C4 Systems: Supporting Commanders in Joint Operations, Exams of Machine Design

Download C4 Systems: Supporting Commanders in Joint Operations and more Exams Machine Design in PDF only on Docsity! Joint Pub 6-0 Doctrine for Command, Control, Communications, and Computer (C4) Systems Support to Joint Operations 30 May 1995 JOHN M. SHALIKASHVILI Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff This publication is the keystone document for C4 systems support to joint operations and provides guidelines to our commanders regarding automated information systems and networks. A vast array of information, underpinned by joint doctrine, is utilized to employ combat power across the broad range of military operations. Command, control, communications, and computer (C4) networks and systems provide the means to synchronize joint forces. Improved interoperability, greater reliability, and enhanced security— achieved through rapid advances in information technology—are essential for effective command and control as we enter the 21st Century. Automated information systems and networks provide the predominant source from which the warfighter generates, receives, shares, and utilizes information. The synthesis of advanced C4 capabilities and sound doctrine leads to battlespace knowledge essential to success in conflict. TABLE OF CONTENTS iii PAGE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................... vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION • Background .............................................................................................................. I-1 • Basic Doctrine for C4 Systems................................................................................ I-7 CHAPTER II C4 SYSTEMS PRINCIPLES • General ................................................................................................................... II-1 • C4 Principles .......................................................................................................... II-4 • C4 Principles for Joint and Multinational Operations .......................................... II-9 • C4 Architectures and Interfaces .......................................................................... II-10 • Decision Support Systems ................................................................................... II-14 CHAPTER III C4 SYSTEMS DOCTRINE FOR EMPLOYMENT, CONFIGURATION, PLANS, AND RESOURCES • Employment .......................................................................................................... III-1 • Assistance and Coordination ................................................................................ III-4 • C4 Systems Configuration .................................................................................... III-5 • C4 Systems Plans .................................................................................................. III-6 • C4 Systems Resources .......................................................................................... III-9 CHAPTER IV C4 SYSTEMS EMPLOYMENT RESPONSIBILITIES • CJCS Responsibilities ........................................................................................... IV-1 • Combatant Commander Responsibilities ............................................................. IV-1 • Military Department Responsibilities .................................................................. IV-2 • Service and USCINCSOC Responsibilities and C4 Organizations ..................... IV-2 • DOD Agency Responsibilities ........................................................................... IV-13 • Responsibilities of the JTF Establishing Authority ........................................... IV-14 • CJTF Responsibility ........................................................................................... IV-14 • The JTF Director of C4 Systems (J-6) Responsibilities .................................... IV-15 • Joint Communications Support Element Responsibilities ................................. IV-15 • DISA Liaison Officer Responsibilities ............................................................... IV-15 iv Table of Contents Joint Pub 6-0 CHAPTER V JOINT AND MULTINATIONAL C4 SYSTEMS STANDARDIZATION AND PROCEDURES • Standardization ....................................................................................................... V-1 • Military Communications-Electronics Board (MCEB) ......................................... V-2 • Joint and Allied Publications .................................................................................. V-2 CHAPTER VI GLOBAL C4 INFRASTRUCTURE • The Nature of the Global Information Environment ........................................... VI-1 • National Communications System ....................................................................... VI-2 • Defense Information Systems Network ............................................................... VI-2 • Global Command and Control System ................................................................. VI-4 • National Military Command System .................................................................... VI-5 • Command Relationships ....................................................................................... VI-7 APPENDIX A References ....................................................................................................... A-1 B Administrative Instructions ............................................................................. B-1 GLOSSARY Part I Abbreviations and Acronyms.................................................................. GL-1 Part II Terms and Definitions .............................................................................. GL-4 FIGURE I-1 Information and Command and Control ....................................................... I-2 I-2 C4 Systems Support Information Exchange and Decision Support Subsystems............................................................................................... I-3 I-3 The Cognitive Hierarchy .............................................................................. I-4 I-4 Information Quality Criteria ......................................................................... I-5 I-5 Real Time Battlespace Information .............................................................. I-6 I-6 Fundamental Objectives of C4 Systems ....................................................... I-6 II-1 Basic Communications System .................................................................. II-2 II-2 C4 Principles ............................................................................................... II-4 II-3 The Evolution of C4I for the Warrior ........................................................ II-11 II-4 “The Grid” ................................................................................................ II-12 III-1 Mandatory C4 Capabilities ......................................................................... III-2 III-2 C4 Systems Responsibilities of the Combatant Commanders ................... III-5 IV-1 US Army Information Systems Command ................................................ IV-4 IV-2 Representative Theater Army Tactical Configurations .............................. IV-6 IV-3 Naval Communications Structure .............................................................. IV-7 IV-4 US Air Force C4 Organizational Structure ............................................... IV-8 IV-5 US Marine Corps Communications and Intelligence Overview ............. IV-10 v Table of Contents IV-6 Notional US Marine Corps Operational Backbone Communications Structure ................................................................. IV-11 VI-1 Key Elements of the DISN Goal Architecture ........................................... VI-3 VI-2 Basic Worldwide Military Command and Control System Elements ........ VI-5 viii Executive Summary Joint Pub 6-0 C4 systems must provide authorities at all levels and functions with timely and adequate data and information to plan, direct, and control their activities, including operations, intelligence, logistics, personnel, and administration. Specific objectives include: Produce Unity of Effort. C4 systems should help a military force and its supporting elements to combine the thoughts and impressions of multiple commanders and key warfighters to allow the views of many experts to be brought to bear on any given task. Exploit Total Force Capabilities. C4 systems must be planned as extensions of human senses and processes to help the commanders form perceptions, make decisions, and react. This allows commanders to be effective during high-tempo operations. Properly Position Critical Information. C4 systems must be able to respond quickly to requests for information and to place and maintain that information where it is needed. Information Fusion. Fusing of information produces a picture of the battlespace that is accurate and meets the needs of warfighters. If they have concise, relevant, accurate, and timely information, unity of effort is improved and uncertainty is reduced. This enables the force as a whole to exploit opportunities and fight smarter. C4 systems include the following major components: Terminal devices such as telephones, fax machines, and computers are the most recognizable components of most C4 systems. Generally speaking, terminal devices transform information from forms comprehensible to the warfighter into a format for electronic transmission, or vice-versa. Transmission media connect terminal devices. There are three basic electronic transmission media: radio (including space based systems), metallic wire, and fiber- optic cable. Paths may be point-to-point if established The fundamental objective of C4 systems is to get the critical and relevant information to the right place at the right time. Terminal Devices; Transmission Media; C4 Systems Objectives C4 Systems and Networks ix Executive Summary Switches; and Control. The C4 systems components provide access to Networks. There are several basic, enduring principles that govern the employment of C4 systems in support of the joint forces commander. between just two users, or they may be point-to-multipoint if the same path serves a community of subscribers. Switches route traffic through a network of transmission media. Switching may be manual or automatic; it may serve local subscribers or perform area network functions. There are basically two types of switches: circuit and message. Circuit switches generally support telephone traffic while message switches process data transmission. There are two basic levels of control: network and nodal. Network control provides management of area, regional, theater, or global networks. Its principle focus is in the management and configuration of long haul transmission media and switching centers transporting and routing bulk data between nodal facilities. Nodal control is concerned with the management of local C4 systems. Its principal focus is in the switching systems and terminal devices supporting warriors at locations such as command centers or C2 facilities. Networks are formed when terminal devices and transmission media are inter-connected with switching equipment to ensure that information (voice, imagery, data, or message) is transported to appropriate locations. The networks that result from open systems architectures are called information grids. They allow warriors to gain access to, process, and transport information in near real time to anyone else on the network. Information grids are computer controlled networks that provide virtual connectivity on the demand of the warrior; they support local and area network operations. They are also the basic components of larger grid networks that support regional, theater, and ultimately a global grid that is also referred to as the infosphere. The foundation for C4 is the continuous, uninterrupted flow and processing of information in support of warrior planning, decision, and execution. Warfighters must have C4 systems that are interoperable, flexible, responsive, mobile, disciplined, survivable, and sustainable. Information must be made accessible. In general, the value of information increases with the number of users. C4 principles for joint and multinational operations are complex and bring together diverse military organizations to operate as one force. Specific principles for joint and C4 Principles x Executive Summary Joint Pub 6-0 The employment authority and responsibilities of the combatant commanders include control, review, and coordination of assigned C4 resources and actions affecting such resources within the geographic or functional area of responsibility of the command. The C4 systems of the combatant commanders, Military Departments and Services are configured and operated to meet the necessary requirements of interoperability and the individual commands. multinational operations are (1) establish liaison early, (2) leverage limited C4 resources, (3) standardize operating principles, (4) agree on policy in advance of war, (5) use US interpreters, and (6) use common cryptographic systems. The most important guiding principle for C4 systems in support of employment is that they be designed to support wartime scenarios. C4 systems planners must continually prioritize and choose from among the individual joint and Service system capabilities that support different needs in different conflict levels (across the range of military operations). However, the joint environment calls for designated joint systems. Conflict levels impose different, and sometimes contentious, requirements on the C4 systems that support them. Various conflict levels can occur simultaneously over a wide geographic area, each