SHRM-CP EXAM | Actual Questions And Answers Latest Updated 2024/2025 (Graded A+), Exams of Leadership and Team Management

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SHRM-CP EXAM | Actual Questions And Answers Latest Updated 2024/

(Graded A+)

Career Planning - ✔✔Actions & activities that individuals perform in order to give direction to their work lives. Brain drain - ✔✔Exit of educated & skilled citizens from emerging & developing countries for better paying jobs in developed countries. Auditory learners - ✔✔People who learn best by relying on their sense of hearing. Andragogy - ✔✔Study of how adults learn. Cost-of-living adjustment (COLA) - ✔✔Pay adjustment given to eligible employees regardless of performance or organizational profitability; usually linked to inflation. Compa-ratio - ✔✔Pay rate divided by the midpoint of the pay range. Broadbanding - ✔✔Combining several salary grades or job classifications with narrow pay ranges unto one brand with a wider salary spread. Behavioral interview - ✔✔Type of interview that focuses on how applicants previously handled real situations. Applicant tracking software (ATS) - ✔✔Software that provides an automated way for organizations to manage the recruiting process. Developmental activities - ✔✔Activities that focus on preparing employees for future responsibilities while increasing their capacity to perform their current jobs.

Compensation - ✔✔All financial returns (beyond any benefits payments or services), including salary and allowances. Career development - ✔✔Process by which employees progress through a series of stages in their careers, each of which is characterized by relatively unique, themes, and tasks. Benefits - ✔✔Payments or services provided to employees to cover issues such as retirement, health care, sick pay/disability schemes, life insurance, and paid time off. Apprenticeship - ✔✔Related to technical skills training; often a partnership between employers and unions. Competency-based interview - ✔✔Type of interview in which the interviewer asks questions related to competencies for the position and asks candidates to provide examples of times they demonstrated the competencies. ADDIE model - ✔✔5 step instructional design process that governs the development of learning programs. Assessment centers - ✔✔Assessment tools that provide candidates a wide range of leadership situations and problem-solving exercises. Blended learning - ✔✔Planned approach to learning that included a combination of instructor-led training, self-directed study, and /or on-the-job training. Career management - ✔✔Preparing, implementing, and monitoring employees' career paths, with a primary focus on the goals and needs of the organization. Competencies - ✔✔Clusters of highly interrelated attributes, including knowledge, skills, or abilities (KSA) that give rise to the behaviors needed to perform a given job effectively. Strategy - ✔✔A plan of action for accomplishing an organization's long-range goals.

SWOT analysis - ✔✔Process for assessing an organization's strategic capabilities in comparison to threats and opportunities identified during environmental scanning. Value drivers - ✔✔Actions, processes, or results that are needed to deliver a desired value. Vision statement - ✔✔Vivid, guiding image of an organization's desired future, the future it hopes to attain through its strategy. Organizational values - ✔✔Beliefs that are important to an organization and often dictate employee behavior. Strategic fit - ✔✔A state in which an organization's strategy is consistent with its external opportunities and circumstances and its internal structure, resources, and capabilities. Strategic management - ✔✔The actions that leaders take to move their organizations toward those goals and create value for all stakeholders. Strategic planning - ✔✔The process of setting goals and designing a path toward a competitive position. Metrics - ✔✔Performance parameters based on the relationship between 2 or more measures. Mission statement - ✔✔Statement that specifies what activities an organization intends to pursue and what course management has carted for the future; a concise statement of its strategy. Net profit margin - ✔✔Ratio of net income (gross sales minus expenses and taxes) to net sales. Organizational culture - ✔✔The basic beliefs and customs shared by members of an organization that contribute to an organization's sense of its identity.

