Scuba Diving Fundamentals: Mastering the Basics, Exams of Nursing

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SDI: open water

CH 2 : What is the most important rule in scuba diving?correct answernever hold your breath CH 4 : Describe from start to finish the steps to disassembling your scuba systemcorrect answer- remove accessories and weights

• decompress the system : turn the valve knob completely clockwise, decompress the second gauges (purge button or auto inflator button to vent air remaining in the hoses)
• detach the LP hose from the inflator assembly by pulling the collar back on the quick disconnect , unscrew the yoke knob until the first stage can slip off the top of the valve
• undo the straps and remove the BCD from the cylinder
• rinse off gear and fill and dump BCD CH 5 : Describe what to do if you exceed the no-deco time registered on your computercorrect answer- ascend to the surface before you run out of air
• when surfaced , establish positive buoyancy and signal for emergency assistance
• advise the dive supervisor of your omitted decompression and begin first aid procedures for decompression sickness
• breathe oxygen for at least 30 mins and watch for signs and symptoms of decompression sickness for at least 24 hours
• seek immediate medical attention if any symptoms develop
• do not dive or fly or go to higher elevations for at least 24 hours CH 5 : What elements should you and your buddy agree on before the dive?correct answer- dive time
• maximum depth
• minimum cylinder pressure
• emergency procedures CH 5 : Define risk managementcorrect answer- a means of preventing problems and planning a response to any emergency that arises

• involves planning ahead , employing good diving practices and knowing what to do before an emergency CH 5 : Why should you avoid consuming drugs or alcohol prior to a dive?correct answerit greatly increases the risk of decompression sickness in divers CH 5 : What is the emergency procedure for suspected decompression sickness?correct answer1: move the afflicted diver out of danger 2: activate the Emergency Medial System (EMS) 3: monitor life support signs (pulse and respiration) and provide CPR if necessary 4: provide 100% oxygen via demand regulator if the diver is breathing 5: evacuation if necessary CH 5 : What should you do if you become entangled underwater?correct answer- relax, do not struggle to free yourself , moving around results in further entanglement
• figure out how to untangle carefully or carefully use knife to cut the line away, cut away from body and gear CH 5 : Describe the procedure recommended for a safety stopcorrect answer- Should be conducted between 3 and 6 meters (10 and 20 feet) for three to five minutes before coming up to the surface
• a safety stop is recommended on any dive up to 30 meters (100 feet)
• for dives over 30 meters (100 feet), a saftey stop is mandatory CH 5 : When planning a repetitive dive, the ___________ dive should be made firstcorrect answerdeepest CH 5 : Describe what to do if you and your buddy become separated during a divecorrect answer- look around the immediate area for one minute, during that time look around the bottom then ascend a few feet to look for rising bubbles
• tap on your cylinder and listen for a reply
• if reunited underwater , check each other's air supplies and remaining no-stop time to decide how to continue with the dive

• if buddy not found after searching for one minute, begin normal ascent to the surface
• wait on the surface until your buddy ascends
• if you both follow this procedure, you will be reunited shortly after the separation
• remember that it is much easier to find your buddy on the surface than underwater CH 1 : What does SCUBA stand for?correct answerSelf Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus CH 1 : List the three important scuba diving changes that occured in the 1950scorrect answerdive tables, dive computers, aqua lung (enhanced diving computer) CH 1 : Name three different devices that modern dive computers replacecorrect answerdive tables, gauges, audible / visual alarms CH 1 : What sets Scuba Diving International apart from other training agencies?correct answer- Was the first dive agency to provide entry-level scuba instruction that incorporates the use of dive computers
• They take advantage of the latest technological developments in dive computers CH 1 : How much larger and closer do objects appear underwater and why?correct answer- magnified by 25% (closer)
• 33% larger
• there needs to be an airspace between your eyes and the water CH 1 : How much faster does sound move through water than air and why?correct answer- 4 times faster in water than air because water is denser than air
• Sound waves travels faster and closer together (sometimes difficult to tell where sound is coming from) CH 1 : What color is the first to be absorbed underwater?correct answerred

