Sociology 101 Straighterline Final Exam -with 100% verified solutions 2024-2025, Exams of Sociology

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Sociology 101 Straighterline Final Exam -with 100%

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What is sociology? the systematic study of human society Anthropology (physical) Human origins/revolution How does anthropology (physical) differ from sociology? Stresses biological characteristics and behaviors rather than contemporary human life. Anthropology (cultural) Cultural variations in time and space How does anthropology (cultural) differ from sociology? Closest to sociology Stresses on simple, non-literate cultures rather than contemporary industrialized societies. Psychology Individual human behavior How does psychology differ from sociology? Studies individuals rather than groups. Economics

Production, distributions and consumption of wealth. How does economics differ from sociology? Wealth and resources Only one aspect of sociology Political science Government and politics How does political science differ from sociology? Stresses political behavior Only one aspect of sociology Functionalist Perspective Society as a system A system is to survive where certain essential tasks are performed. If it fails to maintain it will perish Benefits society in general by rewarding occupations vital to group welfare. The system of rewards motivates competent people to sacrifice to become doctors and lawyers. Conflict Perspective Society as a whole Studying institutions and structural arrangements Viewed as the exploitation of many while rewarding the few. Stratification is an unjust system inflicted on society by those with power and wealth in order to maintain their own interests. Interactionist Perspective

Human beings have the ability to communicate with one another by means of symbols. We act toward people, objects, and events on the basis of the meanings we impart to them. Interactionists are interested in the importance of social call with regard to an individuals lifestyle. For example: Not only do the very rich buy more than they need or can use (conspicuous consumption and conspicuous leisure) but many also try to keep the lower class "away" or "under control" Feminist Perspective Effects of inequities based on gender Critical Theory Mass culture cannot be a true reflection of peoples beliefs, tastes and values. Sociological Imagination The ability to see the link between society and self Socialization Lifelong process of social interaction by which people acquire knowledge, values, attitudes, and behaviors Agents of Scoialization a. Family b. Peers

c. School d. Workspace e. Mass media Culture Learned patterns of thinking, feeling and acting transmitted from one generation to the next. Totality of a complex whole. Society Fairly large number of people who life independently in the same region. Participate in common culture. Norms - Formal Behaviors that have been written down and specify strict punishments for violators. Norms - Informal Standards of behavior generally understood but not written down. Ex: manners, way people dress, greetings. Norms - Folkways Norms governing everyday behavior Ex: Customary rules of conduct but not vital to welfare of society.

Culture in flux Culture is not static, but always in flux, always changing. Cultures

1. Values, beliefs, and attitudes (non-material culture)
2. Objects and power relations (material culture)*Should include
3. Ways of seeing the world (paradigms)
4. Relating to others (interaction styles) Subcultures A segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of values that differ from the patter of larger society. Ex: Argot - specialized language for insiders (ex. - rap) Counterculture Thrives among young people. Perceive themselves as anti-establishment (against norms/values) Ethnocentrism Tendency to assume that ones own culture is normal/superior to all others Statuses Position within a group Ascribed status - assigned at birth (age, race, gender)

Achieved status - choice and competition (graduation, job) Master status - determines a persons position in society Roles Set of expectations for people Exiting a role (four stages: doubt, search for alternatives, action, creation of new identity) Groups Any number of people with similar values/norms who interact on a regular basis (ex. - friendships, sports teams, online groups) Social Structures Network of the individual's statuses and roles that guides human interaction Complex Societies A big group of people living together allowed for a diverse range of jobs which resulted in different wealths and therefore caused society to progress to what it is today Family Structures Characteristics of a family: United by ties of marriage, blood or adoption; live together under one roof; interact and communicate according to social roles; maintain a common culture.

