Scuba Diving Fundamentals: Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Lung Injuries, Exams of Human Resource Management

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SCUBA SSI Open Water Diver Final

Exam Questions with Correct Answers

The absolute pressure expressed in terms of atmospheres absolute at 33 feet in sea water is: -A: 2 at -B: 1 at -C: 4 at -D: 3 at - Correct answer A: 2 at Gauge pressure is defined as: -A: Hydrostatic pressure minus 1 at -B: The pressure at the surface -C: The depth reading on a gauge -D: Absolute pressure minus 1 at - Correct answer D: Gauge pressure is defined as Absolute pressure minus 1 at The first symptom of a sinus squeeze is usually: -A: a dull pain deep within the head -B: a sharp pain at the base of the neck -C: a crushing pain high in the chest -D: a sharp pain above the eyes - Correct answer D: a sharp pain above the eyes

[Date] If you experience pain in the ear during descent: -A: Stop the descent and ascend till the pain stops -B: abort the dive -C: place a finger in the ear canal and gently massage the ear until the pain ceases -D: continue the descent while gently exhaling into the mask - Correct answer A: Stop the descent and ascend till the pain stops. Body heat is lost at a rate of ___ thin air. - Correct answer 25-30 times faster Proper equalization techniques must be learned in order to: -A: prevent sinus squeeze -B: prevent ear pain -C: prevent squeeze injuries -D: all answers are correct - Correct answer D The purpose of equalization is to: -A: ensure the uneven application of pressure between the water and air spaces in the body -B: prevent water from entering air spaces in the body -C: introduce additional air into body air spaces in response to increasing external pressure

[Date] -D: remove all fluids from body air spaces - Correct answer C: introduce additional air into body air spaces in response to increasing external pressure The three primary features to look for in a quality Exposure System are: - Correct answer Thickness, fit, & seam integrity An object immersed in water will be buoyed upward by a force ______ to the weight of the water it displaces. - Correct answer equal A high pressure scuba cylinder should be stored: -A: secured with a minimum of 500 to 750 psi -B: lying flat with no air -C: with the valve slightly open to allow air expansion -D: secured with the valve open - Correct answer A: A high pressure scuba cylinder should be stored secured with a minimum of 500 to 750 psi One of the primary factors contributing to heat loss for divers is: -A: Absorption -B: Convection -C: Diffusion -D: Refraction - Correct answer B: One of the primary factors contributing to heat loss for divers is Convection The Information System components are:

[Date] A: Dive Computer B: Analogue Instruments C: SSI Dive Log D: All the above - Correct answer D: All of the above (Dive Computer, Analogue Instruments, & SSI Dive Log) The purpose of a BC is to: - Correct answer -Provide surface floatation -Maintain neutral buoyancy during the dive -Control ascent and descent rates Under the SSI Equipment Service Program, your Delivery System should be serviced and performance checked: -A: every 3 years -B: every 5 years -C: every month -D: every year - Correct answer D: every year Assuming a consistent air consumption rate, diving at a pressure of 4 at will use __ as much air as diving at 2 at. - Correct answer 2 times During normal diving activities, divers should never exceed an ascent rate of __ feet per minute. - Correct answer 30 A scuba tank for recreational diving should be filled with:

[Date] -A: A mixture of helium and oxygen -B: Pure, filtered compressed air or Nitrox -C: A mixture of hydrogen and oxygen -D: pure oxygen - Correct answer B: A scuba tank for recreational diving should be filled with Pure, filtered compressed air or Nitrox The rate at which the body becomes saturated with nitrogen: -A: will vary based on factors, such as depth and blood supply to a particular area of the body -B: is always the same rate -C: is slower at the beginning of the process and faster at the end of the process -D: is faster at the beginning of the process and slower at the end of the process - Correct answer A: will vary based on factors, such as depth and blood supply to a particular area of the body The transfer of oxygen and nitrogen into the bloodstream occurs through the walls of the: -A: Arteries -B: Bronchiole trees -C: Alveoli -D: Blood vessels - Correct answer C: Alveoli The most serious lung over-expansion injury is:

[Date] -A: Arterial gas Embolism -B: Mediastinal emphysema -C: Pneumothorax -D: Subcutaneous emphysema - Correct answer A: Arterial gas Embolism The term gradient can be described as: - Correct answer the difference between the internal partial pressure and the external partial pressure of a gas Which of the following overexpansion injuries can be characterized by chest pain, breathing difficulties, weakness, and cyanosis (blueness) of the lips and nail beds: -A: bends -B: Subcutaneous emphysema -C: Mediastinal emphysema and Pneumothorax -D: Rupture of the eardrum - Correct answer C: Mediastina emphysema and Pneumothorax In air at 1 at, the partial pressure of nitrogen is___, oxygen is_____. -A: .21/.79 at -B: 1.5/.8 at -C: .79/.21 at -D: .8/.4 at - Correct answer C

[Date] Gas can enter the bloodstream and cause serious damage to the lungs or even death by: -A: ascending to fast -B: holding your breath underwater -C: diving with respiratory congestion -D: all answers are correct - Correct answer D: All of the above (Ascending to fast, holding your breath underwater, and/or diving with respiratory congestion) The term No-decompression Limit is defined as: Maximum time at _____ without having to perform a ______ decompression stop during the _____ - Correct answer depth, mandatory, ascent To use a compass to navigate to a sighted object: Point the compass toward the object, rotate the ____ until the ____ marks are over the magnetic needle, and follow the ____ line. - Correct answer bezel, witness, and lubber A dive computer keeps track of a diver's nitrogen absorption levels so that the diver can: -A: Avoid an Arterial gas Embolism

[Date] -B: Stay within the no decompression limits on each dive -C: dive deeper than 100 feet -D: Make decompression dives - Correct answer B: Stay within the no decompression limits on each dive You should perform a safety stop at 15 feet for 3 to 5 minutes on every dive. True False - Correct answer True What is a surface interval? The amount of ___ the diver stays ____ of the water or on the ____ _____ dives - Correct answer time, out, surface between Residual nitrogen is defined as: - Correct answer the amount of excessive nitrogen dissolved in our blood stream and tissues after a dive More than ___ of Earth's oxygen is produced by marine plants. - Correct answer 85% A dependent action to take in response to an out of air emergency is: -A: an emergency buoyant ascent -B: sharing air using the primary second stage and using the alternate air source yourself

[Date] -C: a controlled swimming ascent -D: all answers are correct - Correct answer B: sharing air using the primary second stage and using the alternate air source yourself The first thing you should do if you observe signs of panic in a diver at the surface is: Completely fill your __ and instruct the ______ diver to establish _____ buoyancy - Correct answer BC, panicked, positive To achieve the SSI Advanced Open Water Diver rating, a diver is required to: - Correct answer Complete 4 Specialty Courses and log a total of 24 dives To achieve the SSI Specialty Diver rating, a diver is required to: - Correct answer complete any 2 Specialty courses AND Log a total of 12 dives To achieve the SSI Master Diver rating, a diver is required to: - Correct answer Be certified as an SSI Advanced Open Water Diver, complete the SSI Stress and Rescue Specialty Course, and log a total of 50 dives Describing diving with the acronym SCUBA came from what event? - Correct answer the development of the Demand for the Regulator in 1943 The condition in which certain colors are diminished as depth increases is called: -Refraction

[Date] -Turbidity -Diffusion -Absorption - Correct answer Absorption If a flexible air-filled container has a volume of 40 cu ft on the surface, what would the volume be at 99 feet in sea water? (Rounded off) - Correct answer 10 cu (Pressure=P; Volume=V) (P1 & V1 = starting; P2 & V2 = ending) (P1 x V1 = P2 x V (99ft=4ata=P2; V2=40cu) (40/4=10cu) One atmosphere of pressure is defined as: - Correct answer -1 ATA -Each 34ft Depth of Freshwater -Each 33ft Depth of Salt water (0ft = 1ata salt water) (33ft = 2ata salt water) (66ft = 3ata salt water) (99ft = 4ata salt water) Gauge pressure is defined as:

• Hydrostatic pressure minus 1 at
• The pressure at the surface
• The depth reading on a gauge

