are the 2 main modes of operation of a dive computer?correct answer1. Surface Mode 2. Dive Mode What are 2 types of weight systems?correct answer1. Belts 2. Pouches on the BCD What are the 2 types of dive flags commonly flown from a dive boat?correct answer1. Diver Down Flag (red & white) 2. International Flag (blue & white) Describe the function of a scuba regulator first stage and second stage.correct answer1. First Stage- Attaches to tank and reduces the high pressure air to an intermediate pressure for breathing 2. Second Stage- Delivers air at ambient pressure directly to the diver A cylindar should be visually inspected at least XXX a year and hydrostatically tested every XXX years in the United States.correct answer1. once a year 2. every five years What does the abbreviation BCD stand for?correct answerBuoyancy Control Device State the guages that a console might hold.correct answer1. Submersible Pressure Gauge (SPG) 2. Depth Gauge 3. Compass A weight belt should be put on with a XXX hand release.correct answerRight With a weight belt, the excess length should be XXX inchescorrect answer4-6 inches The scuba tank is normally filled with (A) Oxygen

(B) Nitrox (C) Aircorrect answer(C) Air A tank is considered out of air on a dive when (A) The tank is empty (B) 200 PSI (C) 500 PSI (D) 1,000 PSIcorrect answer(C) 500 PSI A snorkel is a required piece of equipment. What side of the mask does a snorkel belong on? Why? correct answerThe Left Side. Because your regulator goes on the right side and you don't want the snorkel to get in the way. How much weight should you put on your weight belt when wearing a wetsuit? (A) 10% of body weight (B) 20% of body weight (C) Enough to become neutral at the surfacecorrect answer(C) Enough to become neutral at the surface You are wearing a 1/4" wetsuit, you have left the surface and descent has begun. You will need to do what? Explain your choice. (A) Change the weights on the weight belt (B) Let the air out of the BCD (C) Add air to the BCDcorrect answer(C) Add air to the BCD The deeper you descend the more the cells in the wet suit compress thus displacing less water. When this happens you become less buoyant and will need to add air to the BCD to bring yourself back to neutral buoyancy. After returning to the surface, before you take the regulator out of your mouth you should.. .correct answerAdd air to the BCD to achieve positive buoyancy Anytime the regulator leaves your mouth underwater you should.. .correct answerExhale

After diving you should always do what with your mask, fins, and snorkel.correct answerRinse them well in fresh water to reduce degridation of the materials. List 3 components of a compasscorrect answer1. North Label 2. Lubber line 3. Housing w/360 degree marks 4. Needle 5. Magnetic or Digital Components