requiring different options and responses. The C4 systems of the combatant commands are configured and operated generally to meet the requirements of interoperability and the command being served; however, the priority requirement will be to support the National Military Command System (NMCS). These systems provide the means through which the commanders send and receive information and exercise command and control over their forces. The C4 systems of the Service component commands are configured and operated generally to meet the requirement of interoperability and the command being served; however, the priority requirement will be to support the NMCS. These systems provide the means through which the commanders send and receive information and support their forces. The C4 systems of the Military Departments and Services are configured and operated generally to meet the requirements of interoperability and of individual Service commands and the requirement to provide serviceable wartime capabilities that can support existing forces logistically, generate new forces, establish force readiness levels adequate to deal with existing threats, and provide support for the NMCS. These systems facilitate coordination of the means by which US forces are sustained across the range of military operations. Employment C4 Systems Configuration xiii Executive Summary providing a common operational picture to support situations awareness to the joint warfighter. GCCS will be a highly mobile, deployable command, control, communications, computers, and intelligence (C4I) system that will provide automated decision support for joint force commanders and key warfighters across the range of military operations. GCCS will employ compatible, interoperable, and integrated C4I systems with information exchange connectivity via the DISN to support the planning, deployment, sustainment, employment and redeployment of joint forces worldwide. GCCS will also allow civilian and military authorities to respond to natural emergencies or manmade disasters to which military support may be appropriate. The National Military Command System is designed to support the National Command Authorities (NCA) and the Joint Chiefs of Staff in the exercise of their responsibilities. The NMCS provides the means by which the President and the Secretary of Defense can receive warning and intelligence so that accurate and timely decisions can be made, and direction can be communicated to combatant commanders or the commanders of other commands established by the NCA. This publication identifies approved doctrine for C4 systems support to joint operations and outlines the responsibilities of Services, agencies, and combatant commands to ensure effective C4 support to commanders. It addresses how C4 systems support the commanders of joint forces in the conduct of joint operations, including, in general terms, how systems are to be configured, deployed, and employed. CONCLUSION xiv Executive Summary Joint Pub 6-0 Intentionally Blank CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION I-1 “What the Warrior Needs: a fused, real time, true representation of the battlespace - an ability to order, respond and coordinate horizontally and vertically to the degree necessary to prosecute his mission in that battlespace.” The C4I For The Warrior vision “War is a process that pits the opposing wills of two commanders against each other. Great victories of military forces are often attributed to superior firepower, mobility, or logistics. In actuality, it often is the commander who makes good decisions and executes these decisions at a superior tempo who leads his forces to victory. Therefore, victory demands that c o m m a n d e r s e f f e c t i v e l y l i n k decisionmaking to execution through the concept of command and control. Warfare will continue to evolve and command and control processes, organization, and supporting systems will continue to change, but the basic concept of command and control will remain the key to the decisive application of combat power. More than ever before, a command and control system is crucial to success and must support shorter decision cycles and instantaneous flexibility across vast distances of time and space.” Fleet Marine Force Manual 3, Command and Control • Today, improved technology in mobility, weapons, sensors, and C4 systems continue to reduce time and space, increase tempo of operations, and generate large amounts of information. If not managed, this may degrade the reactions of warfighters and ultimately the warfighting force. It is essential to employ C4 systems that are designed to complement human capabilities and limitations. 1. Background Command of joint forces in war is an intense and competitive process. The joint force commander is not only faced with making tough decisions in complex situations but must do this in an environment of uncertainty and limited time. Command is as much a problem of information management as it is of carrying out difficult and complex warfighting tasks. Command, control, communications, and computer (C4) systems supporting US military forces must have the capability to rapidly adapt to the warfighters demands; to make available the information that is important; provide it where needed; and ensure that it gets there in the right form and in time to be used. The fundamental objective of C4 systems is to get the critical and relevant information to the right place in time to allow forces to seize on opportunity and meet the objectives across the range of military operations. a. Enduring Elements • Over time, superior command and control (C2) systems have enabled victorious commanders to maintain the unity of effort to apply their forces’ capabilities at the critical time and place to win. Two characteristics have remained constant: the human element and the need for relevant, timely, and accurate information. The human element, with its ability to sort what’s important, absorb the essentials, and react to the information, remains a constant factor over time. I-4 Chapter I Joint Pub 6-0 Figure I-3. The Cognitive Hierarchy JUDGMENT PROCESSING COGNITION THE COGNITIVE HIERARCHY INFORMATION KNOWLEDGE DATA UNDERSTANDING • Information Quality. Many sources of information are imperfect and susceptible to distortion and deception. The seven criteria shown in Figure I-4 help characterize information quality. • Information Flow. The flow of information must be nearly instantaneous vertically and horizontally within the organizational structure. An example of real time battlespace information is provided in Figure I-5. All levels of command must be able to immediately pull the information they need. d. Functions of C4 Systems. C4 systems support the following functions: • Collect. Acquiring or gathering and initial filtering of information based on a planned need, determining time sensitivity, and putting the information into a form suitable for transporting. • Transport. Moving or communicating the information to appropriate receptacles for processing. • Process. Storing, recalling, manipulating, filtering and fusing data to produce the minimum essential information in a data to support information requirements throughout the joint force. Multimission space based platforms provide real time information exchange. I-5 Introduction usable form on which the warfighter can take appropriate actions. • Disseminate. Distributing processed information, to the appropriate users of the information. • Protect. Ensuring the secure flow and processing of information and access only by authorized personnel. e. Fundamental Objectives of C4 Systems. The fundamental objectives are listed in Figure I-6 and are described below. • Produce Unity of Effort. C4 systems should help a military force and its supporting elements to combine the thoughts and impressions of multiple commanders and key warfighters. This allows the views of many experts to be brought to bear on any given task. • Exploit Total Force Capabilities. C4 systems must be planned as extensions of human senses and processes to help people form perceptions, react, and make decisions. This allows people to be effective during high-tempo operations. C4 systems must be immediately responsive, s imple, and easi ly understandable, especially for systems planned for use during situations involving great stress. INFORMATION QUALITY CRITERIA ACCURACY RELEVANCE TIMELINESS USABILITY COMPLETENESS BREVITY SECURITY Information that conveys the true situation Information that applies to the mission, task, or situation at hand Information that is available in time to make decisions Information that is in common, easily understood format and displays All necessary information required by the decisionmaker Information that has only the level of detail required Information that has been afforded adequate protection where required Figure I-4. Information Quality Criteria I-6 Chapter I Joint Pub 6-0 Figure I-5. Real Time Battlespace Information l l l l Produce Unity of Effort Exploit Total Force Capabilities Properly Position Critical Information Information Fusion FUNDAMENTAL OBJECTIVES OF C4 SYSTEMS Figure I-6. Fundamental Objectives of C4 Systems • Properly Position Critical Information. C4 systems must be able to respond quickly to requests for information and to place and maintain the information where it is needed. This not only reduces critical delays but also reduces the impact on communications networks. • Information Fusion. The ultimate goal of C4 systems is to produce a picture of the battlespace that is accurate and meets the needs of warfighters. This goal is achieved by fusing, i.e., reducing information to the minimum essentials and putting it in a form that people can act on. There is no one fusing of information that meets the needs of all warriors. However, with concise, accurate, timely, and relevant CHAPTER II C4 SYSTEMS PRINCIPLES II-1 1. General The missions of the US military have changed dramatically in the last decades of the twentieth century. The current and future operating environment of joint forces will be increasingly characterized by rapid change. Technological improvements in mobility, directed energy weapons, and sensors will continue to reduce factors of time and space, and demand faster tempos of operation across vast areas. Increasing global population, rapidly expanding world economic markets, and unprecedented advances in in fo rma t ion sys t ems technology will continue to perpetuate a global explosion of military and commercial information networks. These ever increasing networks are rapidly creating a global sphere (or infosphere) of information. The infosphere refers to the rapidly growing global network of military and commercial C4 systems and networks linking information data bases and fusion centers that are accessible to the warrior anywhere, anytime, in the performance of any mission. The infosphere provides a worldwide, automated information exchange that supports joint forces, which is secure and transparent to the warrior. This emerging capability is highly flexible to support the rapid task organization and power projection. Information technology and the existence and growth of a global infosphere have irreversibly impacted the “At the height of the Persian Gulf conflict, the automated message information network passed nearly 2 million packets of information per day through gateways in the Southwest Asia theater of operations. Efficient management of information increased the pace of combat operations, improved the decisionmaking process, and synchronized various combat capabilities. The technology developed to support these networks proved to be a vital margin that saved lives and helped achieve victory.” General Colin L. Powell, June, 1992 fundamental approach to warfare of massing effects rather than forces. This has not only propelled joint forces into the age of information, but also into information-based warfare with precision-guided weapon systems that detect and engage targets based on the electronic transfer of data. Joint forces must quickly adapt to this increasingly complex and highly uncertain operating environment. For this reason, JFCs must be able to conceptually view the total joint force C2S system as a whole to employ it to the best advantage. The JFC can then identify how it should be structured; identify where improvements can be made; and focus and balance limited C4 resources to best advantage to control the flow, the processing, and the quality of information essential to speed joint force decisions and execution. The need for C4 systems that can deploy rapidly to meet crises worldwide has evolved into a demand for joint, interoperable systems. Leaders at all echelons now understand that real battlespace coverage requires both hierarchical communications within each Service and lateral communications between the Services at all levels. The fast pace of advancements in C4 systems technology can become very complex for both the JFC and joint staff planners. C4 systems exist to extend the flow of information between warriors who are beyond audible or visual range or between machines. All military communication systems, from ancient semaphore to the most recent II-2 Chapter II Joint Pub 6-0 computer-based systems are but technical advancements on the same theme of sending information to warriors and organizations which are out of sight. However, a basic understanding of the major components of C4 systems can reduce complexity to gain an appropriate level of understanding. a. C4 Systems and Networks. • C4 systems have the following major components : terminal devices, transmission media, switches, and control and management (see Figure II-1). •• Terminal devices are the most recognizable