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• Absolute pressure minus 1 at - Correct answer - Absolute pressure minus 1 at Gauge pressure is defined as: - Correct answer absolute pressure minus 1 ATA Sinus squeeze can be prevented by: -Valsalva technique
• Wearing earplugs
• Tilting the divers head back and forth
• Not diving with a cold - Correct answer - Not diving with a cold The absolute pressure expressed in terms of atmospheres absolute at 33 feet in sea water is: - Correct answer 2 ATA Remember: ATA increases by 1 every 33ft depth in saltwater Ear squeeze can be prevented by: - Correct answer -Relaxing
• Never diving with a cold
• rotating the jaw, swallowing or Valsalva The greatest relative pressure change in sea water takes place between ____ and ____ feet. - Correct answer 0/33ft The first symptom of a sinus squeeze is usually:
• a dull pain deep within the head
• a sharp pain at the base of the neck

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• a crushing pain high in the chest
• A sharp pain or wedging sensation above the eyes - Correct answer -A sharp pain or wedging sensation above the eyes Sinus squeeze can be prevented by: - Correct answer not diving with a cold Relaxing rotating jaw, light blowing out of plugged nose If you experience pain in the ear during descent: -Stop the descent and ascend till the pain stops
• abort the dive -place a finger in the ear canal and gently massage the ear until the pain ceases
• Continue the descent while gently exhaling into the mask - Correct answer -Stop the descent and ascend till the pain stops Body heat is lost at a rate of ___ thin air. - Correct answer 25-30 times faster Salt water weighs ___ pounds per cubic foot and freshwater weighs ___ pounds per cubic foot. - Correct answer 64/62. Proper equalization techniques must be learned in order to: -prevent sinus squeeze -prevent ear pain -prevent squeeze injuries

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• All answers are correct - Correct answer -all answers are correct Absolute pressure is defined as: - Correct answer the total pressure exerted on an object The absolute pressure expressed in terms of atmospheres absolute at 99 feet in salt water is: - Correct answer 4 ATA (0ft = 1ata salt water) (33ft = 2ata salt water) (66ft = 3ata salt water) (99ft = 4ata salt water) Proper equalization techniques must be learned in order to: - Correct answer -Prevent ear pain -prevent sinus squeeze -prevent squeeze injuries An object immersed in water will be buoyed upward by a force ______ the weight of the water it displaces. - Correct answer equal to The three Basic Rules of Scuba stated in the proper order of importance are: - Correct answer Breathe continuously, ascend slowly and maintain control, and never dive alone or beyond your level of training (3 B's breath, bubbles, and buddy)

[Date] The most efficient breathing pattern for scuba diving is: - Correct answer deep balanced inhalation followed by long balanced exhalation, without any pause The purpose of a BC is to: -Provide surface floatation -Maintain neutral buoyancy during the dive -Control ascent and descent rates -All answers are correct - Correct answer -all answers are correct The most efficient breathing pattern for scuba diving is: - Correct answer a deep balanced inhalation followed by a long balance exhalation without any pauses between inhalation and exhalation. Which of the following Total Diving System subsystems best describes the SCUBA? -Delivery system -Buoyancy system -Information system -Snorkeling system - Correct answer -Delivery system A scuba cylinder must be hydrostatically tested: - Correct answer within fixed intervals set by local laws Assuming a consistent air consumption rate, diving at a pressure of 4 at will use __ as much air as diving at 2 at. - Correct answer 2 times

[Date] During normal diving activities, divers should never exceed an ascent rate of __ feet per minute. - Correct answer 30 The rate at which the body becomes saturated with nitrogen: -will vary based on factors, such as depth and blood supply to a particular area of the body -is always the same rate

• is slower at the beginning of the process and faster at the end of the process -is faster at the beginning of the process and slower at the end of the process - Correct answer -will vary based on factors, such as depth and blood supply to a particular area of the body The Buoyancy Control System components are: - Correct answer Buoyancy compensator, inflation device, and weight belt or BC weight pockets The SSI Equipment Service Program is designed to: - Correct answer Keep all of the components of the total diving system to optimal performance Haldane’s theory that the human body can withstand a 2:1 pressure difference was revised by D Workman to a nitrogen ratio of: -3: -1: -5:

[Date] -1.58:1 - Correct answer 1.58: If a flexible air-filled container at 100 feet of sea water has a volume of 10 cu ft, what would be the volume if it were transported to the surface? -20 cu ft -15 cu ft -40 cu ft -30 cu ft. - Correct answer -40 cu ft. (Pressure=P; Volume=V) (P1 & V1 = starting; P2 & V2 = ending) (P1 x V1 = P2 x V (100ft=4ata=P2; V2=10cu) (10 x 4 = 10cu) Which of the following factors affect a diver's air consumption rate? - Correct answer -extreme exertion of working heavily -poor physical condition -extreme stress brought on by improper response to anxiety-producing situations The transfer of oxygen and nitrogen into the bloodstream occurs through the walls of the: -Arteries -Bronchiole trees -Alveoli -Blood vessels - Correct answer -Alveoli

[Date] Assuming a consistent air consumption rate, diving at a pressure of 4 at will use __ as much air as diving at 2 at. - Correct answer 2 times Which of the following would be inappropriate treatment for a diver evidencing symptoms of Decompression Sickness? -Giving them pure oxygen -Taking the victim back underwater -Giving them CPR -Treat for shock - Correct answer -Taking the victim back underwater The Delivery System components are: - Correct answer A regulator, alternate air source, And a high pressure scuba cylinder The most serious lung overexpansion injury is: -Arterial gas Embolism -Mediastinal emphysema -Pneumothorax -Subcutaneous emphysema - Correct answer -Arterial gas Embolism The term gradient can be described as: - Correct answer the difference between the internal partial pressure and the external partial pressure of a gas The purpose of a BC is to: - Correct answer -control ascent and descent rates

[Date] -maintain neutral buoyancy throughout the dive -provide surface floatation The transfer of oxygen and nitrogen into the bloodstream occurs through the walls of the: - Correct answer Alveoli Decompression sickness occurs when: - Correct answer -A diver stays at a depth to long and surfaces too quickly -Excess Nitrogen bubbles out of a solution into the blood and tissue -The nitrogen tolerance tissue gradient is exceeded. Gas can enter the bloodstream and cause serious damage to the lungs or even death by: -ascending to fast -holding your breath underwater -diving with respiratory congestion -All answers are correct - Correct answer -all answers are correct The term No-decompression Limit is defined as: - Correct answer maximum allowed time at depth without having to perform a mandatory decompression stop during the ascent Overexpansion injuries can be prevented by: - Correct answer -Dive with a properly maintained high-quality total diving system -never holding your breath by diving

[Date] -Learning the correct breathing patterns reinforced in the classroom, pool, and open water training To use a compass to navigate to a sighted object: - Correct answer Point the compass toward the object, rotate the bezel until the witness marks are over the magnetic needle, and follow the lubber line The term gradient can be described as: - Correct answer the difference between the internal partial pressure and the external partial pressure of a gas Gas can enter the bloodstream and cause serious damage to the lungs or even death by: - Correct answer -Diving with Respiratory congestion -Holding your breath while diving -ascending to fast What is a surface interval? - Correct answer the amount of time the diver stays out of the water or on the surface between dives Residual nitrogen is defined as: - Correct answer the amount of excessive nitrogen dissolved in our blood stream and tissues after a dive Other symptoms of decompression sickness include: - Correct answer - itchy skin -numbness -paralysis and loss of manual dexterity

[Date] Two examples of hard coral are: fire and star elkhorn and staghorn sea fan and brain All answers are correct - Correct answer Elkhorn and stag horn The proper first aid for Arterial Gas embolism, subcutaneous emphysema, Pneumothorax, and Mediastinal Emphysema is: - Correct answer -seek proper medical aid -watch vital signs, treat for shock, and stand by to administer cardio- pulmonary resuscitation -administer oxygen The only accepted treatment for Arterial Gas Embolism is: - Correct answer stabilize victim in nearest medical facility and transport to decompression chamber for recompression The first thing you should do if you observe signs of panic in a diver at the surface is: - Correct answer completely fills your BC and instructs the panicked diver to establish positive buoyancy In air at 1 at, the partial pressure of nitrogen is___, oxygen is_____. - Correct answer 0.79/0.21 at The major, and most common, symptom of decompression sickness is: - Correct answer joint pain