CH 1 : When diving from shore, the best time to dive is when there is the least amount of tidal current. ________ tide is when there is no horizontal water movement.correct answerslack CH 1 : If you are caught in a rip current, first swim ___________ to the current to get out of it before swimming towards shorecorrect answerparallel CH 1 : Waves are usually caused by ________correct answerwind pushing CH 1 : Anticipate surge action to avoid contact with stationary objects. True or False?correct answertrue CH 1 : What types of marine life cause most diving injuries?correct answercoral, lionfish, sea urchins CH 1 : What should you do if you see a potentially dangerous animal underwater and it does not leave thee area?correct answerkeep distance, point out to other divers, avoid touching CH 1 : List three different reasons that it is advisable to check with your local dive center before conducting a dive in an area you are unfamiliar with?correct answernavigation, current patterns, environmental dangers, first aid info CH 2 : What is the absolute pressure (in atmospheres/bars) at 20 meters (66 feet)?correct answerthree CH 2 : What will be the volume in a ball that is filled with two liters/cubic feet of air at 30 meters ( feet) when it is taken to the surface?correct answer1/ CH 2 : How many more times dense is the air in a balloon at 4 atm/bar compared to the air density at the surface?correct answer4x CH 2 : How often should a scuba diver equalize during a decent?correct answerevery couple feet during descent

CH 2 : What should you do if you experience discomfort in your ears upon descending?correct answerpinch nose and blow gently against blocked nose. If does not go away ascend to a comfortable depth and repeat CH 2 : What is a reverse block?correct answercauses pain in ears and sinus' during descent CH 2 : What should you do if you experience a reverse block upon ascending ?correct answerdescend a few feet until pain subsides, wait a few moments and continue ascent CH 2 : What is the most serious injury that a diver could suffer from if they hold their breath upon ascending?correct answerlung over expansion injury CH 2 : Which gas component in air causes decompression sickness and narcosis?correct answernitrogen CH 2 : What medical problem can occur if a diver ascends much too rapidly for nitrogen to be slowly released?correct answerthe bends or bubbles in the blood CH 2 : List at least five factors that can predispose a diver to decompression sicknesscorrect answer1. obesity

2. age
3. illness
4. past or present injuries
5. prior history of decompression sickness CH 2 : Describe the symptoms of DCS, including mild to severe signs and symptomscorrect answer- a rash or crackling of the skin may occur if bubble occur in the capillaries

• joint pain is the most common
• hard breathing
• dizziness
• numbness

CH 2 : What is the depth threshold where most scuba divers generally begin to be affected by nitrogen narcosis?correct answer100ft CH 2 : List two possible ways a diver may feel if they become "narked" at depthcorrect answer- extreme euphoria

• extreme anxiety
• carefree of safety
• intoxication CH 2 : What should a diver do to alleviate the symptoms of nitrogen narcosis?correct answerascend as normal until feeling passes CH 2 : Which gas causes extreme headache and nausea, and in high enough concentrations causes unconsciousness and the lips and fingernail beds to turn bright red?correct answerCarbon monoxide poisoning CH 2 : What may indicate that the air in a scuba cylinder is harmful to consume?correct answerif it has an odor or taste CH 2 : What should you do if you suddenly feel sick and develop a headache during a scuba dive?correct answerimmediately abort the dive and make a controlled ascent to the surface CH 3 : What is the main purpose of a snorkel?correct answeruseful on long surface swims CH 3 : How do you know if a mask fits correctly?correct answerpress the mask skirt against face without the strap, make sure there is no hair under the skirt, inhale slightly through the nose to create suction, it fits if it tightens against your face and doesn't fall off CH 3 : Name at least one visual and one audible rescue signaling devicecorrect answer- SMB (surface marker buoy)
• Whistle

CH 3 : What is the main difference between a wet suit and a dry suit?correct answer- wet suit : lets in small amount of water to be trapped and warmed by body temp