components. Telephones, radios, facsimile machines, computers, televisions, or personal digital assistants are all examples of terminal devices used to t ransmit (send) and receive information. Information, often called traffic, can take the form of voice, data, message, video, or combinations thereof. Traffic may be secure (encrypted/ covered) or nonsecure (clear). Generally speaking, terminal devices transform information from forms comprehensive to the warfighter into a format for electronic transmission or vice-versa. •• Information exchanged between warriors travels from originator to recipient over paths (sometimes called links) using one or more transmission media to connect users employing terminal devices. There are three basic electronic transmission media: radio (including space based systems), metallic wire, and fiber-optic cable. They may be used independen t ly o r i n any combination of the three. Paths may be point-to-point if established between just two users, or they may be point-to- Figure II-1. Basic Communications System BASIC COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM A basic communications system consists of terminal equipment, transmission media and switching systems, with control and management providing network access. Terminal Devices Terminal Devices Transmission Media Transmission Media Switching Systems II-3 C4 Systems Principles multipoint if the same path serves a community of subscribers. A path may be part of a multi-subscriber network with many terminals interconnected by several switches. The bandwidth in terms of frequency spectrum and other technical factors limit how much data can be transported through a given media. •• Switching is the means by which traffic is routed through a network of transmission media supporting many commands, units, and warriors. Switching may be manual (operator assisted) or automatic; it may serve local subscribers (in a city or on a military base) or perform area network functions. There are basically two types of switches: circuit and message. Circuit switches generally support telephone traffic while message switches process data communication. Although computers can be used as terminal devices, they now play a major role in the operation and control of switching systems that are terrestrially based as well as supporting on board processing in space based communication systems. Computer- controlled communication links and switching have increased both the efficient use of limited resources and warrior access to extremely flexible systems that can rapidly be tailored to meet even unforeseen mil i tary requirements. This trend is commonly referred to as open systems architecture. •• The final basic building block of C4 systems is that of control and management. There are two basic levels of control: network and nodal. Network control provides management of area, regional, theater, or global networks. Its principal focus is in the management and configuration of long haul transmission media and switching centers transporting and routing bulk data between nodal facilities. The specific functions of network control are: (1) Technical management and direction (2) Management of C4 resources (e.g., C4 personnel, equipment, maintenance, logistics, and management of the radio frequency spectrum) (3) Network performance analysis (e.g., monitor information flow versus network design to determine required modifications to maintain or improve performance) (4) Fault isolation (5) Security (6) Network planning and engineering (e.g., link analysis and engineering of a network expansion via microwave link), and (7) Configuration Management. Nodal control is concerned with the management of local C4 systems. Its principal focus is in the switching systems and terminal devices supporting warriors at locations such as command centers or C2 facilities and/or concerned with extension of the network. (1) Nodal control centers perform basically the same functional tasks as do network control centers except that they are primarily focused on installing, operating, and maintaining local operations inside the nodal vice a larger network distributed across a larger geographic area. (2) Nodes points can be manned or unmanned such as the case with C4 systems in aircraft, spacecraft, or unmanned aerial vehicles used to extend the range of radio communications. Nodes may be entirely automated or combinations of manual and automatic control at more complex sites. • The networks that result from open systems architectures are called information grids. They allow the warrior users to gain access, process, and transport information in near real time to anyone else on the network. Information grids refer to computer controlled networks that provide virtual connectivity on the demand of the II-6 Chapter II Joint Pub 6-0 placing competent C4 systems personnel with the forces employed to extend the eyes and ears for the commander and the C4 systems director. •• C4 systems liaison personnel can ensure that systems function as intended and can take corrective action, as required. C4 personnel that are carefully selected, trained, and positioned within liaison teams can significantly enhance the operation of C4 systems within joint or multinational forces. They often prevent C4 systems problems before they occur and reduce restoral time when a failure does occur. b. Flexible. Flexibility is required to meet changing situations and diversified operations with a minimum of disruption or delay. Flexibility can be obtained by system design (standardization), using commercial facilities, mobile or transportable C4 systems, or pre-positioned facilities. Although certain standard C4 systems (e.g., the Global Command and Control System (GCCS), or the DISN) must operate under rather strict standards, systems requirements and designs should consider the planners’ needs to tailor systems to meet strategic, operational, and tactical requirements. Flexible systems will allow planners to more readily integrate all levels of joint and Service C4 systems into plans. The connectivity that can be achieved and maintained from flexible systems is particularly important in providing commander s ’ con t ingency needs . Flexibility is a necessary adjunct to other principles of interoperability, survivability, and compatibility. c. Responsive. C4 systems must respond instantaneously to the warriors’ demands for information. To be responsive, systems must be reliable, redundant, and timely. • Reliable. C4 systems must be available when needed and must perform as intended. The reliability of C4 systems is achieved by designing equipment and systems with low failure rates and error correction techniques, standardizing equipment, establishing standardized procedures and supervising their execution, countering computer attacks and electromagnetic jamming and deception, and establishing effective logistic support programs. • Redundant. Redundancy provides for alternate paths, back-up systems, a n d equipment that recover communications quickly in the event of failure. Evolving open systems architectures are inherently redundant through the multiplicity of paths available through the network. Employing self- healing strategies in the design of these networks ensures that data is replicated at several locations in the network which can be recovered quickly, in the event that portions of the network or nodal sites are destroyed. • Timely. As weapon system technology makes it increasingly feasible for the time between warning and attack to be compressed, so must the processing and transmission time for warning, critical intelligence, and operation order execution information be compressed. The demand for rapid communications throughout the defense establishment concerning C2, logistic, weather, intelligence, and administrative information requires that the element of speed be considered during all aspects of C4 system planning. d. Mobile. The horizontal and vertical flow and processing of information must be continuous to support the rapid deployment and employment of joint military forces. Warriors at all levels must have C4 systems that are as mobile as the forces, elements, or organizations they support II-7 C4 Systems Principles without degraded information quality or flow. More than ever before, modular design and micro-electronics can make C4 systems lighter, more compact, and more useful to warfighters. e. Disciplined. C4 systems and associated resources available to any JFC are limited and must be carefully used to best advantage. Discipline begins with the JFC focusing and balancing the joint force command and control infrastructure based on predetermined needs for crit ical information (minimum essential information critical to decisionmaking and mission execution). This ensures that limited C4 systems and their associated forces and resources are employed to best advantage. • Control and Management. The JFC and joint staff must ensure that the flow, processing, and quality of information is deliberately controlled. This requires the planned complementary employment of all information related forces and systems. The C2S system must overlay the rest of the joint force to provide the means through which the JFC and subordinate commanders drive the joint force toward specific mission objectives. The C2S forces that comprise the C2S system should be task-organized and arrayed to collect, transport, process, and protect information as well as support C2W operations that deny the enemy the same capability. Control and management of C2S forces is therefore crucial to the JFC’s ability to implement effective C2 within the joint force. The control and management of C4 networks and nodal operations is central to this effort. •• C4 systems supporting current and future networks operate at high speeds. It is not uncommon to have little or no time for coordination through command and staff channels. Therefore, the JFC depends on network and nodal control centers (e.g., Joint Communications Control Center (JCCC)) to provide the technical direction essential to maintain effective C2. Much of this direction is machine-to-machine while other directions must be between network and nodal control center personnel. C4 network control provides technical management of system configuration and resources, performance, fault isolation, security, and system planning and engineering. Planning and management of frequency spectrum resources is critical to this effort. •• Spectrum Management. The complexity and vast distances involved in joint warfighting makes control and management of the electromagnetic spectrum a crucial factor in the JFC’s ability to influence decisive action. The horizontal flow of information between adjacent subordinate ommands is equally critical during mission execution and demands continuous and uninterrupted access to the electromagnetic spectrum to support highly mobile, fast moving operations. The JFC ensures that favorable electromagnetic compatibility exists through the comprehensive management of the electromagnetic spectrum. •• Management of the electromagnetic (radio frequency) spectrum is fundamental to the a r t o f communica t ions . Frequencies and their use are the foundation for electrical, electronic, and electromagnetic communications. Frequency resources are governed by international law as national (host- nation) resources. Frequency assets must be coordinated and deconflicted on a continuous basis at strategic, operational, and tactical levels via a II-8 Chapter II Joint Pub 6-0 variety of national and international technical and political channels. •• During crisis or wartime operations, the JFC employs C2W operations to control and dominate the frequency spectrum while denying this capability to the enemy. Close and continuous coordination between frequency managers and both C2W and C4 system planners is crucial to ensure the continuous and uninterrupted access to the electromagnetic spectrum. • Information Priority. The prioritization of information is essential since C4 systems have a finite capacity. Prioritization of specific types of information is the responsibility of the JFC, subordinate commanders, and staff planners that essentially provides a benchmark from which discipline on information flow and processing within C4 networks can be maintained. Prioritization is also essential to sizing C4 network and nodal systems requirements (e.g., the level of C4 assets devoted to intelligence requirements may reduce network responsiveness to other users requiring a decision by the JFC during campaign and operation planning). f. Survivable. National policy dictates the survivability of both the national command centers and the C4 systems through which decisions are transmitted to the forces in the field. It is not practical or economically feasible to make all C4 systems or elements of a system equally survivable. The degree of survivability for C4 systems supporting the function of C2 should be commensurate with the survival potential of the associated command centers and weapon systems. C4 systems survivability can be achieved through application of techniques such as dispersal of key facilities, multiplicity of communication modes, hardening (electrical and physical), or a combination of these techniques. • Security. The JFC ensures that both offensive and defensive C2W actions are employed to protect friendly C2. These actions are referred to as C2- protect operations. Since C4 networks and associated nodal systems are crucial to the joint force C2S system, they present a high value target to the enemy and must be protected to maintain the integrity of the joint force C2 infrastructure. C4 systems defense includes measures to ensure the security of information and C4 