[Date] An independent action to take in response to an out of air emergency is:

• controlled swimming ascent -ascent with alternate air source -sharing air using an alternate air source -Sharing air using primary second stage - Correct answer - controlled swimming ascent Rip currents are formed by: - Correct answer Water breaks over sand bars and reefs near the beach and recedes through channels or cuts in the bars and reefs Use of the SSI Total Dive Log is important because: - Correct answer -It contains your medical history and provides important emergency information -It is an important information resource for future dives -It keeps an accurate record of your personal information and dives When entering the water through the surf, dive buddy teams should: - Correct answer Maintain physical contact and time entry to coincide with the lull between wave sets Dive computers are essential for planning and executing dives because they: - Correct answer -Help divers stay within the no-decompression limits -Monitors ascents and descents -record all pertinent information

[Date] The term repetitive dive is defined as: - Correct answer any dive started more than 10 minutes and less than 12 hours after a previous scuba dive Which of the following steps should be taken in the selection of a dive site:

• Correct answer -purpose of the dive? -degree of difficulty presented by the site -Honest evaluation of your diving abilities and conditioning levels, as well as those of your buddy Residual nitrogen is defined as: - Correct answer the amount of excessive nitrogen dissolved in our blood stream and tissues after a dive The term Surface Interval is defined as: - Correct answer the amount of time the diver stays out of the water or on the surface between dives If you lose contact with your buddy, you should: - Correct answer Search for no more than a minute by darning 360 degrees and looking up and down and then preform a normal ascent to the surface The recommended max ascent rate is: - Correct answer 30 ft. per minute The term No-decompression Limit is defined as: - Correct answer the maximum allowed time at depth without having to perform a mandatory decompression stop during the ascent The most important reason for planning your dives and executing the dive per your plan is to: - Correct answer Prevent accidents

[Date] Two examples of soft corals are: - Correct answer Black and Red Coral Divers should avoid contact with all corals because: - Correct answer - Contact can be harmful to the diver -Touching corals will damage your equipment -Contact can damage the coral Coral reefs are formed by: - Correct answer Coral animals called polyps that form skeletal structures The ocean is an important source of life because: - Correct answer it is home to many of the first links in the Earth's food chain When diving in Marine Protected Areas like Marine Parks, divers should: - Correct answer Respect and follow the local marine park regulations Divers can help protect the marine environment by: - Correct answer - Maintaining neutral buoyancy at all times -Keep equipment secured and no dangling -always being a responsible diver Examples of freshwater marine life include: - Correct answer -Bass -Crawfish -Eel

[Date] In an out of air emergency and your buddy is close enough, you should: - Correct answer swim to your buddy, give the out of air signal and share air The first thing you should do if you observe signs of panic in a diver underwater are: - Correct answer locates your alternate air source in case it is needed. Panic can be prevented by: - Correct answer -Honestly evaluating your diving limitations -Properly maintaining your total diving system -Taking specialty training The SSI Responsible Diver Code states that you should: - Correct answer -Dive within the limits of your training and ability -be environmentally responsible on every dive -Accept responsibility for your own well-being on every dive The most important rule when assisting a panicked diver is: - Correct answer Never needlessly endanger yourself An independent action to take in response to an out of air emergency is: - Correct answer A Controlled Swimming Ascent or emergency buoyancy ascent

[Date] The lungs can only withstand an overpressure of approximately______ - Correct answer 2 psi. (Pressure changes by 0.5 psi per foot in seawater (0.5 psi x 4 feet = 2 psi)). Which of the following overexpansion injuries can be characterized by swelling in the neck area with a crackling sensation upon touching the swollen area? -A: Arterial gas Embolism -B: Mediastinal emphysema -C: Pneumothorax -D: Subcutaneous emphysema - Correct answer D: Subcutaneous emphysema Dalton's Law can be paraphrased as: - Correct answer the total pressure of a mixture of gases equals the sum of the partial pressures Water comprises about ______ of the Earth's surface. - Correct answer 72% Signs of a panicked diver are: - Correct answer Wide-eyed, fearful look and a fast and erratic breathing pattern