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Semmelweis Entrance Exam Medicine Biology Questions with Complete 100% Verified solutions, Exams of Biology

Semmelweis Entrance Exam Medicine Biology Questions with Complete 100% Verified solutions 2024/2025

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2023/2024

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Download Semmelweis Entrance Exam Medicine Biology Questions with Complete 100% Verified solutions and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity! Semmelweis Entrance Exam Medicine Biology Questions with Complete 100% Verified solutions 2024/2025 What are carbohydrates and lipids? Organic compounds that are mostly composed of three types of atom; carbon, hydrogen and oxygen What do carbohydrates do? provide energy, in the form of sugars like glucose and fructose, but they also make up structures like cellulose, which form the cell wall of plant cells What type of carbohydrate is the most important source of energy? mono-, di- and poly-saccharides What are mono and disaccharides? polar and soluble in water What are polysaccharides? Macromolecules resulting from polymerisation (condensation) of sugars and are not soluble in water Examples of monosaccharides ribose, glucose, fructose, galactose What forms a disaccharide? two monosaccharides linked together by condensation reactions with glycosidic bonds releasing one H2O molecule Alpha glucose structure Beta glucose structure Examples of Polysaccharides cellulose, glycogen and starch Monomer of Sucrose glucose and fructose monomer of maltose glucose and glucose monomer of lactose glucose and galactose monomer of starch glucose monomer of glycogen glucose monomer of cellulose glucose In animals, what carbohydrate stores energy? glycogen What jobs do carbohydrates have other than storing energy? structural components What differs the polysaccharides all made up of glucose? they differ in the arrangement of glucose molecules and position of the glycosidic bonds Starch arrangement amylopectin branched, amylose linear What is galactose? a sugar in milk What is fructose? a sugar found in fruit and honey Main characteristic of lipids? little to no affinity to water, mostly hydrophobic What are the simple forms of lipids? fat, oil and wax What are lipids characteristics in different solvents? they are non-polar and insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents What are triglycerides? the main group of lipids. They are formed by condensation reactions between one glycerol and three fatty acids, creating ester bonds What are the main types of triglycerides? fats and oils. Fats are solid and oil liquid at room temp What are fatty acids? carboxylic acids, possessing a -COOH functional group What are the two basic forms of fatty acids? saturated and unsaturated What differs saturated from unsaturated fatty acids? Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds; a monounsaturated having one, whereas a polyunsaturated having multiple What are cis and trans isomers? cis having the double bond elements on the same side, trans on opposite Benefit of lipids over carbohydrates? What is endocytosis? the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole What is the function of a cell membrane? The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also protects and supports the cell Cell membrane diagram Describe the process of mitosis - Start with: Diploid, 2N - Interphase: DNA replication = Dipoid, 4N - Prophase: Condensation of chromatin, appearance of sister chromatids - Metaphase: Sister chromatids align - Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate, centromeres divide - Telophase and Cytokinesis: Two identical, diploid, daughter cells: Diploid, 2N Describe the process of meiosis When a cell divides to form gametes: 1. Copies of the genetic information are made 2. The cell divides twice to form four gametes, each with a single set of chromosomes 3. All gametes are genetically different from each other Gametes join at fertilisation to restore the normal number of chromosomes. The new cell divides by mitosis. The number of cells increases. As the embryo develops, cells differentiate. When does crossing over occur? prophase I of meiosis When does recombination occur in meiosis? during prophase I, when homologous chromosomes line up in pairs and swap segments of DNA. What is the structure of prokaryotic cells? Example of prokaryotic cell E. coli Example of eukaryotic cell plant and animal cells What is the structure of eukaryotic cells? What is the structure of a virus? A typical virus is composed of a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat What is transformation? uptake of DNA from environment What is conjugation? A process in which 2 organisms exchange genetic material What are all the parts to the digestive system? How does absorption occur? diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport How does absorption work? - food molecules are absorbed into the blood or the lymph. To be absorbed in the body the molecules need to pass into the capillaries or the villus. Fats absorb into the lymph - Substances to be absorbed move from the lumen into the epithelial villi - Amino acids and monosaccharides move from the villi into capillaries and monoglycerides move into the lacteals What are some of the digestive enzymes? -typsinogen and chymotrypsin (breaks down proteins) -amylase breaks down starches and sugars -lipase breaks down fats What are the parts of the respiratory system? What are the mechanisms of inhalation and exhalation? When you inhale, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward. Through exhalation air leaves the lungs and the diaphragm relaxes How does the oxygen and CO2 exchange in the lungs occur? Gas exchange is the delivery of oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream, and the elimination of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to the lungs. The walls of the alveoli share a membrane with the capillaries in which oxygen and carbon dioxide move freely between the respiratory system and the bloodstream What are the parts of the excretory system? What are the parts of the circulatory system? What is the function of the heart? The heart is the most powerful muscle in the body, pumping 4,000 gallons of blood a day What is the structure of the heart? What is blood? fluid connective tissue What does blood contain? Nutrients such as glucose, antibodies, carbon dioxide, heat, oxygen, urea and hormones What are the different cell types? Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic What is the process of cellular immune response? the immune system's third line of defense, involving the attack of pathogens by T cells What are the three lines of defense? First line: Natural barriers: Skin and mucous membranes Second line: Inflammation Third line: Adaptive (acquired) immunity How does blood clotting occur? Clotting seals damaged vessels to prevent pathogenic entry - Injured cells and platelets release clotting factors - These factors convert prothrombin into thrombin - Thrombin converts fibrinogen (soluble) into fibrin (insoluble) - Fibrin forms a mesh of fibres that block the injured site - Clotting factors also cause platelets to become sticky and form a solid plug (called a clot), sealing the wound - This process of events is called a coagulation cascade - Clot formation in coronary arteries lead to heart attacks What is innate immunity? Nonspecific protection against foreign substances indiscriminantly All cells but lymphocytes What is the humoral immune response? The humoral immune response targets pathogens circulating in "humors," or extracellular fluids, such as blood and lymph. Antibodies target invading pathogens for destruction via multiple defense mechanisms, including neutralization, opsonization, and activation of the complement system. Patients that are impaired in the production of antibodies suffer from severe and frequent infections by common pathogens and unusual pathogens What are muscles? tissues or fibers that cause movement of body parts and organs Structure of muscles each muscle fiber contains many microfibrils each divided along its length into repeating units called sacromeres General definition of joints Areas where two or more bones join together Describe muscle contraction Muscle contraction Is caused by interactions of thick and thin filaments Thin filament (actin) is attached to Z line Thick filaments (myosin) is "hanging" in the middle When myosin attaches to actin it pulls strings Point mutation in which a single nucleotide is changed, resulting in a codon that codes for a different amino acid. What is a nonsense mutation? change resulting in early stop codon What is a chromosomal mutation? A change in the number or structure of chromosomes What is down's syndrome caused by? trisomy 21 What is turner syndrome caused by? 45 chromosomes instead of 46 What is Klinefelter syndrome caused by? 47 chromosomes, three sex chromosomes, XXY What is edward's syndrome caused by? Trisomy 18 What is Patau syndrome caused by? Trisomy 13 What is dominant inheritance? one dominant allele is needed to show disease and dominant lethal alleles are usually eliminated from the population What is recessive inheritance? Inheritance of a trait that must be inherited homozygously in order for there to be a phenotype. What is sex-linked inheritance? An inheritance pattern in which the gene of interest is carried on the X chromosome What are some common sex-linked diseases? hemophilia (male - X linked recessive), red-green color blindness (male), congenital night blindness (male) What is the genetic code? collection of codons of mRNA, each of which directs the incorporation of a particular amino acid into a protein during protein synthesis summary of lac operon The lac operon is an operon, or group of genes with a single promoter (transcribed as a single mRNA). The genes in the operon encode proteins that allow the bacteria to use lactose as an energy source What is Darwin's theory? Natural selection and variation What is the parasympathetic nervous system's effect on a pacemaker? Parasympathetic Stimulation Slows the Heart Rate by Decreasing the Slope of the Pacemaker Potential What bones are in the appendicular skeleton? Upper Extremities -Shoulder (pectorial) girdle -Arm -Wrist -Hands Lower Extremities -Hip (pelvic) girdle -Legs -Ankles -Feet What type of hormones enter their target cells? Being lipids, steroid hormones enter the cell by simple diffusion across the plasma membrane What type of muscle is the diaphragm? skeletal muscle Which vitamins are soluble in water? B and C What is pepsin? Enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach What is pepsin made of? short polypeptides linked together What is tubulin? Hollow tubes 25 nanometers in diameter What are centrioles? Centrioles help organize cell division and are formed from tubulin and located near the nucleus. What is triploidy? three sets of chromosomes What is monoploidy? missing a chromosome in a set of chromosomes What is aneuploidy? Abnormal number of chromosomes What is a gonosome? synonym for sex chromosome What is autosomal? chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes What is connective tissue? Framework of the body, providing support and structure for the organs. What is included in connective tissue? Loose ordinary connective tissue Adipose tissue Blood and blood forming tissues Dense ordinary connective tissue Cartilage Bone What is the epithelium? A tissue that lines internal and external tissues in animals.