systems through information protection, intrusion/attack detection and effect isolation, and incident reaction to restore information and system security. •• Information Protection. Security of information and C4 systems involves the procedural and technical protection of information and C4 systems major components ( terminal devices, transmission media, switches, and control and management), and is an integral component of the JFC’s C2-protection effort. This is accomplished through application of information protection means including: (1) Physical security of C4 system component facilities. (2) Personnel security of individuals authorized access to C4 systems. (3) Operations security (OPSEC) procedures and techniques protecting operational employment of C4 system components. (4) Deception, deceiving the adversary about specific C4 system configuration, operational employment, and degree of component importance to mission accomplishment. (5) Low probability of intercept (LPI) and low probability of detection (LPD) capabilities and techniques designed to defeat adversary attempts to detect and exploit C4 system transmission media. (6) Emissions control procedures designed to support OPSEC and LPI/LPD objectives. (7) Transmission security capabilities II-11 C4 Systems Principles a c h i e v i n g compat ib i l i ty and interoperability of C4 systems. Architectures provide the logical link between operational requirements and C4 systems development. They are based on doctrine defining command relationships and information requirements (what information is exchanged to support the varied functions of operations, intelligence, logistics, and planning). The supporting analyses for architectures document the doctrinal basis for joint interfaces and can recommend or prescribe an equipment solution for each interface. The equipment solution may be met by existing, programmed, or yet to be developed systems. “We have set the course with the C4I For The Warrior concept. Many milestones have been achieved. The Global Command and Control System is well underway. We continue to make progress toward a common global vision to provide the Joint Armed Forces with the critical information they need.” General John M. Shalikashvili 12 June 1994 • The Common Global Vision. C4I For The Warrior (C4IFTW) (see Figure II-3) sets forth a 21st century vision of a global information infrastructure made up of a web of computer controlled Figure II-3. The Evolution of C4I For The Warrior WWMCCS = Worldwide Military Command and Control System National Strategic Theater Tactical GCCS Mid-Term GCCS = Global Command and Control System Quick Fix GCCS JTF Navy Marine Corps Air Force Army JTF Navy Marine Corps Air Force Army CONUS FIELD Objective GCCS Global Infosphere JTF Navy Marine Corps Air Force Army WWMCCS THE EVOLUTION OF C4I FOR THE WARRIOR II-12 Chapter II Joint Pub 6-0 Forces of the United States on a course toward an open systems architecture referred to as the global grid (see Figure II-4) that will provide virtual connectivity from anywhere to anywhere instantaneously on warrior demand. The architecture of grid networks can support both vertical and horizontal information flow to joint and multinational forces. Commanders at all levels require a distributed communications grid comprised of links employing any electronic transmission media overlaying an area of responsibility/joint operations area. Nodal points may be terrestrial, airborne, and/or space-based. Nodal points automatically store, relay, and process information. Voice, data, and imagery telecommunications grids that transcends industry, media, government, military, and other nongovernment entities. C4IFTW provides a unifying theme, guiding principles, and milestones for achieving global command, control, communications, computers, and intelligence (C4I) joint interoperability that: •• Will allow any warrior to perform any mission—any time, any place. •• Is responsive, reliable, and secure. •• Is affordable. • The Infosphere Architecture. The C4I For The Warrior vision put the Armed FUSING TIME & PRECISION MOBILE GROUND TARGETS AIR TARGETS FIXED TARGETS TRACK PRODUCERS SENSOR / SURVEILLANCE GRID TRACKS Land Sensors INTENT, DIRECT, NEGATE Joint Link Joint Link Space Sensors Black Sensors Air Sensors Sea Sensors DYNAMICALLY MANAGED GRID "THE GRID" SHOOTERS C-2 CENTERS Destroy Decide Detect & Identify Joint Link Figure II-4. “The Grid” II-13 C4 Systems Principles flows together in digitized form across all communication paths. Automated user terminals from man portable to more stationary types allow personnel to instantly connect in any fashion desired (e.g., electronic mail; instantly reconfigured (virtual) voice radio nets; imagery; connected sensor grids; or extended personal presence by creating synthetic environments such as virtual reality). The specific paths used to set- up virtual connectivity are controlled by computers. Warriors no longer depend on a single communication link, but have vastly increased reliability and flexibility with access via any of hundreds or thousands of circuits available through the GCCS and DOD information infrastructures, host nation, commercial service, or any combination. Virtual connectivity is automatically determined, established, and maintained on warrior demand through the grid network. When no longer needed, the resource is automatically made available providing efficient use of C4 resources. • The Warrior Vision of the Infosphere. The bottom line is a shared image of the battlespace between joint decisionmakers and warfighters at all levels and with instantaneous sensor to shooter connectivity. The JFC and subordinate leaders gain a coherent understanding of operational situations, regardless of the enemy’s actions or responses, strategically, operationally, or tactically. Commanders see the battlespace together as a team—they perceive and move ideas and knowledge in a timely and coherent fashion. The virtual grid also links sensors to shooters to allow rapid exploitation of opportunity and generate quick, decisive actions. b. Interfaces. These are based on standards developed for the purpose of a c h i e v i n g i n t e r o p e r a b i l i t y a n d compatability. • Technical interface standards specify the technical parameters of systems that determine their physical and performance characteristics. • Procedural interface standards address the form and format of the information to be exchanged and are divided into the three categories below. •• Data base standards include both the logical structure and the data elements. Computer to computer bulk data transfers include standard formats for initial or replacement data loads and for data base maintenance purposes. •• Bit oriented message standards provide message formats for data links between command centers, sensor platforms, and weapon platforms. Related procedural information to operate the joint interface using these message standards is contained in the Joint Pub 3-56.2X, (to be replaced by CJCSI 6120.0X series) “Tactical Command and Control Planning Procedures for Joint Operations,” series. •• Character oriented message standards improve interoperability by: (1) Producing messages that can be read by humans and processed by machine. (2) Reducing the time and effort required to draft, transmit, analyze, interpret, and process messages. (3) Improving information exchange through vocabulary control. (4) Providing uniform reporting procedures to be used across the range of military operations. (5) Facilitating exchange of information between the US and multinational commands; reducing or eliminating dual reporting by II-16 Chapter II Joint Pub 6-0 Intentionally Blank CHAPTER III C4 SYSTEMS DOCTRINE FOR EMPLOYMENT, CONFIGURATION, PLANS, AND RESOURCES III-1 “It is DOD Policy: That for purposes of compatibility, interoperability, and integration, all C3I systems developed for use by US forces are considered to be for joint use.” DOD Directive 4630.5 1. Employment a. Authority. The employment authority and responsibilities of the combatant commanders include control, review, and coordination of assigned C4 resources and actions affecting such resources within the geographic or functional area of responsibility of the command. b. C4 Systems Employment Capabilities. The most important guiding principle for C4 systems in support of employment is that they be designed to support wartime scenarios. Procedures used in conflict must be comparable to those used during peacetime and not be subject to degradation because of any subsequent increase in system loading. Commensurate with the level of employment, systems must provide the C4 capabilities described in Figure III-1. c. C4 Systems Conflict Levels. C4 systems planners must continually prioritize and choose from among the individual joint and Service system capabilities that support different needs across the range of military operations. Different conflict levels impose different, and sometimes contentious, requirements on the C4 systems that support them. Various conflict levels can occur simultaneously over a wide geographic area, each requiring different options and responses. Given the scope and often conflicting nature of C4 requirements that must be accommodated, the following briefly describes their employment at four levels of conflict. • Peacetime C4 Systems •• Deterrence relies on peacetime forces having a wartime capability. Therefore, peacetime C4 systems support three basic requirements: daily operations, attack warning, and transition to war. Day-to-day peacetime communications are primarily carried out with existing secure and nonsecure telephone service, record traffic, and data transmissions. Dedicated C4 systems using satellite, radio, and terrestrial links are active and exercised to provide immediate wartime capability. Such a deterrence posture requires that the type and scope of an enemy action be rapidly recognized and characterized. •• Data from intelligence and sensor systems must be correlated, processed, and presented by systems within minutes. To transmit the data, rapid connectivity via the emergency action message (EAM) networks, and other C4 networks is required to support conventional and nuclear responses. This warning capability supports maximum preservation of alert forces, response and retaliatory operations, and US defensive measures. C4 systems also support the transition to wartime posture. Systems that support wartime forces, missions, and facilities, including appropriate COMSEC equipment , must be prepositioned and ready for activation. III-2 Chapter III Joint Pub 6-0 MANDATORY C4 CAPABILITIES Support activities across the range of military operations Support a smooth, orderly transition from peace to war Monitor and assess the status of US, multinational, neutral, and enemy forces and resources Provide for the collection, processing, transmission, and dissemination of data and products Provide warning and attack assessment, and disseminate alert notification Monitor the execution of selected options Provide for the tracking, control, and reporting of reinforcing forces and materiel Support reconstitution and resource allocation Support transition from hostilities to peace Protect systems/networks through C4 defensive measures • Crisis and Contingency C4 Systems. During a crisis, actions must be taken quickly before the opportunity to influence events and prevent escalation is lost. In the early stages of a crisis, critical C2 connectivity is needed to establish and maintain communications with military units, diplomatic personnel, friendly forces, and, wherever possible, hostile elements. In addition to the systems used during the peacetime phase, •• The vulnerability of C4 networks to adversary attack or unauthorized intrusion demands adequate defensive measures against malicious activities. Proactive vulnerability analyses and risk assessments are essential and must be continuous. When networks are breached by an unauthorized intruder, the intruder must be quickly isolated to minimize damage, the network recovered and returned to normal operations. Figure III-1. Mandatory C4 Capabilities III-5 C4 Systems Doctrine for Employment, Configuration, Plans, and Resources Figure III-2. C4 Systems Responsibilities of the Combatant Commanders 3. C4 Systems Configuration The configuration of the individual Service or component C4 systems is too detailed for this publication. a. C4 Systems of the Combatant Commands • The C4 systems of the combatant commands are configured and operated generally to meet the requirements of the command being served; however, the priority requirement will be to support the National Military Command System (NMCS). These systems provide the means through which the commanders send and receive information and exercise command and control over their forces. • The C4 system of a combatant command includes the C4 systems of subordinate unified commands and joint task forces (JTFs) when such organizations are established and assigned. • Combatant commanders’ C4 system responsibilities are shown in Figure III-2. b. C4 Systems of the Headquarters of the Service Component Commands • The C4 systems of the Service component commands are configured and operated generally to meet the requirement of the command being served; however, the priority requirement will be to support the NMCS. These systems provide the means through which the commanders send and receive information and support their forces. • The Service component commander submits to the parent Service the operational requirements for the C4 system of the command. The Service component commander keeps the combatant commander apprised of these requirements. The requirements will be responsive to the NMCS and, in addition to meeting the commanders own needs, Provide guidance to subordinate commands to ensure interoperability of the command-wide C4 systems necessary to accomplish assigned operational functions Forward the command's submissions for C4 systems requirements to the Joint Staff for validation Designate a joint communications site manager (usually the joint force commander) when two or more component commands are collocated within a geographic area Provide C4 systems reporting for those systems under their combatant command (command authority) or operational control C4 SYSTEMS RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE COMBATANT COMMANDERS III-6 Chapter III Joint Pub 6-0 will be in accordance with the interoperability guidance of the combatant commander. c. C4 Systems of the Military Departments and Services. The C4 systems of the Military Departments and Services are configured and operated generally to meet the requirements of individual Service commands and the requirement to provide serviceable wartime capabilities that can support existing forces logistically, generate new forces, establish force readiness levels adequate to deal with existing threats, and provide support for the NMCS. These systems facilitate coordination of the means by which US forces are sustained across the range of military operations. d. C4 Systems of DOD Agencies. The C4 support systems of DOD agencies are configured generally to meet the requirements of the agency being served; however, the priority requirement will be to support the NMCS. These systems provide the means through which the directors control the automated flow and processing of information needed to accomplish the missions of their agencies. 