Income statement - ✔✔Statement that reports revenues, expenses, and net income (profit) for a specified period. Lagging indicator - ✔✔Type of metric that describes an activity that has already occurred. Leading indicator - ✔✔Type of metric that describes an activity that can change future performance and indicate higher degree of success in achieving strategic goals. Liabilities - ✔✔Organization's debts and other financial obligations. Due diligence - ✔✔Necessary level of care and attention that is taken to investigate an action before it is taken. Environmental scanning - ✔✔Process that involves a systematic survey and interpretation of relevant data to identify external opportunities and threats and to assess how these factors affect the organization currently and how they are likely to affect the organization in the future. Equity - ✔✔Amount of owners' or shareholders' portion of a business. Gross profit margin - ✔✔Ratio of gross profit to net sales. Benchmarking - ✔✔Process that compares performance levels and/or processes of one entity with those of another to identify performance gaps and set goals aimed at improving performance. Blue ocean strategies - ✔✔Strategies that generate competitive advantage by creating a new marketplace arena in which there are no other competitors. Business case - ✔✔Presentation to management that establishes that a specific problem exists and argues that the proposed solution is the best way to solve the problem in terms of time, cost efficiency, and probability of success.

Cash flow statement - ✔✔Statement the shows incoming and outgoing cash in the areas of operations, investments, and financing and remaining cash reserves; reflects an organization's ability to meet its current and short-term obligations. Accounts payable - ✔✔Money an organization owed its vendors and suppliers. Accounts receivable - ✔✔Money an organization's customers owe the organization. Assets - ✔✔Financial, physical, and sometimes intangible properties an organization owns. Balance sheet - ✔✔Statement that reports the financial position of the organization at a specific point in time; shows assets, liabilities, and shareholder equity. Vicarious liability - ✔✔Legal doctrine under which a party can be held liable for the wrongful actions of another party. Weingarten rights - ✔✔Union employees' right in U.S. to have a union representative or coworker present during an investigatory interview. Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification (WARN) Act - ✔✔U.S. act that requires some employers to give a minimum of 60 days' notice if a plant is to close or is mass layoffs will occur. Workweek - ✔✔Any fixed, recurring period of 168 consecutive hours (7 days time 24 hours = 168 hrs) Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures - ✔✔Procedural document designed to assist employers in complying with federal regulations prohibiting discrimination. Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (USERRA) - ✔✔U.S. act that protects the employment reemployment, and retention rights of persons who serve or have served in the uniformed services.

Vesting - ✔✔Process by which a retirement benefit becomes nonforfeitable. Veto - ✔✔Action of rejecting a bill or statute. Stakeholders - ✔✔All those affected by an organization's social, environmental, and economic impact shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers, regulators, and local communities. Sustainability - ✔✔Practices that balance economic, social, and environmental interests to secure the interests of present and future generations. Totaization agreements - ✔✔Bilateral agreements entered into by many countries to eliminate double taxation for individuals on international assignments. Triple bottom line - ✔✔Economic, social, and environmental impact metrics used to determine an organization's success. Risk management - ✔✔Identification, evaluation, and control of risk that may affect an organization, typically incorporating the use of insurance and other strategies. Risk position - ✔✔An organization's desired gain or acceptable loss in value. Risk scorecard - ✔✔Tool used to gather individual assessments of various characteristics of risk (e.g. frequency of occurrence, degree of impact/loss/gain for the organization, degree of efficacy of current controls). Risk tolerance - ✔✔Amount of uncertainty an organization is willing to pursue or to accept to attain its risk management. Reverse innovation - ✔✔Innovations created for or by emerging-economy markets and then imported to developed-economy markets.

Risk - ✔✔The effect of uncertainty or objectives; outcomes may include opportunities or threats. Risk appetite - ✔✔Amount of risk the organization or function is willing to pursue or accept to attain its goals. Risk control - ✔✔An action taken to manage a risk. Redeployment - ✔✔Process by which an organization moves an employee out of an international assignment; can involve moving back to the home country, moving to a different global location, or moving to a new location or position in the current host country. Regulation - ✔✔A rule or order issues by an administrative agency; often has the force of law. Repatriation - ✔✔Process of reintegrating employees back into the home country after an assignment; includes adjustment to the new job and readjustment to the home culture and conditions. Residual risk - ✔✔Amount of uncertainty that remains after all risk management efforts have been exhausted. Protected class - ✔✔People who are covered under a particular federal or state anti-discrimination law. Prudent person rule - ✔✔States that an Employee Retirement Income Security Act plan fiduciary has legal and financial obligations not to take more risks when investing employee benefit program funds than a reasonable knowledgeable, prudent investor would under similar circumstances. Public comment period - ✔✔Time allowed for the public to express its views and concerns regarding an action of an administrative agency. Quid pro quo harassment - ✔✔Type of sexual harassment that occurs when an employee is forces to choose between giving in to a superior's sexual demands and forfeiting an economic benefit such as a pay increase, a promotion, or continues employment.

