Quiz on Early American History: Key Figures, Concepts, and Events, Exams of United States History

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Sophia U.S. History I Unit 1/93 Questions

And Answers 2024|2025 Latest Version Graded A

Bias - Correct answerPrejudice towards one event, group of people, or set of objects when compared to another. Historiography - Correct answerThe study and interpretation of historical writings. History - Correct answerThe study of the past. Objective History - Correct answerViewing past people and events without taking the historian's personal view into account. Unbiased history. Social History - Correct answerThe history of the average person, especially in terms of demographic groups. Critical Thinking - Correct answerClear, self-directed, and evidence-based judgement on a topic Primary Source - Correct answerFirst-hand accounts/evidence from the time period that a historian is writing about or studying. Secondary Source - Correct answerPieces of work that contain analyses of primary sources that relate to events that have already taken place in the past. Class - Correct answerThe structuring of human society in terms of economic position and status. Gender - Correct answerThe social and/or cultural vision of what it means to be male or female. Historical Lens - Correct answerThe analytical approach that a historian may take when interpreting and creating narratives about the past. Race - Correct answerThe classification of humans into groups based on skin color or other physical characteristics and features Beringia - Correct answerAn ancient land bridge linking Asia and North America. It's also known as the Bering Strait. Empire - Correct answerA set of various states unified under a single authority, usually defined by military expansion, a unified economic system, and a supreme ruler.

Mesoamerica - Correct answerThe geographic area stretching from north of Panama up to the desert of central Mexico. Quipi - Correct answerAn ancient Incan device for recording information, consisting of variously colored threads knotted in different ways. Trade Network - Correct answerA series of paths or routes where trade and exchange took place. Hernan Cortes - Correct answerSpanish conquistador who defeated the Aztec ruler Moctezuma and claimed the city of Tenochtitlan for Spain in the 16th century. Prehistory - Correct answerA period of time that occurred before written records existed. Archeology - Correct answerThe study of past human events, especially prehistoric, using evidence found in excavation. Moundville - Correct answerAn archaeological site in Alabama, important historical site of the Mississippian culture of pre-Columbian America. Calendar Sticks - Correct answerRibs from the saguaro plant that the Tohono O'odham people marked to remember important events. Oral History - Correct answerThe use of interviews and first-person perspectives in the creation of history. Colonization - Correct answerThe governing control one nation has over another people's economy, labor, geography, politics, etc. Hispaniola - Correct answerThe island in the Caribbean, present-day Haiti and Dominican Republic, where Columbus first landed and established a Spanish colony. Vinland - Correct answerThe coastal region of North America explored and settled by Vikings Amerigo Vespucci - Correct answerItalian explorer who navigated the South American coastline between 1499 and 1502 for the Portuguese crown. Christopher Columbus - Correct answerGenoese explorer commissioned by the King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain to find a westward route to India. Columbus sailed to the island of Hispaniola in 1492, opening up the Americas to European exploration. Ferdinand and Isabella - Correct answerKing and Queen of Spain who ruled during the Reconquista and promoted New World exploration, including the voyages of Christopher Columbus, in the late 15th and early 16th centuries.