4. C4 Systems Plans a. Guidance. The combatant commanders provide broad guidance for employment requirements of C4 systems that affect the communications posture and capabilities within the command. JOINT C4 IN THE GULF WAR The communications network established to support Operations DESERT SHIELD and DESERT STORM was the largest in history. A flexible and responsive command, control, and communications system was installed in record time — and it maintained a phenomenal 98 percent readiness rate. The final architecture provided connectivity with the NCA, US sustaining bases, CENTCOM, other Coalition forces, and subordinate component elements. This was not an easy task. In addition to equipment differences among various Coalition members, there were differences among US forces. Ultimately, several generations of equipment and many different command and staff elements were melded. At the height of the operation, this hybrid system supported more than 700,000 telephone calls and 152,000 messages a day. Additionally, more than 35,000 frequencies were managed and monitored daily to ensure radio communication nets were free of interference from other users. On 8 August, in support of the rapid deployment of US forces, CENTCOM deployed the first contingent of communications equipment and personnel to provide crucial links between the in-theater forces and CINCCENT at MacDill AFB. Included in the initial communications package was a super high frequency (SHF) multichannel satellite terminal, several ultra high frequency (UHF) single-channel tactical satellite (TACSAT) terminals, and associated terminal equipment, to provide secure voice, facsimile and Defense Switched Network (DSN), Automatic Digital Network (AUTODIN), and Worldwide Military Command and Control System connectivity to the initial deployed headquarters elements. The Joint Communications Support Element (JCSE) was among the first of these deployments (The JCSE is responsible to the CJCS for providing tactical communications to JTF headquarters and SOCOM.) At the III-7 C4 Systems Doctrine for Employment, Configuration, Plans, and Resources same time, communications equipment from the XVIII Airborne Corps, I MEF, and the 9th Air Force began arriving and links were established quickly. The rapidly deployable JCSE provided the primary communications support to CENTCOM and SOCCENT during the initial deployment. JCSE resources included UHF and SHF SATCOM radios, line-of-sight radios, High Frequency (HF) radios, and circuit and message switches. Throughout Operations DESERT SHIELD and DESERT STORM, JCSE communications provided continuous transmission and switching support for CENTCOM headquarters, linking the command with its components and the NCA. The final JCSE resources were deployed in mid-January in response to a requirement to support the CENTCOM Alternate command post, and to provide Ground Mobile Force/Defense Satellite Communications System (GMF/DSCS) satellite support to UK forces. The Saudi national telephone service augmented early deploying communications packages. There were very limited in-place Defense Communications System (DCS) facilities anywhere in Southwest Asia (SWA) and, although the Saudi telecommunications system is modern and reliable, it has neither the capacity nor the geographical dispersion to support a large military force. Available international telephone access also was only a small part of the total requirement. Parallel to the rapid buildup of combat forces in SWA was the deployment of organic tactical communications systems from Army, USMC and USAF units to tie components and subordinate commands into a joint voice and message switching network. Because of the high demand for limited airlift resources, initial forces arrived with minimum essential communications capabilities, usually single channel UHF SATCOM and sporadic access to the local commercial telephone system using secure telephone units (STU-III). This level of communications support would have been insufficient to conduct operations had hostilities begun immediately. The network continued to expand, however, as air and surface transports brought more communications equipment into the theater. The arrival of heavy tropospheric scatter and line- of-sight radio equipment (which provided the bulk of the intra-theater connectivity) improved multiple path routing, adding robustness to the joint network. By November, there was more strategic connectivity (circuits, telephone trunks and radio links) in the AOR than in Europe. By the time Operation DESERT STORM began, networks that included satellite and terrestrial communications links provided 324 DSN voice trunks into US and European DSN switches, along with 3 AUTODIN circuits to CONUS and European AUTODIN switches, supporting 286 communications centers. The Defense Data Network (DDN) was extended to the tactical level, providing high-speed packet switched data communications. At its peak, the joint communications network included 118 GMF satellite terminals, 12 commercial satellite terminals, 61 TRI-TAC voice and 20 TRI-TAC message switches. (This was the first major operational employment of the jointly developed TRI-TAC equipment.) SOURCE: DOD Final Report to Congress: Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, April 1992. III-10 Chapter III Joint Pub 6-0 Intentionally Blank CHAPTER IV C4 SYSTEMS EMPLOYMENT RESPONSIBILITIES IV-1 “The history of command can thus be understood in terms of a race between the demand for information and the ability of command systems to meet it.” Martin Van Creveld, Command in War, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1985 1. CJCS Responsibilities a. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff functions within the chain of command by transmitting to the combatant commanders the orders of the President and the Secretary of Defense. The Chairman coordinates all communications in matters of joint interest addressed to the combatant commanders by other authority. b. The Chairman operates the NMCS for the Secretary of Defense to meet the needs of the NCA and establishes operational policies and procedures for all components of the NMCS and ensures their implementation. c. General operational responsibility for the Nuclear Command, Control, and Communications (C3) System lies with the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The Nuclear C3 System is centrally directed through the Joint Staff. The Nuclear C3 System supports Presidential nuclear C2 and NCA C2 of the combatant commands in the areas of integrated tactical warning and attack assessment, decisionmaking, decision dissemination, and force management and report back. 2. Combatant Commander Responsibilities Combatant commanders: a. Submit C4 system requirements, for joint operations within the scope of their missions and functions, to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. They also provide information copies of the correspondence to the Services, and Defense agencies. This submission will include requirements for CJCS-controlled mobile, transportable C4 assets, when such requirements are not satisfied by normal Military Department or Military Service processes. b. Collect, provide comments on, and forward to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff requirements applicable to joint operations for all C4 equipment that are generated by subordinate operational commands and are being submitted directly to the Military Departments or Services. DISN/C4 resources must be validated at the combatant commander level. c. Report to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff incompatibilities or lack of interoperability among C4 systems and between tactical systems and the DISN. d. Test the C4 systems portions of appropriate OPLANs periodically as a part of a CJCS-sponsored or command-sponsored exercise. These tests will identify unresolved issues, verify operational procedures and interoperability, and provide joint training. e. Ensure that Service components and subordinate unified commands submit requirements for all C4 systems applicable to joint operations through the combatant commanders to the Military Departments or Services in accordance with procedures in effect. IV-2 Chapter IV Joint Pub 6-0 f. Submit a C4 system master plan to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. (See CJCSI 6111.01, “Command, Control, and Communications Systems Evaluation Program.”) 3. Military Department Responsibilities In accordance with guidelines and direction from the Secretary of Defense, each Military Department or Military Service, as appropriate, has the following common functions and responsibilities pertaining to joint operations: a. To provide interoperable and compatible C4 systems, warfighters, and reserves of equipment and supplies for the effective prosecution of war and to plan for the expansion of peacetime communications to meet the needs of war. b. To provide, organize, and train its C4 systems personnel and provide interoperable and compatible C4 systems equipment for joint operations. c. To install, operate, and maintain assigned facilities of the DISN, including the capability of meeting the provisions of C4 Systems must be mobile to support joint warfighters. applicable standards. The Service responsible for operation and maintenance of the DISN facility will be responsible for providing the conditioning equipment required to effect the DISN or non-DISN interface. d. To maintain mobile, transportable C4 system assets, which are controlled by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in a high state of readiness. e. To cooperate with and assist the other Services in accomplishing their C4 system functions, as determined by proper authority. 4. Service and Commander in Chief, United States Special Operations Command (USCINCSOC) Responsibilities and C4 Organizations The C4 system responsibilities of each Service will normally parallel and be determined by other related assigned responsibilities and command relationships. Each Service and USCINCSOC has the following responsibilities and implements them through organizations discussed IV-5 C4 Systems Employment Responsibilities and its component commands. In t h i s ro l e , the Theater Army Communications Command is responsible for all in-theater Army communications that are not organic to Army corps and smaller-sized units. The Theater Army Communications Command would operate and maintain in-theater Army DCS facilities (and, in some cases, joint facilities) that are, in turn, under the management/control of the DISA Area Communications Operations Center. • In October 1992 the Army modified the way USAISC operates on an installation. Previous ly, the Direc tora te of Information Management (DOIM) worked directly for USAISC and did not fall under the post commander for the installation, operation, and maintenance of communications systems. Today, the DOIM is assigned to USAISC but is under the operational control of the garrison commander. Units that are part of this directorate provide the in te r face be tween ins ta l l a t ion communications and commercial or DCS communications organizations. • F r o m a t a c t i c a l s t a n d p o i n t , communications units below Army level are organic to the supported command (corps, division, or separate brigade). At most Army corps, a signal brigade composed of several signal battalions supports the corps h e a d q u a r t e r s a n d p r o v i d e s communications between the corps and its subordinate commands. Each division and separate combat brigade contains an organic signal battalion or company to provide its communications systems. These units are normally organized to support a Division Main, Tactical Command Post, Division Artillery, or Division Support Command. They use Mobile Subscriber Equipment to provide communications access nodes that connect the combat brigades across the division. For a separate combat brigade, a signal company or reinforced communications platoon normally will provide the same type of communications