Communication and Interpersonal Relations: Key Concepts and Models, Exams of Communication and Development studies

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EXAM 1 communication is “The process which people use messages to generate meanings within and across contexts, cultures, channels, and media.” (Textbook p. 6) gestalts - gen impressions of people both pos and neg emotional intelligent ppl - understand their own emotions possess empathy constructively manage emotions harness emotional states in a pos way 2 influences of communication- culture and technology Definition of interpersonal communication •between 2 people  A dynamic process of message transaction between two (or more) people to create and sustain shared meaning. no clear beginning or end affected by past & affects future always in motion, in a loop changes over time 6 categories of communication 1.intra-personal (mental conversational) 2.interpersonal (between 2 people) 3.small group (3-12 people) 4.organizational (large, extended with a defined heirarchy) 5.public (one person giving a speech to a group of people) 6.mass (to a large audience via mediated channel) 3 Primary communication models 1.linear: only speakers communicate, one directional (beginning and end) 2.interactional: both send/receive, it is a process, does NOT account for simultaneous send/ receive 3.transactional: mutual responsibility, equal participation, overlapping fields of experience makes it effective Communication competence John Weimann the ability to act well with others adaptability (ability to change behaviors and goals), conversational involvement, conversation management, empathy, effectiveness (self presentational, instrumental, relational), appropriateness (situational, relational, cultural) Motives and Goals for IPC Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs human needs -relations with loved ones, friends specific goals-self-presentation, instrumental, and relationship goals Dimension of Self 1.material 2. social 3. spiritual • Self-awareness - the ability to step outside yourself; it prompts us to ask “Who am I? Self-concept - one’s description of who he or she is. Self-esteem - one’s evaluation of self-worth, : the overall value, positive or negative, that we assign to ourselves; is the answer to the follow-up question, “Given who I am, what’s my evaluation of myself? We develop our self-esteem by…Achieving our goals,Overcoming obstacles,Helping others Self-esteem fluctuates according to...Categories of what your doing,People who you are with, Others’ evaluation • Self-monitoring ppl regulate their own behavior to ‘look good’ in society • Self-fulfilling prophecy predictions about future interactions that lead us to behave in ways that ensure the interaction unfolds as we predicted (“i’m not going to have fun at the party” example) • How we perceive ourselves and its influence in IPC • Self-discrepancy theory • Looking-glass self The self-is not first individual then social; it arises why do we learn this? it helps us understand the causation of behavior, reduces self-serving bias, and to take other-oriented perspective. Impression Formation (negativity bias vs. positivity bias): Halo effect vs horn effect Halo/Horn error is the tendency to rate a person high on all performance factors or low on all of them because of a global impression one has. 5 stages of listening 1. receiving (verbal and non verbal )(hearing v listening) 2. attending (mindful vs mindlesness) (salience and attention level) 3. understanding 4. responding 5. recalling Barriers of listening noise msg overload msg complexity preoccupy listening gap filtering msgs rehearsing a response Styles of listening people - emotion, connecting action - to the point, accurate, brief, solution oriented time - efficiency of msg content - facts details and evidence of msg -adapt to others listening style -dating -in a high pressure job Ways to improving listening efficiency prepare yourself (reduce noise, preocupation) listen w empathy (perspective taking) open mind listen actively listen for diff levels of meaning (relational) (content) listen critically silent listening RASA - receive appreciate summarize ask julian treasure video TED - making meaning from sound, process of extraction, we remember 25% of what we hear, we are becoming desensitized, -3 minutes a day of silence -mixer -savor - enjoy mundane sounds -**listening positions (filters) RASA Define emotion, feelings and moods •Intense reaction to an event that involves interpreting event meaning, becoming physically aroused, labeling the experience as emotional, managing reactions, and communicating through emotional displays and disclosures environmental influence ->physiological experience -> emotion Key features of emotion 1.reactive 2. physiological reactions 3. labeling emotion 4. constrained by historical, cultural, and situational norms 5. expressing and managing emotion valence - positive to negative activity - passive to active intensity - weak to strong Emotional contagion “choose your company wisely” tendency for two or more ppls emotion to converge Neo-cultural theory of emotional expression is one of most widely accepted theories to explain emotional expression. It assumes we have: • Cultural Universals: shared expressions of emotions • Cultural Display Rules that tell when/how to display those facial features Primary vs. blended emotions Primary - suprise, joy, disgust, anger, fear, sadness blended - is experiencing two or more at the same time (jealousy - anger, sadness, fear) Emotional Expression non verbal - kinesics - face, body and gesture movement (slow & rapid) (brows and forehead, eyelids to bridge of nose, and nose and mouth), expressions range by small changes in those three regions voice - pitch, intensity, tone govern which forms of emotion management and communication are socially desirable and appropriate in a given culture. • Thus while emotional expressions are similar across the world, the rules for displaying them differ cross culturally: • 1. display rules – when/where • 2. interpretation. • 3. shared meaning & significance Managing Emotions directly influences your communication choices and its outcomes. feelings - Short-term emotional reactions to events that generate only limited arousals/do not attempts to manage their experience or expressions (mini-emotions) moods - Low-intensity states (i.e., boredom, contentment, serenity)Not caused by particular events and typically last longer than feelings or emotions powerfully influence our perception and interpersonal communication suppression and venting Preventing emotions encounter avoidance encounter structuring attention focus deactivation reappraising actively changing how you think about situations so their emotional impact is changed 1. call to mind the positive aspects 2. consider short and long term consequences of your actions I statements (jefferson strat)/count to ten supportive comm - make sure person is ready, find the right place and time, ask good