Family Structure Types Traditional/Nuclear, extended, blended, single-parent, polygamous Challenges to Family Family violence Divorce Defining Government - Economic & Political systems: Capitalism Production and distribution Privately owned Primary goal = profits Defining Government - Economic & Political systems: Socialism Production and distribution Collectively owned Primary goal = meeting peoples needs Defining Government - Economic & Political systems: Communism Production and distribution Communally owned Primary goal = meeting all peoples needs equally Types of Power

Legitimate - Legal norms/traditions Charismatic - A person without formal authority who has the uncommon ability to influence people/ideas Sources of Power Force - imposing ones will on another Influence - persuading someone to take action Authority - Institutionalizing power that people recognize. Religion Unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things (Emile Durkheim) Sacred things Elements that inspire awe and respect (opposite = profane) Social institution Pattern of norms centered around a major goal/value Regulates human behavior Impact of religion in America voting patterns, public policies, political careers 4 Functions that make religion universal

Cohesive Revitalizing Euphoric Disciplinary/Preparatory Karl Marx's view on religion Form of false consciousness - people deluding themselves that things are better than they are. Max Weber Nature of religion has consequences for society Protestant Ethic Connect between the belief that hard work enables people to own businesses and give power to the economic system of capitalism Education - Primary goal of education Socialization of young people Education reflects our culture Education - 4 main purposes Transmission - schools transmit values, attitudes, beliefs, norms, skills and knowledge Recruiting - competitive selection for top occupational positions

Filtration - Filter young people out of labor market to maximize older citizens learning power Promotion - technological change and innovation are promoted in schools Teachers Labeling theory Self-fulfilling prophecy Hidden curriculum Speaking in turn Following a time schedule Obedient Reliability Responsibility Industry Conscientiousness Self-control Efficiency Healthcare - Goals/Values Increasing life expectancy Healthcare - Prevalence Number of people who currently have the condition Will always be a higher number/rate

Healthcare - Incidence Annual number of people have care of condition Financing Healthcare - Managed Care HMO's and PPO's - most common forms of managed care Financing Healthcare - National Health Insurance Great Britain pays 90% of its healthcare costs through taxation Financing Healthcare - Government Sponsored Healthcare Provide medically necessary healthcare to all people free of charge Long waits are common though Stratification Structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal power in Society Stratification theory a. Criteria for ranking people: education, occupation, race/ethnicity, age, gender b. 4 types: slavery, caste system, estate system, open class system

Poverty/Social Mobility a. Upward mobility Ability of one generation to do better than the previous one Race/Minorities Largest racial minority groups African Americans Native Americans Asian Americans Collective Behavior a: Spontaneous --> Transitory --> Emotional --> Unpredictable Collective Behavior b: Collective behavior is NOT the same thing as group behavior Collective Behavior c: Factors that lead to collective behavior: Structure is "ripe"/conducive Structure is strained Growth/spread of rumor Precipitating factor/event Participants mobilize to action Breakdown is social control

Social movement: Reform Attempt to modify a part of society Social movement: Revolutionary Seek to overthrow the existing social system Social movement: Resistance Seek to quell the fast pace of social change Life Cycle stages of social movement

1. Preliminary stage: social unrest
2. Excitement stage: growth in popularity
3. Formalized organization stage: goals clarified
4. Institutionalization: social acceptance of some/all of goals Factors that contribute to social change Physical environment Population Conflict over resources and values Supporting values and norms Innovation Diffusion Mass media

Cyclical theory Rise and fall of civilizations Tend to be historians Conflict theory

1. Vested interests - institutions/practices persist because powerful groups work together to maintain status quo
2. Societies are stable and long-lasting
3. Societies experience serious conflict Evolutionary perspective
4. Unilinear - society is viewed as moving in a definite direction
5. Multilinear - change can occur in several ways and does not lead in the same direction (change does not imply progress) Functionalist perspective
6. Focus on maintaining a system (not on what changes it) Equilibrium model (Talcott Parsons) - if change occurs in one part of society, change must occur in other parts to maintain equilibrium/stability Scientific Method A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.

Interpretivism A research perspective in which understanding and interpretation of the social world is derived from one's personal intuition and perspective Critical Research An approach to research that aims to identify, critique, or change communication practices that oppress, marginalize, or otherwise harm people. Quantitative Translates social world into numbers that can be studied mathematically Qualitative Uses nonnumerical data like texts, interviews, photos. Evaluation use methods to make social policy recommendations effectiveness of programs/policies strengths: improve world we live in weakness-involved in politics