Leif Erikson - Correct answerSon of Erik the Red, the Norse explorer who established the first permanent settlement in Greenland. Erikson is believed to have visited North America 500 years before Christopher Columbus. Prince Henry the Navigator - Correct answerPortuguese prince who supported exploration of the African coast and the Atlantic Ocean in the 1400s. Columbian Exchange - Correct answerThe movement of plants, animals, and diseases across the Atlantic due to European exploration of the Americas. Commodification - Correct answerThe transformation of something—for example, an item of ritual significance—into a commodity with monetary value. Globalization - Correct answerThe ever-increasing interconnectedness of the world. Chattel Slavery - Correct answerA form of involuntary servitude where a person is owned as property. Racial Slavery - Correct answerA form of involuntary servitude associated with race, where a person is owned as property because of outward appearances such as skin color. Conquistadores - Correct answerA Spanish conqueror in the New World, motivated by a search for wealth, national glory, and the desire to spread Catholicism. Mestizo - Correct answerA person of mixed indigenous American and Spanish descent. Atahualpa - Correct answerIncan emperor who was captured and executed by the Spanish in the 1530s. Francisco Pizarro - Correct answerSpanish conquistador who captured the Inca emperor Atahualpa and defeated the Incan empire in South America in the 16th century. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado - Correct answerSpanish conquistador who explored the present-day southwest United States in the 1540s Hernando de Soto - Correct answerSpanish conquistador who explored the present-day southeast United States in the 1500s. Juan Ponce de Leon - Correct answerSpanish explorer who laid claim to the area around present-day St. Augustine, Florida, for the Spanish crown. Moctezuma - Correct answerLast of the Aztec emperors. He ruled in the 16th century over the great city of Tenochtitlan, until the city fell to Spain.

Dutch West India Company - Correct answerEstablished by the Netherlands to foster settlement and trade in the Americas. Metis - Correct answerThe offspring from relationships between French fur traders and native women; many became guides, traders, and interpreters in New France. Patroonships - Correct answerLarge tracts of land and governing rights granted to merchants by the Dutch West India Company in order to encourage colonization in New Netherland. Jacques Cartier - Correct answerFrench navigator who made three voyages of discovery on the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the St. Lawrence River and claimed northern North America for France, naming the area New France. Peter Stuyvesant - Correct answerDutch director-general of New Netherlands, including New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, in the mid-1600s. Samuel de Champlain - Correct answerFrench explorer who helped establish the French presence in the New World by founding the city of Quebec in 1608 and tirelessly promoting New France. Encomienda - Correct answerLegal rights to native labor as granted by the Spanish crown. Calvinism - Correct answerA branch of Protestantism started by John Calvin, emphasizing human powerlessness before an omniscient God and stressing the idea of predestination. Protestant Reformation - Correct answerThe schism in Catholicism that began with Martin Luther and John Calvin in the early sixteenth century Puritans - Correct answerA group of religious reformers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who wanted to "purify" the Church of England by ridding it of practices associated with the Catholic Church and advocating greater purity of doctrine and worship. English Protestants dissatisfied with the Church of England, seeking simpler forms of worship. Roanoke - Correct answerAlso known as the "Lost Colony," this was the first attempt by the British monarchy to attempt a permanent colonization project in North America. The Ninety-Five Theses - Correct answerWritten by Martin Luther in 1517, listing his views and criticisms of various Catholic Church practices.

Henry VIII - Correct answerKing of England from 1509-1547. His schism with the Catholic Church in the 1530s led to the founding of the Protestant Church of England, otherwise known as the Anglican Church. John Calvin - Correct answerA French lawyer who led the Protestant Reformation movement from Switzerland. Calvin advocated making the Bible accessible to ordinary people, and stressed the idea of predestination, the belief that God selected a few chosen people for salvation while everyone else was predestined to damnation. Martin Luther - Correct answerA German Catholic monk who called for reform to the Catholic Church. His Ninety-Five Theses, published in 1517, triggered a movement called the Protestant Reformation that divided the Church in two. Sir Walter Raleigh - Correct answerEnglish explorer who led the failed attempt to establish an English colony at Roanoke in 1584. Atlantic World - Correct answerThe rapid increase in trade, the exchange of slaves, and the rise of new forms of consumerism contributed to a growing Atlantic marketplace. Mercantilism - Correct answerA political and economic philosophy that stated that governments should run the economy and that the economy should be a tool to expand the power and size of the government and therefore the nation. Middle Passage - Correct answerThe perilous, often deadly transatlantic crossing of slave ships from the African coast to the New World. Triangular Trade - Correct answerThe economic exchanges that took place between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, wherein slaves and imported goods were transferred between continents. Joint Stock Companies - Correct answerA business arrangement where investors provided the capital for and assumed the risk of a venture in order to reap significant returns. Mayflower Compact - Correct answerAn agreement signed by the male passengers of the Mayflower, creating a temporary government for the Plymouth colony. John Rolfe - Correct answerJamestown colonist who introduced the cultivation of tobacco to Virginia. John Smith - Correct answerJamestown colonist who served as president of the colony in its early years and whose leadership is credited with the colony's survival. John Winthrop - Correct answerPuritan religious leader who served as the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in New England.