Portal-to-Portal Act - ✔✔U.S. act that defines what is included as hours worked and is therefore compensable and a factor in calculating overtime. Pregnancy Discrimination Act - ✔✔U.S. act that prohibits discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions. Principal-agent problem - ✔✔Situation in which and agent (e.g. an employee) make decisions for a principal (e.g. an employer) potentially on the basis of personal incentives that may not be aligned with the agent's incentives. Process alignment - ✔✔Extent to which underlying operations such as IT, finance, or HR integrate across locations. Overtime pay - ✔✔Required for nonexempt workers under U.S. Fair Labor Standards Act at 1.5 time the regular rate of pay for hours worked over 40 in a workweek. Patient Protections and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) - ✔✔2010 U.S. law the requires virtually all citizens and legal residents to have minimum health coverage and requires employers with more than 50 full- time employees to provide health coverage that meets minimum benefit specifications or pay a penalty. Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) - ✔✔Set up by U.S. Employee Retirement Income Security Act to insure payment of benefits in the even that a private-sector defined benefit pension plan terminates with insufficient funds to pay the benefits. Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corporation - ✔✔1971 U.S. case that stated than an employer may not, in the absence of business necessity, refuse to hire women with preschool aged children while hiring men with such children. Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH) - ✔✔U.S. act that established the first national policy for safety and health and continues to deliver standards that employers must meet to guarantee the health and safety of their employees.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) - ✔✔U.S. agency that administers and enforces the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. Offshoring - ✔✔Situation in which a company relocated processes or production to an international location by means of subsidiaries or 3rd party affiliates. Older Workers Benefit Protection Act (OWBPA) - ✔✔U.S. act that amended the Age Discrimination in Employment Act to included all employee benefits; also provided standards that an employee's waiver of the right to sue for age discrimination must meet in order to be upheld by a court. NLRB v. Weingarten - ✔✔Landmark 1975 U.S. labor relations case the dealt with the right of a unionized employee to have another person present during certain investigatory interviews. Nonexempt employees - ✔✔Employees covers under U.S. Fair Labor Standards Act regulations, including minimum wage and overtime pay requirements. Occupational illness - ✔✔Medical condition or disorder, other than one resulting from an occupational injury, caused by exposure to environmental factors associated with employment. Occupational injury - ✔✔Injury that results from a work-related accident or exposure involving a single incident int he work environment. National Defense Authorization Acts (NDAA) - ✔✔U.S. acts that expanded FMLA leave for employees with family members who are covered members of the military. National Federation of Independent Business v Sebelius - ✔✔U.S. Supreme Court ruling that Patient Protections and Affordable Care Act requirement that individuals purchase health insurance was constitutional but that requirement that states expand Medicaid was not. National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) - ✔✔U.S. act that protects and encourages the growth of the union movement. The act established workers rights to organize and bargain collectively with the employers; also known as the Wagner Act.