• dry suit : keeps you completely dry but is integrated inflation systems and requires more training CH 3 :What extra attire can enhance a divers warmth when worn with a wet or dry suit?correct answerthermal undergarments, long john/jane, shorty, booties CH 3 : Name two functions of wet suit bootscorrect answerwarmth, fit of fins, protection CH 3 : List four functions of a dive computercorrect answer- depth
• dive time
• ascent rate
• no deco time CH 3 : Define maximum dive depthcorrect answerthe deepest point reached during the dive CH 3 : Define no-stop timecorrect answerbegins with the max no stop time and counts down to the zero CH 3 : What are two ways a PDC may alert a diver that he or she is ascending too fast?correct answer- audible alarm
• visual warnings CH 3 : How do you determine the time limit for a repetitive dive from a PDC?correct answersurface interval time CH 3 : What are the two main modes of operation of dive computer?correct answer- decompression mode
• surface mode
• log mode

CH 3 : What are the two types of weight systems?correct answer- weight belt

• integrated BCD CH 3 : What are the two types of dive flags that are commonly flown from a dive boat?correct answer- diver down flag
• international (alpha) flag CH 3 : Describe the function of a scuba regulator first stage and second stagecorrect answer1st stage : ports/outlets in the 1st stage allow for instruments such as the submersible pressure gauge to attach to the regulator via a high pressure hose/ reduce the air pressure from the tank to an immediate pressure for breathing 2nd stage : delivers ambient air pressure directly to diver CH 3 : A cylinder should be visually inspected at least __________ a year and hydrostatically tested every ___________ years in the United Statescorrect answer- once
• every 5 years CH 3 : List three components of a compasscorrect answerplastic housing filled with oil and a needle/card that points north, lubber line stationary line of reference on the face of the compass that should align with body, index marks - align desired direction CH 3 : What does the abbreviation BCD stand for?correct answerbuoyancy compensation device CH 3 : State the gauges that a console might holdcorrect answer- at maximum depth gauge
• pressure gauge
• compass Ch 4 : Describe all the steps to assemble a BCD and regulator to a scuba cylindercorrect answer- spin the tank around so that the back of the valve is facing you
• place the BCDs band over the top of the cylinder so that the back of the BCD is facing you
• raise or lower the BCD so that the top is even with the cylinder valve
• fasten the buckles, remove the dust cap

• hold first stage in left hand, rotate the chambers until the primary second stage sits on the right
• screw the knob on your first stage until it is finger tight
• connect the low pressure inflator hose to the stem on the BCDs inflator
• turn on the air CH 4 : How should you go about checking that your BCD is attached securely to your cylinder?correct answerlift up the BCD and gently shake it to see if it slides up and down CH 4 : What is the purpose of streamlining your hoses and accessories?correct answer- so that they do not drag along the sea floor destroying the reef
• do not tangle / get in the way CH 4 : Describe two important features of a weight systemcorrect answer- overweight
• underweight CH 4 : What is the hand signal for out-of-air?correct answerflat hand cut across your neck CH 4 : The thumbs up signal means "OK" True or False?correct answerfalse, it means go up (surface) CH 4 : Describe two different ways to indicate "OK"correct answer- pointer and thumb touch
• fist on head CH 4 : Describe how to perform a giant stride entry off a boatcorrect answer- stand on the edge of the dive platform, check the water below to make sure it is clear of other divers, put your right hand over your mask and regulator and your left hand over your weight belt, stand straight, look directly ahead and take a big step off the edge of the platform, signal OK if everything is alright CH 4 : Name four different water entriescorrect answer- giant stride
• controlled seated
• back roll entry

• shore entry CH 4 : Describe the two emergency out-of-air ascentscorrect answer- signal out of air, remove regulator, exhale, reach for your buddy's alternate air source, put in your mouth, purge and breath exchaining OK and go up hand signals, donor should hold unto the recieves BCD shoulder strap as you slowly ascend together, orally inflate your BCD when you reach the surface, signal out of air, donor grabs buddy, takes a breath and gives buddy regulator, receiver purges and takes 2 breaths and passes it back, donor keeps hand on the hose and they go up repeating steps above CH 4 : How do you vent air from a BCD?correct answerby holding the end of your inflator hose over your head and depressing the inflator button CH 4 : A properly weighted scuba diver should float at ____________ when her BCD is deflated and lungs are fully inflatedcorrect answereye level CH 4 : How do you relieve a leg cramp?correct answerby grabbing your fin and stretching it out or having a buddy do it for you Ch 4 : What is the reciprocal of a 200-degree heading?correct answer20 degrees