support. Responsibility for communications support is from higher echelons to lower organizations. Figure IV-2 illustrates Army tactical communications configurations. • Other units having large-scale communications systems to support unique operations in a corps or division are the military intelligence brigades (corps level) or Combat Electronic- Warfare Intelligence battalions (division level) and the Air Defense Artillery (brigade and battalion level) that have dedicated communications systems to support their assigned units when dispersed across the battlefield. g. Navy Communications Organizations. The US Navy is one of two Services within the Department of the Navy. The other, the Marine Corps, is discussed later in this chapter. The Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), as the Navy’s Chief of the Service, is responsible for recruiting, organizing, training, equipping, and providing naval forces for assignment to combatant commands, and for administering and supporting these forces. Providing communications support to the forces is the responsibility of several organizations subordinate to the CNO. Figure IV-3 shows the structure of naval communications within the Department of the Navy. • The N-6, Directorate of Space and Electronic Warfare, is the principal Navy staff responsible to the CNO for C4I. The N-6 is charged with oversight and development of the technological systems and organizational support systems that focus on the command and control of forces by naval commanders. Primary responsibilities include the IV-6 Chapter IV Joint Pub 6-0 Figure IV-2. Representative Theater Army Tactical Configurations Naval C4I strategy and developing systems that support C4I For The Warrior and doctrine governing related space, Information Warfare, and C4I systems. • Subordinate to the N-6 is the Naval Computer and Telecommunications Command (NCTC). The NCTC is charged with the administrative and technical oversight of the Navy’s shore- based naval telecommunications facilities—Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Stations (NCTAMS), Naval Computer and Telecommunications Stations (NCTS), and other computer and telecommunications shore sites. The NCTC has administrative control of all shore-based telecommunications facilities worldwide, oversees the operations of the naval portion of the DCS, and maintains administrative and logistical oversight of the Naval Telecommunications Integration Center and the Naval Electronic Spectrum Center. • A NCTAMS is the transmission and switching hub for routing all fleet- originated traffic into the DCS and for distributing DCS and internal Navy traffic to fleet units. At the tactical unit level, a ship’s communications IV-7 C4 Systems Employment Responsibilities • The NCTAMS is responsible for all Naval Computer and Telecommunications System daily operations within its assigned region. NCTAMS also maintain control over subordinate NCTSs within their area. Fleet Commanders have operational control of NCTC facilities, such as NCTAMS, located in their areas of operation. For example NCTAMS Paci f ic , an administrative subordinate of NCTC, is under the operational control of the Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Fleet. Four NCTAMS: NCTAMS LANT in Norfolk, VA; NCTAMS MED in Bagnoli (Naples), Italy; NCTAMS WESTPAC in Finegayan, Guam; and NCTAMS EASTPAC in Wahiawa, HI, are the primary shore-based telecommunications and computer hubs serving US Navy fleet activities worldwide. • The US Atlantic Fleet at Norfolk, VA, serves as the Navy component command for the United States Atlantic Command; the US Pacific Fleet at Makalapa, HI, for the United States Pacific Command (USPACOM); the US Naval Forces Europe located in Naples, Italy, with administrative staff in London, serves as the Navy component command for the United States European Command (USEUCOM); US Naval Forces Central, with headquarters at MacDill AFB, FL, and a forward headquarters in Bahrain, serves as the Navy component command for the United States Central Command (USCENTCOM). These h e a d q u a r t e r s h a v e o r g a n i c telecommunications staffs who supervise these activities within their areas of operations. h. Air For ce C o m m u n i c a t i o n s Organizations are shown in Figure IV-4. The Office of the Chief of Staff of the Air Force is organized with a Deputy Chief of Staff for Command, Control, NAVAL COMMUNICATIONS STRUCTURE Naval Computer and Telecommunications Command Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Station Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station Naval Computer and Telecommunications Center Naval Communications Detachment Figure IV-3. Naval Communications Structure off icer i s responsible for a l l telecommunications activities. At a naval base, Naval Computer and Telecommunications Centers or D e t a c h m e n t s f u r n i s h b a s e telecommunication and computer services and provide entry into the DCS. The NCTAMS is administratively subordinate to the Commander, NCTC. IV-10 Chapter IV Joint Pub 6-0 US MARINE CORPS COMMUNICATION AND INTELLIGENCE OVERVIEW Secretary of the Navy USMC Combat Development Quantico, VA Commandant US Marine Corps USMC Systems Command Quantico, VA Marine Corps Computer and Telecommunication Activity Quantico, VA Intelligence Activity Quantico, VA Assistant Chief of Staff C4I Intelligence Division C4I Systems Division Deputy ACS Intelligence Deputy ACS C4I Systems Integration Resource Management Division Figure IV-5. US Marine Corps Communications and Intelligence Overview • Marine Forces Pacific has two warfighting MAGTFs: I Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF) located at Camp Pendleton, CA, and III MEF assigned to Camp Butler, Okinawa, Japan. Marine Forces Atlantic, with headquarters at Camp Lejeune, NC, is assigned II MEF, which is also home- based at Camp Lejeune, NC. Each MEF contains a command element, an infantry division, a Marine aircraft wing, and a service support group. MEFs can be further task-organized as operationally necessary into smaller MAGTFs; additionally, it is possible to add elements to a MEF to increase combat power. During the Gulf War, for example, both the 1st Marine Division (from I MEF) and the 2nd Marine Division (from II MEF), along with IV-11 C4 Systems Employment Responsibilities NOTIONAL US MARINE CORPS OPERATIONAL BACKBONE COMMUNICATIONS STRUCTURE Tropo AN / TRC-170 GMF SAT JFACC Defense Communications System (DCS) Navy Telecommunications System (NTS) MEF (MAGTF HQ) Tropo AN / TRC-170 Tropo AN / TRC-170 Tropo AN / TRC-170 GMF SAT GMF SAT GMF SAT GMF SAT AN / TSC-85 UHF SAT AN / TSC-96 LOS AN / MRC-142 LOS AN / MRC-142 JTF Division (GCE) Air Wing (ACE) FSSG (CSSE) Figure IV-6. Notional US Marine Corps Operational Backbone Communications Structure coalition forces, formed the ground c o m b a t e l e m e n t o f I M E F — USCENTCOM’s Marine component. • Organic telecommunications and intelligence support to the MEF headquarters is provided by a Surveillance, Reconnaissance, and Intelligence Group (SRIG). Within SRIGs are a communications battalion, a radio battalion, and other tactical surveillance and intelligence organizations. • The communications battalion, the major communications unit within a MEF, is charged with providing common-user, general service message, and other telecommunications support as required to the MEF headquarters. This includes, but is not limited to, multi-channel satellite, single channel satellite, multi-channel terrestrial, and single channel terrestrial transmissions systems, along with circuit, packet, and message switching services. The communications battalion also provides necessary equipment to interface with the DCS, the Naval Telecommunications System, JTF systems, and multinational military systems as required. The communications battalion may be augmented as IV-12 Chapter IV Joint Pub 6-0 directed for joint operations by JTF- provided communications equipment and systems. A communications battalion is located with each MEF— the 7th with III MEF on Okinawa, Japan; the 8th with II MEF at Camp Lejeune, NC; and the 9th with I MEF at Camp Pendleton, CA. • MAGTF Special Compartmented Intelligence (SCI) communications terminal support is provided by dedicated Special Security Communications Teams from the SRIG’s radio battalion. The communications battalion, however, provides most of the trunking and switching support for SCI circuits within the MEF. • Each Marine aircraft wing has an organic communications squadron, each Marine division an organic communications company, and each service support group a communications company. These communications units provide internal communication to their respective organizations; the MEF’s communication battalion provides common-user external communications. • The traditional staff functions of communications-electronics and computer systems have been combined in all Marine tactical organizations from the MEF headquarters to the battalion/squadron level into one principal staff officer titled either the G-6 or S-6, depending on the size of the unit. For example, a MEF has a G-6, while an infantry battalion has an S-6. j. Coast Guard Communications Organizations. Although the Coast Guard i s a t t ached to the Depar tment of Transportation, it has participated, as an arm of the US Navy, in every national conflict. It routinely participates in various DOD activities and in Navy fleet and joint exercises. The Coast Guard is headquartered in Washington, D.C., and has an Atlantic and Pacific area headquarters, ten district headquarters, ten air stations, and twelve communications and long-range electronic aid to navigation (LORAN) stations that provide C4 support worldwide. The Coast Guard Office of Command, Control, a n d C o m m u n i c a t i o n s m a n a g e s communications organizations that routinely interact with the Services, as do subordinate units engaged directly in operations involving the joint community. The Coast Guard is directly connected with all major DOD common-user systems such as Defense Data Network, Defense Switched Network, and Defense Commercial Telecommunications Network. Additionally, it plays a very active role in the counterdrug community and has C4 access to systems supporting that effort. • In addition to major systems connectivity, the Coast Guard has mobile/ transportable systems such as ultra high frequency (UHF) tactical satellite (TACSAT) and LOS radio systems that provide secure and nonsecure connectivity at the operator level. This is important to the day-to-day operations where it and the military community routinely interact. Examples include search and rescue, aids to nav iga t ion , a n d mar i t ime l a w enforcement. Major missions under the latter category include customs and immigration issues such as those recently experienced with Haitian refugees, and daily operations in the areas of smuggling and narcotics enforcement. • O r g a n i z a t i o n a l l y , s e v e r a l communications responsibilities exist in the mission area of aids to navigation that are especially important to the Navy and Air Force. These include the long-range electronic aid to IV-15 C4 Systems Employment Responsibilities c. Provides overall management of all C4 systems supporting the JTF. d. Reviews and coordinates C4 plans prepared by subordinate commands. e . R e q u e s t s C J C S - c o n t ro l l e d transportable communications assets, including JCSE assets, in accordance with CJCS MOP 3, “CJCS-Controlled Communications Assets” and other established procedures. (See Chapter II for additional information on spectrum management responsibilities.) f. Ensures compatibility of JTF C4 systems. 8. The JTF Director of C4 Systems (J-6) Responsibilities The JTF J-6: a. Responds to the CJTF on all C4 matters. b. Exercises staff supervision, operational direction, and management control of all CJCS-controlled transportable assets, including JCSE, and C4 assets employed in joint C4 systems and networks. c. Establishes the JCCC to support top level network control and management within the joint operations area. 9. Joint Communications Support Element Responsibilities The JCSE is a unique communications organization under the operational control of the CJCS. Headquartered at MacDill AFB, the JCSE consists of an active duty element of about 500 personnel and two Air National Guard Joint Communications Support Squadrons. JCSE’s primary mission is to provide tactical communications support for two simultaneously deployed JTFs and two JSOTFs. The JCSE possesses a wide range of tactical communications capabilities tailored to meet a variety of contingency missions. The unit is staffed with personnel from all the Services and is equipped with a wide array of tactical and commercial communications equipment. 