National origin - ✔✔Refers to the country (including those that no longer exist) of one's birth or of one's ancestors' birth. Low-context culture - ✔✔Society in which people tend to have many social connections but of shorter duration and where behavior and beliefs may need to be described explicitly so that those coming into the cultural environment know how to behave. Merger/acquisition (M&A) - ✔✔Combination of 2 separate firms either by their joining together as relative equals (merger) or by one acquiring the other (acquisition). Moral hazard - ✔✔Situation in which one party engages in risky behavior knowing that is is protected against the risk because another party will incur any resulting loss. Multinational enterprise (MNE) - ✔✔Organization that owns or controls production or services facilities in one or more countries other than the home country. Lechmere, Inc. v NLRB - ✔✔1992 case in which the U.S. Supreme Court rules that an employer cannot be compelled to allow non-employee organizers onto the business property. Ledbetter v Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co, - ✔✔2007 case in which the U.S. Supreme Court rules that claims of sex discrimination in pay under Title VII were not timely because discrimination charges were not filed with the EEOC within the required 180-day time frame. Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act - ✔✔U.S. act the creates a rolling time frame for filing wage discrimination claims and expands plaintiff field beyond employee who was discriminated against. Local responsiveness (LR) strategy - ✔✔Globalization strategy that emphasizes adapting to the needs of local markets and allows subsidiaries to develop unique products, structures, and systems. Insourcing - ✔✔Transferring a previously outsourced function back in-house.

Key risk indicators (KRIs) - ✔✔Metrics that provide an early signal of increasing risk exposures in the various areas of an enterprise. Labor-Management Relations Act (LMRA) - ✔✔U.S. act that provides balance of power between union and management by designating certain union activities as unfair labor practices; also knows as Taft- Hartley Act. Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (LMRDA) - ✔✔U.S. act that protects the rights of union members from corrupt or discriminatory labor unions; also known as Landrum-Griffin Act. Hostile environment harassment - ✔✔Occurs when sexual or other discriminatory conduct is so severe and pervasive that it interferes with an individual's performance; creates an intimidating, threatening, or humiliating work environment; or perpetuates a situation that affects the employee's psychological well-being. Identity alignment - ✔✔Extent to which diversity is is embraced in management of people, products/services, and branding. Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) - ✔✔U.S. act that prohibits discrimination against jobs applicant on the basis of national origin or citizenship; establishes penalties for hiring illegal aliens and requires employers to establish each employee's identity and eligibility to work. Inclusion - ✔✔Extent to which each person in an organization feels welcomed, respected, supported, and valued as a team member. Governance - ✔✔System of rules and processes an organization puts in place to ensure its compliance with local and international laws, accounting rules, ethical norms, and its own codes of conduct. Griggs v Duke Power - ✔✔U.S. case that recognized adverse impact discrimination. Hazard - ✔✔Potential for harm, often associated with a condition or activity that, if left uncontrolled, can result in injury or illness.

High-context culture - ✔✔Society or group where people have close connections over a long period of time and where many aspects of behavior are not made explicit, because most members know what to do and thing from years of interaction. Global integration (GI) strategy - ✔✔Globalization strategy that emphasizes consistency of approach, standardization of processes, and a common corporate culture across global operations. Global remittances - ✔✔Monies sent back home by migrants working in foreign countries. Globalization - ✔✔Growing interconnectedness and interdependency of countries, people, and companies. Glocalization - ✔✔Characteristic of an organization with a strong global image but an equally strong local identity. Gender - ✔✔Refers to the society constructed system that associates masculinity or femininity to certain roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes. Gender identity - ✔✔Refers to one's internal, personal sense of being a man or a woman (or boy or girl), which may or may not be the same as one's sexual assignment at birth. General Duty Clause - ✔✔Statement in U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Act that requires employers subject to OSHA to provide employees with a safe and healthy work envrionment. Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) - ✔✔U.S. act that prohibits discrimination against individuals on the basis of their genetic information in both employment and health insurance. Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) - ✔✔U.S. act that protects privacy of background information and ensures that information supplies is accuate.

Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) - ✔✔U.S. act that establishes minimum wage, overtime pay, youth employment, and record-keeping standards affecting full-time and part-time workers in the private sector and in federal, state, and local governments. Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) - ✔✔U.S. act that provides employees with up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave to care for family members or because of a serious health condition of the employee. Faragher v. City of Boca Raton - ✔✔U.S. court ruling that distinguished between supervisor harassment that results in tangible employment action and supervisor harassment that does not. Equal Pay Act (EPA) - ✔✔U.S. act that prohibits wage discrimination by requiring equal pay for equal or "substantially equal" work. Ethics - ✔✔Set of behavioral guidelines by which all directors, managers, and employees of an organization are expected to behave to ensure appropriate moral and ethical business standards, typically beyond the letter of the law. Exempt employees - ✔✔Employees who are excluded from U.S. Fair Labor Standards Act minimum wage and overtime pay requirements. Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act (FACT Act) - ✔✔U.S. act that provides some relief to employers using third parties to conduct workplace investigations. Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) - ✔✔U.S. act that established uniform minimum standards for employer-sponsored retirement and health and welfare benefit programs. Employees - ✔✔Individuals who exchange work for wages or salary; in the U.S. workers who are covered by Fair Labor Standards Act regulations as determined by the IRS. Employment practices liability insurance (EPLI) - ✔✔Type of liability insurance covering an organization against claims by employees, former employees, and employment candidates alleging that their legal rights in the employment relationship have been violated.

Equal Employment Opportunity Act - ✔✔U.S. act that amended Title VII and gave the Equal Opportunity Commission authority to implement its administrative findings and conduct its own enforcement litigation. Drug-Free Workplace Act - ✔✔U.S. law that requires federal contractors with contracts of $100,000 or more as well as recipients of grants from federal government to certify they are maintaining a drug-free workplace. Duty of care - ✔✔Principle that organizations should take all steps that are reasonably possible to ensure the health, safety, and well-being of employees and protect them from foreseeable injury. Employee Polygraph Protection Act (EPPA) - ✔✔U.S. act that generally prevents most private employers engaged in or affecting interstate commerce from using lie detector tests either for pre-employment screening or during the course of employment, with certain exemptions. Employee resource group (ERG) - ✔✔Voluntary group for employees who share a particular diversity dimension (race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, etc); also known as affinity group or network group. Diversity council - ✔✔Task force created to define a diversity and inclusion initiative and guide the development and implementation process. Diversity dimensions - ✔✔Framework for understanding the range and complexity of diversity; includes four layers (personality, internal dimensions, external dimensions, and organizational dimensions); also known as identity group. Diversity of thought - ✔✔Concept describing the presence of different types of cognitive processes in a workplace; opposed to "groupthink" or similarity of though processes and opnions. Divestiture - ✔✔Sale by company of an asset that is not performing well, that is not core to the company's business, or that is worth more as a separate entity. Disability - ✔✔Physical or mental impairment that substantially limits major life activities.

Disparate impact - ✔✔Type of discrimination that results when a neutral policy has a discriminatory effect; also known as adverse impact. Disparate treatment - ✔✔Type of discrimination that occurs when an applicant or employee is treated differently because of his or her membership in a protected class. Diversity - ✔✔Differences in characteristics of people; can involve personality, work style, race, age, ethnicity, gender, religion, education, functional level at work, etc. Contingency plan - ✔✔Protocol than an organization implements when an identified risk event. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) - ✔✔Recognition of the impact a corporations has on the lives of its stakeholders and the environment; can include corporate governance, corporate philanthropy, sustainability, and employee rights and workplace safety. Cosourcing - ✔✔Situation in which an enterprise outsources only one part of a function, often collocating it at the organization's workplace. Dilemma reconciliation - ✔✔Process of charting a course through cultural differences. Comparable worth - ✔✔Concept that states that jobs requiring comparable skills, effort, responsibility, and working conditions filled primarily by women should have the same job classification and salary as similar jobs filled by men. Compliance - ✔✔Being in accordance with all national federal, regional, or local laws, regulations, and government authority requirements for all the nations in which an organization operates. Compliance program - ✔✔System for ensuring that policies and procedures addressing issues identified in the code of conduct are presented to and understood and acted on by everyone in the organization and for evaluating the results of those efforts.

Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA) - ✔✔U.S. act that provides individuals and dependents who may lose medical coverage with opportunity to pay to continue coverage. Burlington Industries Inc v. Ellerth - ✔✔U.S. court ruling that distinguished between supervisor harassment that results in tangible employment actions and supervisor harassment that does not. Civil Rights Act of 1964 - ✔✔1st comprehensive U.S. law making ti unlawful to discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Civil Rights Act of 19 91 - ✔✔U.S. act that expand the possible damage awards available to victims of intentional discrimination to include compensatory and punitive damages; gives plaintiffs in cases of alleged discrimination the right to a jury trial. Code of conduct - ✔✔Principles of conduct within an organization that guide decision making and behavior; also knows as code of ethics. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) - ✔✔U.S. act that prohibits discrimination against a qualified individual with a disability because of his/her disability. Assignees - ✔✔Employees who work outside their home countries. Bill - ✔✔A proposal presented to a legislative body for possible enactment as a statute. Bona file occupational qualification (BFOQ) - ✔✔Situation in which religion, sex, or national origin is reasonably necessary to carrying out a particular jobs function in the normal operations of an organization. ADA Amendments Act (ADAAA) - ✔✔Amendments to U.S. American with Disabilities Act covering the definition of individuals regarded as having a disability, mitigating measures, and other rules of construction to guide the analysis of what constitutes a disability.

Adverse impact - ✔✔Type of discrimination that results when a neutral policy has a discriminatory effect; also known as disparate impact. Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) - ✔✔U.S. act that prohibits discrimination in the workplace on the basis of age. Amendment - ✔✔Modification of the U.S. Constitution or a U.S. law. Workplace management - ✔✔All activities need to ensure that the skills, knowledge, abilities, and performance of the workplace meet current and future organizational and individual needs. Workforce planning - ✔✔Process of analyzing the organization's workforce and determining steps required to prepare for future needs. Works council - ✔✔Groups that represent employees, generally on a local or firm level; primary purpose is to receive from employers and to convey to employees information that might affect the workforce and the health of the enterprise. Work-to-rule - ✔✔Situation in which workers slow processes by performing tasks exactly to specifications or according to jobs or task descriptions. Unfair labor practices (ULP) - ✔✔Violation of rights under labor-relations statutes. Unitarianism - ✔✔Belief that employers and employees can act together for their common good. Wildcat strike - ✔✔Work stoppage at union contract operations that have not been sanctioned by the union. Workforce analysis - ✔✔Systematic approach to anticipate human capital needs and data HR professionals can use to ensure that appropriate knowledge, skills, or abilities will be available when needed to accomplish organizational goals and objectives.

Sympathy strike - ✔✔Action taken in support of another union that is striking the employer. Talent management - ✔✔Development and integration of HR processes that attract, develop, engage, and retain the knowledge, skills, or abilities of employees that will meet current and future business needs. Trade union - ✔✔Group of workers who coordinate their activities to achieve common goals in their relationship with an employer or group of employers; also called labor union. Turnover - ✔✔Annualized formula that tracks number of separations and total number of workforce employees per month. Span of control - ✔✔Refers to the number of individuals who report to a supervisor. Staff units - ✔✔Work groups that assist line units by providing specialized services, such as HR. Strictness - ✔✔Error that occurs when an appraiser believes standards are too low and inflates the standards in an effort to make them meaningful. Succession planning - ✔✔A talent management strategy to help identify and foster the development of high-potential employees. Sit-down strike - ✔✔Refusal by workers to work; also refusal by workers to leave their workstations, making it impossible for the employer to use replacement workers. Six Sigma - ✔✔A set of techniques and tools for quality process improvement. Social movement unionism - ✔✔Type of union activity that focuses on social topics such as antidiscrimination, environmental actions, and HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention.