William Bradford - Correct answerPuritan religious leader who led a group of English Pilgrims from the Netherlands to New England, and established the Plymouth Colony in

Bacon's Rebellion - Correct answerAn uprising of both whites and blacks against the Virginia colonial government in 1675-76, led by Nathaniel Bacon Gentry - Correct answerThe wealthy colonial class that modeled itself after the English aristocracy Headright System - Correct answerA system in which parcels of land were granted to settlers who could pay their own way to Virginia House of Burgesses - Correct answerThe colonial assembly for Virginia that represented the political interests of tobacco-growing elites Indenture - Correct answerA labor contract that promised young men, and sometimes women, money and land after they worked for a set period of years Plantation - Correct answerLarge agricultural estates in tropical or semitropical regions where crops such as cotton, sugar, and tobacco were grown, especially using slave labor Covenant - Correct answerAgreement signed by all members of a township in Puritan New England Household Economy - Correct answerSystem of labor centered around the family and a religious call to work, particularly in Puritan New England. Large families were encouraged, while the entire family unit was expected to do the work necessary to run homes, farms, and businesses. Maritime-Based Economy - Correct answerSystem of labor and trade that comprised ships and crews from New England transporting regional and foreign goods throughout the Atlantic World Salem Witch Trials - Correct answerThe 1692 accusations, trials, and executions that swept through the town of Salem, Massachusetts Soul Liberty - Correct answerA concept advocated by Roger Williams, in which individuals were allowed to follow their consciences and tolerate all religions Town Meeting - Correct answerA style of government focused on local participation. In Puritan New England, these meetings centered around a central religious building and was often attended by the men of the surrounding community

Wassailing - Correct answerPublic celebration of Christmas by the lower classes during the seventeenth century; entailed marching on the houses of the well-to-do to demand gifts Anne Hutchinson - Correct answerMember of the Massachusetts Bay Colony who was banished for questioning the authority of the Puritan leadership of the colony. Her claim of direct religious revelation was seen as heresy. Roger Williams - Correct answerMember of the Massachusetts Bay Colony who questioned the Puritans' treatment of Native Americans and rejected the practice of punishing non-believers. After being banished from the colony, he went on to found Rhode Island as a colony that sheltered dissenting Puritans. Proprietary Colonies - Correct answerLand in North America granted to key individuals, families or groups who, in turn, administered a colony on behalf of the English Crown Quaker - Correct answerMember of the Society of Friends; devoted to principles of peace and the doctrine of the "Inner Light" William Penn - Correct answerQuaker founder of the English colony of Pennsylvania. Iroquois Confederacy - Correct answerA coalition originally comprising the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca tribes King Philip's War - Correct answerConflict between Puritan settlers and an Indian coalition led by Metacom (King Philip). In 1675, Metacom succeeded in driving back Puritan settlements, but he was defeated and killed a year later Pequot War - Correct answerConflict between Pequot Indians and an alliance comprising of Puritan colonists and Narragansett and Mohegan Indians; ended in the destruction of the Pequots Pocahontas - Correct answerDaughter of a powerful Powhatan leader who married the English colonist John Rolfe in 1614. Their union brought temporary peace to the Jamestown colony and local Native Americans. Powhatan - Correct answerLeader of a federation of Native Americans who lived in the area of Virginia near the Jamestown settlement, and with whom the early English colonists were at near constant war. Also the name given to the federation.