10. DISA Liaison Officer Responsibilities The DISA Liaison Officer: a. Serves as the interface between exercise and/or joint operation participants and DISA. b. Provides staff advice to the JTF J-6 on DISN matters. IV-16 Chapter IV Joint Pub 6-0 Intentionally Blank CHAPTER V JOINT AND MULTINATIONAL C4 SYSTEMS STANDARDIZATION AND PROCEDURES V-1 1. Standardization Standardization among allied nations and the United States is achieved through international forums in accordance with policy and procedures in CJCSI 2700.01, “International Military Rationalization, Standardization, and Interoperability (RSI) Between the United States and Its Allies and Other Friendly Nations.” This policy d o c u m e n t c o v e r s a l l a s p e c t s o f interoperability. With respect to C4 systems, the policy focuses on enhancing multinational combat capabilities for US military forces to communicate and share data and information. Areas of particular concern for compatibility and commonality include C4 and automated information systems, battlefield surveillance systems, target designation systems, and target acquisition systems, and COMSEC hardware and software systems. a. The United States participates in many forums of RSI negotiations around the world, including: • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). All wartime essential communication computer systems used in the European theater will comply with the NATO Air Command and Control System. “When masses of troops are employed, certainly they are widely separated, and ears are not able to hear acutely nor eyes to see clearly. Therefore officers and men are ordered to advance or retreat by observing the flags and banners and to move or stop by signals of bells and drums. Thus the valiant shall not advance alone, nor shall the coward flee.” Chang Yu: (c. 1000) Unique operating environments may require specialized C4 systems. VI-2 Chapter VI Joint Pub 6-0 conflict. Declining resources dictate that the US military accomplish this wider variety of roles and missions with a smaller force structure. Historically, the US military has relied on technology as a force multiplier to accomplish assigned missions as efficiently as possible while preserving human life and limiting the destruction of property. One way to accomplish such missions efficiently is to leverage sophisticated information technologies. Today, and in the future, efficient use of information technologies will require the support of the infosphere, including both an evolving national and defense information infrastructure. 2. National Communications System The National Communications System is an interagency group that coordinates the telecommunications assets of 23 Federal departments and agencies to ensure compatibility and interoperability during emergencies without compromising day-to- day operations. a . T h e N C S c o n s i s t s o f t h e telecommunications assets of the entities represented on the NCS Committee of Principals and an administrative structure consisting of the Executive Agent, the NCS Committee of Principals, and the Manager. NCS Committee of Principals consists of representatives from those Federal departments, agencies, or entities designated by the President that lease or own telecommunications facilities or services of significance to national security or emergency preparedness. The NCS includes, to the extent permitted by law, other Executive entities that bear policy, regulatory, or enforcement responsibilities of importance to national security or emergency preparedness telecommunications capabilities. b. The NCS departments, agencies, or entities include the Departments of State, Treasury, Commerce, Defense, Justice, Interior, Agriculture, Health and Human Services, Transportation, Energy, and Veterans Affairs; Central Intelligence Agency, General Services Administration; US Information Agency; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Federal Emergency Management Agency; Federal Communications Commission; Nuclear Regulatory Commission; Postal Service; Federal Reserve System; National Security Agency; National Telecommunications and Information Agency; and the Joint Staff. The assets are operated and funded by their respective parent agencies, pursuant to cross-Service or mutual support arrangements. c. The purpose of the NCS is to assist the President, National Security Council, Office of Science and Technology Policy, and Office of Management and Budget to: • Exercise their wartime and non- wartime emergency functions and their planning and oversight responsibilities. • Coordinate the planning for and provision of national security and emergency preparedness communications for the Federal government under all circumstances. d. The Secretary of Defense is the Executive Agent for the NCS. The principal adviser for NCS matters is the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence. The Director, DISA, is the Manager, NCS. 3. Defense Information Systems Network The DISN is a composite of certain DOD information systems and networks under VI-3 Global C4 Infrastructure the management control and C4 systems operational direction of DISA. The DISN is a significant effort that has been undertaken by DOD to transform the way information is developed, used, and shared. This includes modifications to the existing DCS to establish a defense information infrastructure, the Corporate Information Management initiative, programs to implement the CJCS C4I For The Warrior concept, and the integration of advanced technology demonstrations conducted under the global grid initiative. DISN will ultimately subsume or replace most Service- and Agency-unique stovepipe networks and systems. a. The existing DCS provides the long haul, point-to-point, and switched network telecommunications needed to satisfy the C2 requirements of DOD and civil agencies directly concerned with national security or other critical emergency requirements. DCS facilities are employed in support of C2, operations, intelligence, weather, logistic, and administrative functions. The objective of the DCS is to organize the complex of DOD communications networks, equipment, control centers, and resources to provide an effective, responsive, survivable worldwide communications system. The system provides maximum security consistent with threat, cost effectiveness, and acceptable risk factors and makes use of any DCS circuitry available at a given time for fulfilling the priority needs of the users. b. The DISN architecture (see Figure VI-1) prescribes a global network integrating existing DCS assets, military satellite communications, commercial satellite communications initiatives, leased telecommunications services, as well as the dedicated worldwide enterprise-level telecommunications infrastructure that provides the interoperable transport for the end-to-end transfer of information in support of military operations. DIR DIR ATM Switch ATM Switch ATM Switch ATM Switch KEY ELEMENTS OF THE DISN GOAL BISDN Tandem BISDN Access BISDN Tandem BISDN Tandem ATM Switch ATM LAN BISDN Tandem ATM LAN DIR IMC IMCIMC IMC DIR Airborne / Mobile Shipboard, Transportable, Personal User Elements User Elements LOCAL AREA LOCAL AREA DEPLOYED / MOBILE ELEMENTSFIXED ELEMENTS WIDE AREA FIXED DEPLOYED G R C C ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode BISDN Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network C Terminal Connection DIR Directory DPI Data Processing Installation IMC Integrated Management Center PCS Personal Communications Service R Radio V / D / I Voice, Data, Imagery G SATCOM / Terrestrial Gateway Terminal T SATCOM Trunk Terminal SATCOM or Radio Link Fiber Optics Terrestrial Connectivity Whenever Available Integrated Systems and Network Management and Control SENSOR Multilevel Source V / D / I Workstation High Definition Studio Video Megacenter DPI PCS Figure VI-1. Key Elements of the DISN Goal Architecture VI-4 Chapter VI Joint Pub 6-0 c. The development of DISN will be an evolutionary process that will support the military’s move into the 21st century information age, and will replace the individual legacy communications systems with a seamless transport. 4. Global Command and Control System GCCS provides a fused picture of the battlespace within a modern C4 system capable of meeting warfighter needs into the 21st century. It incorporates the core planning and assessment tools required by the combatant commanders and their subordinate joint force commanders and meets the readiness support requirements of the Services. GCCS is required to move the combatant commanders and subordinate joint force commanders joint C2 support capability into the modern era of client/server architecture using commercial, open systems standards for both commercial and government off-the-shelf applications. The umbrella standards and unifying approach that GCCS brings to the ongoing DOD C4I migration strategy are essential for the Services and agencies to successfully reduce the large number of systems in use today. a. Much of what has been defined as GCCS initial operating capability has been fielded at several operational sites and networked via the DISN. GCCS is being implemented at all combatant commands and their components and at the Service headquarters. The Joint Staff, in consultation with the combatant commanders, will apply a set of user-defined criteria in determining precisely when GCCS will be declared fully operational. b. Until GCCS is fielded, WWMCCS will continue to provide the means for strategic and operational direction and technical administrative and decision support for the command and control of US military forces. WWMCCS ensures effective connectivity among the NCA, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and other components of the NMCS down to the Service component commanders. The system is comprised of: • The National Military Command System. • The C4 systems of the combatant commands. • The WWMCCS-related management and information systems of the headquarters of the Military Departments. • The C4 systems of the headquarters of the Service component commands. • The C4 support systems of DOD agencies. c. WWMCCS is described in DOD Directive 5100.30 and the Joint Pub 6-03, “WWMCCS Objectives and Management Plan,” series. The primary mission of WWMCCS is to support the NCA’s C2 function. On a noninterference basis, WWMCCS is available to support the combatant commanders. d. WWMCCS automation elements are a subset of WWMCCS and extend through the various levels of C2. The flow of information through the system is enhanced by both formalized reporting systems defined in the Joint Pub 1-03, “Joint Reporting Structure,” series (to be replaced by a series of CJCS manuals) and by standard compatible communications and computer systems interconnected to form a network of reporting systems and data bases. WWMCCS automation supports joint operation planning and execution functions. The basic WWMCCS elements are described in Figure VI-2. VI-7 Global C4 Infrastructure Communications Control Center, and such other agencies, activities, or centers as may be designated. • Appropriate military information will be provided to these associated systems through the NMCS, using timely, secure, and reliable communications systems. Conversely, poli t ical , intelligence, diplomatic, and economic information input to the NMCS will be provided by these same systems. In addition, the NMCS should provide c o m m u n i c a t i o n s t o s u p p o r t representatives of the White House and other Government activities that may use the NMCS in a politico-military situation concerning strategic direction of US military forces. • The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff will provide for lateral coordination with US Government activities external to the Department of Defense to ensure necessary interchange of data to and from the NMCS. 6. Command Relationships a. Commanders of combatant commands will develop agreements that clearly delineate the commanders’ relationships with the DISA field organizations within their areas of responsibility. The agreements will be governed by the guidance in DOD Directive 5105.19, “Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA),” additional guidance issued by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the following policy: • Directors of DISA field organizations and Service component commanders will be responsive to the operational needs of the combatant commanders, who exercise combatant command (command authority) (COCOM) over the Service component operating elements of the DISN. This authority is normally exercised through the Service component commanders. • In accordance with DOD Directive 5105.19, “Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) , ” DISA f i e ld organizations, under the command of the Director, DISA, exercise operational direction (the authoritative direction necessary to ensure the effective operation of the DISN) over the DISN operating elements. • If a major emergency necessitates the use of all available forces, the combatant commanders have COCOM over the Service component operating elements of the DISN. In exercising this authority, the combatant commanders will be cognizant of DISN support to the NCA, DOD agencies, and other combatant commanders and will preserve DISN integrity and standards to the maximum possible extent. • Operating elements of the DISN are subject to authoritative direction from different sources. To avoid conflicting direction, the combatant commanders will normally express their DISN operational requirements to the senior DISN field organization serving their areas of responsibility. b. Combatant commanders develop campaign and operation plans with C4 systems annexes that stress the integrated nature of the theater network. Component tactical C4 systems will support the overall network guidance and COCOM of the combatant commander. c. The relationships of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Military Departments, and the combatant commanders to DISA are further defined in DOD Directive 5105.19, “Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA).” VI-8 Chapter VI Joint Pub 6-0 Intentionally Blank APPENDIX A REFERENCES A-1 1. DOD Directive 4630.5, “Compatibility and Interoperability of Tactical Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence Systems.” 2. DOD Instruction 4630.8, “Procedures for Compatibility, Interoperability, and Integration of Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence (C3I) Systems.” 3. CJCS MOP 30, “Command and Control Warfare.” 4. CJCSI 6212.01, “Compatibility, Interoperability, and Integration of Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence Systems.” 