Software as a service (SaaS) - ✔✔Software that is owned, delivered, and managed remotely and delivered over the Internet to contracted customers on a pay-for-use basis or as a subscription based on use metrics. Differential pay - ✔✔Pay rates that are affected by where or when an employee works. Distance learning - ✔✔Process of delivering educational or instructional programs to locations away from a classroom or site. Domestic partners - ✔✔Unmarried couples, of the same or opposite sex, who live together and seek economic and non-economic benefits comparable to those granted to their married counterparts. Dual career ladders - ✔✔Career development programs that identify meaningful career paths for professional and technical people outside traditional management roles. E-learning - ✔✔Delivery of training and educational materials, processes, and programs via the use of electronic media. Employee engagement - ✔✔Employees' commitment to an organization; willingness to put in effort that promotes the effective functioning of the organization. Employee life cycle (ELC) - ✔✔Activities associated with an employee's tenure in an organization. Employee surveys - ✔✔Instruments used to collect and assess employee perceptions about the work environment. Employment branding - ✔✔Process of positioning an organization as an "employer of choice" in the labor market. Essential functions - ✔✔Primary job duties that a qualified individual must be able to perform, either with or without reasonable accommodation.

External equity - ✔✔Situation in which an organization's compensation levels and benefits are similar to those of other organizations that are in the same labor market and compete for the same employees. Flat-rate pay - ✔✔Provides each incumbent of a job with the same rate of pay, regardless of performance or seniority; also known as single-rate pay. General pay increase - ✔✔Pay increase given to employees based on local competitive market requirements; awarded regardless of employee performance. Green-circle rates - ✔✔Situations in which an employee's pay is below the minimum of the range. Head count - ✔✔Number of people on an organization's payroll at a particular moment in time. Incentive pay - ✔✔Form of direct compensation where employers pay for performance beyond normal expectations to motivate higher performance. Incentives - ✔✔Payments in return for the achievement of specific, time-limited, targets objectives. Internal equity - ✔✔Situation in which employees feel that performance or job differences result in corresponding differences in rewards that are fair. Intrinsic motivation - ✔✔Desire to do things because they matter, because we like it, because they're interesting, or because they are part of something important. Job analysis - ✔✔Systematic study of jobs to determine what activities (tasks) and responsibilities they include, personal qualifications necessary for performance of the jobs, the conditions under which the work is performed, and the reporting structure. Scenario/what-if analysis - ✔✔Statistical method used to test the possible effects of altering the details of a strategy to see if the likely outcome can be improved.

Trend analysis - ✔✔Statistical method that studies the way in which a variable may change over time. Value chain - ✔✔The process by which an organization creates the product or service it offers to the customer. Rule of law - ✔✔Concept that stipulates that no individual is beyond the reach of the law and that authority is exercised only in accordance with written and publicly disclosed laws. Transformational leadership - ✔✔Leadership based on vision and strategy and focused on challenging and developing organizational members in order to attain long-range results. Value - ✔✔The benefit created when an organization meets its strategic goals. Stereotyping - ✔✔Generalized opinions about how people of a given gender, race, religion, age, education level, job type, or national origin look, think, act, feel, or respond. Validity - ✔✔Ability of an instrument to measure what it is intended to measure. Weighted average - ✔✔Average of data that adds factors to reflect the importance of different values. Halo effect - ✔✔Type of measurement bias in which analyst allows one strong point that he or she values highly and that works in subject's favor to overshadow all other information. Jurisdiction - ✔✔Right of a legal body to exert authority over a given geographical territory, subject matter, or persons or institutions. Median - ✔✔Middle point above and below which 50% of scores in a set of data lie. Regression analysis - ✔✔Statistical method used to determine whether a relationship exists between variables and the strength of the relationship.

HR Expertise (HR Knowledge) - ✔✔The knowledge of principles, practices, and functions of effective human resource management. Leadership and Navigation competency - ✔✔The ability to direct and contribute to initiatives and processes within the organization. Negative emphasis - ✔✔Type of measurement bias that involves weighting a small negative reaction or piece of information more than it should objectively merit. Reliability - ✔✔Ability of an instrument to provide results that are consistent. Horn effect - ✔✔Type of measurement bias in which analyst allows one strong point that he or she values highly and that works against subject to overshadow all other information. Key performance indicators (KPI's) - ✔✔Quantifiable measures of performance used to gauge progress toward strategic objectives or agreed standards of performance. Mode - ✔✔Value that occurs most frequently in a set of data. Relationship Management competency - ✔✔The ability to manage interactions to provide service and to support the organization. Intercultural wisdom - ✔✔Capacity to recognize, interpret, and behaviorally adapt to multicultural situations and contexts; also called cultural intelligence. Variance analysis - ✔✔Statistical method that identifies the degree of difference between planned and actual performance. Unweighted average - ✔✔Raw average of data that gives equal weight to all values, with no regard for other factors.