5. Joint Pub 0-2, “Unified Action Armed Forces (UNAAF).” 6. Joint Pub 1-02, “Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms.” 7. Joint Pub 6-01.1, “Tactical Digital Information Link (TADIL) Message Standards.” (To be replaced by a CJCS Manual) 8. Joint Pub 6-02, “Joint Doctrine for Employment of Operational/Tactical Command, Control, Communications, and Computer Systems.” (Under revision) 9. Joint Pub 6-03 series, “WWMCCS Objectives and Management Plan.” (To be replaced by a series of CJCS Manuals) 10. Joint Pub 6-04 series, “US Message Text Formatting.” (To be replaced by a series of CJCS Manuals) 11. Joint Pub 6-05 series, “Manual for Employing Joint Tactical Communications Systems.” (To be replaced by a series of CJCS Manuals) B-2 Appendix B Joint Pub 6-0 4. Distribution a. Additional copies of this publication can be obtained through Service publication centers. b. Only approved pubs and test pubs are releasable outside the combatant commands, Services, and Joint Staff. Release of any joint publication to foreign governments or foreign nationals must be requested through the local embassy (Defense Attache Office) to DIA Foreign Liaison Branch, C-AS1, Room 1A674, Pentagon, Washington D.C. 20301-7400. c. Additional copies should be obtained from the Military Service assigned administrative support responsibility by DOD Directive 5100.3, 1 November 1988, “Support of the Headquarters of Unified, Specified, and Subordinate Joint Commands.” By Military Services: Army: US Army AG Publication Center 2800 Eastern Boulevard Baltimore, MD 21220-2898 Air Force: Air Force Publications Distribution Center 2800 Eastern Boulevard Baltimore, MD 21220-2896 Navy: CO, Navy Aviation Supply Office Distribution Division (Code 03443) 5801 Tabor Avenue Philadelphia, PA 19120-5000 Marine Corps: Marine Corps Logistics Base Albany, GA 31704-5000 Coast Guard: Coast Guard Headquarters, COMDT (G-REP) 2100 2nd Street, SW Washington, D.C. 20593-0001 d. Local reproduction is authorized and access to unclassified publications is unrestricted. However, access to and reproduction authorization for classified joint publications must be in accordance with DOD Regulation 5200.1-R. GLOSSARY PART I—ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS GL-1 ACE aviation combat element (MAGTF) ACP Allied Communications Publication AFPCA Air Force Pentagon Communications Agency C2 command and control C2S command and control support C2W command and control warfare C3 command, control, and communications C4 command, control, communications, and computers C4I command, control, communications, computers, and intelligence C4IFTW C4I For The Warrior CCG Combat Communications Group CCS Combat Communications Squadron CJCS Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff CJTF Commander, Joint Task Force CJCSI Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction CMC Commandant of the Marine Corps CNO Chief of Naval Operations COCOM combatant command (command authority) COMSEC communications security CSSE combat service support element (MAGTF) DA Department of the Army DCS Defense Communications System DIA Defense Intelligence Agency DISA Defense Information Systems Agency (formerly DCA) DISN Defense Information Systems Network DOD Department of Defense DODD Department of Defense Directive DODI Department of Defense Instruction DOIM Directorate of Information Management EAC Echelons Above Corps EAM emergency action message FSSG force service support group (MAGTF) GCCS Global Command and Control System GCE ground combat element GMF ground mobile forces GPS Global Positioning System GL-2 Glossary Joint Pub 6-0 HF high frequency HQMC Headquarters Marine Corps JANAP Joint Army, Navy, Air Force Publication JCCC Joint Communications Control Center JCSE Joint Communications Support Element JFC joint force commander JOPES Joint Operation Planning and Execution System JRS Joint Reporting Structure JSOTF Joint Special Operations Task Force JTF joint task force LORAN long-range electronic aids to navigation LOS line of sight LPD low probability of detection LPI low probability of intercept MAGTF Marine air-ground task force MARFORPAC Marine Forces Pacific MCEB Military Communications-Electronics Board MEF Marine expeditionary force MOP Memorandum of Policy MSE mobile subscriber equipment NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NCA National Command Authorities NCS National Communications System NCTAMS Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Station NCTC Naval Computer and Telecommunications Command NCTS Naval Computer and Telecommunications Stations NIST National Intelligence Support Team NMCS National Military Command System NTS Navy Telecommunications System OPLAN operation plan OPSEC operations security RSI rationalization, standardization, and interoperability SC Deputy Chief of Staff for C4 SCI Sensitive Compartmented Intelligence SINCGARS Single-Channel and Airborne Radio System SOF special operations forces SRIG Surveillance, Reconnaissance, and Intelligence Group functions are performed through an arrangement of personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, and procedures employed by a commander in planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces and operations in the accomplishment of the mission. (Joint Pub 1-02) command, control, communications, and computer systems. Integrated systems of doctrine, procedures, organizational structures, personnel, equipment, facilities, and communications designed to support a commander’s exercise of command and control across the range of military operations. Also called C4 systems. (Approved for inclusion in Joint Pub 1-02) command and control warfare. The integrated use of operations security (OPSEC), military deception, psychological operations (PSYOP), electronic warfare (EW), and physical destruction, mutually supported by intelligence, to deny information to, influence, degrade, or destroy adversary command and control capabilities, while protecting friendly command and control capabilities against such actions. Command and control warfare applies across the operational continuum and all levels of conflict. Also called C2W. C2W is both offensive and defensive: a. counter-C2—To prevent effective C2 of adversary forces by denying information to, influencing, degrading, or destroying the adversary C2 system. b. C2- protection—To maintain effective command and control of own forces by turning to friendly advantage or negating adversary efforts to deny information to, influence, degrade, or destroy the friendly C2 system. (Joint Pub 1-02) commonality. A quality which applies to materiel or systems: a. possessing like and interchangeable characteristics enabling each to be utilized, or operated and maintained, by personnel trained on the others without additional specialized training. b. having interchangeable repair parts and/or components. c. applying to consumable items interchangeably equivalent without adjustment. (Joint Pub 1-02) communications. A method or means of conveying information of any kind from one person or place to another. (Joint Pub 1-02) communications security. The protection resulting from all measures designed to deny unauthorized persons information of value which might be derived from the possession and study of telecommunications, or to mislead unauthorized persons in their interpretation of the results of such possession and study. Also called COMSEC. Communications security includes: a. cryptosecurity; b. transmission security; c. emission security; and d. physical security of communications security materials and information. a. cryptosecurity—The component of communications security that results from the provision of technically sound cryptosystems and their proper use. b. transmission security—The component of communications security that results from all measures designed to protect transmissions from interception and exploitation by means other than cryptanalysis. c. emission security—The component of communications security that results from all measures taken to deny unauthorized persons information of value that might be derived from intercept and analysis of compromising emanations from crypto-equipment and telecommunications systems. d. physical security—The component of communications security that results from all physical measures necessary to safeguard classified equipment, material, and documents from access thereto or observation thereof by unauthorized persons. (Joint Pub 1-02) GL-5 Glossary GL-6 Glossary Joint Pub 6-0 compatibility. Capability of two or more items or components of equipment or material to exist or function in the same system or environment without mutual interference. (Joint Pub 1-02) control. 1. Authority which may be less than full command exercised by a commander over part of the activities of subordinate or other organizations. (Joint Pub 1-02) information. 2. The meaning that a human assigns to data by means of the known conventions used in their representation. (Joint Pub 1-02) interoperability. 1. The ability of systems, units, or forces to provide services to and accept services from other systems, units, or forces and to use the services so exchanged to enable them to operate effectively together. 2. The condition achieved among communications-electronics equipment when information or services can be exchanged directly and satisfactorily between them and/or their users. The degree of interoperability should be defined when referring to specific cases. (Joint Pub 1-02) National Communications System. The telecommunications system that results from the technical and operat ional i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e s e p a r a t e telecommunications systems of the several executive branch departments and agencies having a significant telecommunications capability. Also called NCS. (Joint Pub 1-02) National Military Command System. The priority component of the Worldwide Military Command and Control System designed to support the National Command Authorities and Joint Chiefs of Staff in the exercise of their responsibilities. Also called NMCS. (Joint Pub 1-02) Service component command. A command consisting of the Service component commander and all those Service forces, such as individuals, units, detachments, organizations, and installations under the command, including the support forces that have been assigned to a combatant command, or further assigned to a subordinate unified command or joint task force. (Joint Pub 1-02) standardization. The process by which the Department of Defense achieves the closest practicable cooperation among the Services and Defense agencies for the most efficient use of research, development, and production resources, and agrees to adopt on the broadest possible basis the use of: a. common or compatible operational, administrative, and logistic procedures; b. common or compatible technical procedures and criteria; c. common, compatible, or interchangeable supplies, components, weapons, or equipment; and, d. common or compatible tactical doctrine with corresponding organizational compatibility. (Joint Pub 1-02) tactical command, control, communications, and computer system(s). The facilities, equipment, communications, procedures, and personnel essential to theater level and below commanders for planning, directing, and controlling operations of assigned and attached forces pursuant to the mission assigned and which provide(s) for the conveyance and/or exchange of data and information from one person or force to another. (Approved for inclusion in Joint Pub 1-02) telecommunication. Any transmission, emission, or reception of signs, signals, writings, images, sounds, or information of any nature by wire, radio, visual, or other electromagnetic systems. (Joint Pub 1-02) Assess- ments/ Revision CJCS Approval Two Drafts Program Directive Project Proposal J-7 formally staffs with Services and CINCS Includes scope of project, references, milestones, and who will develop drafts J-7 releases Program Directive to Lead Agent. Lead Agent can be Service, CINC, or Joint Staff (JS) Directorate STEP #2 Program Directive l l l The CINCS receive the pub and begin to assess it during use 18 to 24 months following publication, the Director J-7, will solicit a written report from the combatant commands and Services on the utility and quality of each pub and the need for any urgent changes or earlier-than- scheduled revisions No later than 5 years after development, each pub is revised STEP #5 Assessments/Revision l l l Submitted by Services, CINCS, or Joint Staff to fill extant operational void J-7 validates requirement with Services and CINCs J-7 initiates Program Directive l l l STEP #1 Project Proposal All joint doctrine and tactics, techniques, and procedures are organized into a comprehensive hierarchy as shown in the chart above. is the keystone publication for the series of joint doctrine publications. The diagram below illustrates an overview of the development process: Joint Pub 6-0 C4 Systems JOINT DOCTRINE PUBLICATIONS HIERARCHY JOINT PUB 1-0 PERSONNEL and ADMINISTRATION JOINT PUB 4-0 JOINT PUB 6-0 LOGISTICS C4 SYSTEMS JOINT PUB 0-2 JOINT PUB 1 UNAAF JOINT WARFARE JOINT DOCTRINE PUBLICATION Lead Agent forwards proposed pub to Joint Staff Joint Staff takes responsibility for pub, makes required changes and prepares pub for coordination with Services and CINCS Joint Staff conducts formal staffing for approval as a Joint Publication STEP #4 CJCS Approval l l l Lead Agent selects Primary Review Authority (PRA) to develop the pub PRA develops two draft pubs PRA staffs each draft with CINCS, Services, and Joint Staff l l l STEP #3 Two Drafts ENHANCED JOINT WARFIGHTING CAPABILITY INTELLIGENCE JOINT PUB 2-0 OPERATIONS JOINT PUB 3-0 JOINT PUB 5-0 PLANS