Stakeholder concept - ✔✔Concept that proposed that any organization operates within a complex environment in which it affects and is affected by a variety of forces or stakeholders who all share in the value of the organization and its activities. Extraterritoriality - ✔✔Extension of the power of a country's laws over its citizens outside that country's sovereign national boundaries. Due process - ✔✔Concept that laws are enforced only through accepted, codified procedures. Critical Evaluation competency - ✔✔The ability to interpret information with which to make business decisions and recommendations. Common law - ✔✔Legal system in which each case is considered in terms of how it relates to legal decisions that have already been made; evolves through judicial decisions over time. Mean - ✔✔Average score or value Negotiation - ✔✔Process in which two or more parties work together to reach agreement on a matter. Root-cause analysis - ✔✔Type of analysis that starts with a result and then works backward to identify fundamental cause. Ethical Practice competency - ✔✔The ability to integrate core values, integrity, and accountability throughout all organizational and business practices. Global and Cultural Effectiveness competency - ✔✔The ability to value and to consider the perspectives and backgrounds of all parties in global business. Emotional intelligence (EI) - ✔✔Quality of being sensitive to and understanding of ones' own and others' emotions and the ability to manage one's own emotions and impulses.

First-impression error - ✔✔Type of measurement bias in which investigator makes snap judgements and lets first impression (either positive or negative) cloud subsequent evaluation. Ethical universalism - ✔✔Concept that argues that there are fundamental ethical principles that apply across cultures. Global mindset - ✔✔Ability to take an international, multidimensional perspective that is inclusive of other cultures, perspectives, and views. Business Acumen competency - ✔✔The ability to understand and apply information with which to contribute to the organization's strategic plan. Communication competency - ✔✔The ability to effectively exchange information with stakeholders. Cultural Noise - ✔✔Type of measurement bias in which analyst fails to recognize that individual is responding with answers that analyst wants to hear and that analyst's culture/values are determining what he or she hears. Business intelligence - ✔✔Ability to gather and analyze data from inside and outside the organization so that information is available for decision makers. Conflict of interest - ✔✔Situation in which a person or organization has the potential to be influenced by opposing sets of incentives. Cultural relativism - ✔✔Concept that argues that ethical behavior is determined by local culture, laws, and business practices. Civil law - ✔✔Legal system based on written codes (laws, rules, or regulations). Consultation competency - ✔✔The ability to provide guidance to organizational stakeholders.

Culture - ✔✔Set of beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors shared by members of a group and passed down from one generation to the next. Authentic leadership - ✔✔Leadership grounded in an individual's values and principles and focused on empowering others to act. Job classification - ✔✔Job evaluation method in which descriptions are written for each class of jobs; individual jobs are then put into the grade that best matches their class description. Job description - ✔✔Written description of a job and its requirements, including tasks, knowledge, skills, abilities, responsibilities, and reporting structure. Job enlargement - ✔✔Broadening the scope of a job by expanding the number of different tasks to be performed. Job enrichment - ✔✔Increasing the depth of a job by adding responsibilities such as planning, organizing, tracking, and completing reports. Job evaluation - ✔✔Process that determines the value and price of a job in order to place and compare it within an organization as well as attract and retain employees in a competitive environment. Job ranking - ✔✔Job evaluation method that involves establishing a hierarchy of jobs from lowest to highest based on each job's overall value to the organization. Job rotation - ✔✔Movement between different jobs. Job specifications - ✔✔Written statements of the necessary qualifications for the job incumbent. Job-content-based job evaluation - ✔✔Job evaluation method in which the relative worth and pay structure of different jobs are based on an assessment of their content and their relationship to other jobs within the organization.