Space Operations: Questions and Answers for University and High School Students, Exams of Nursing

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ASCBC(questions and answers)

What report Directed the creation of a Space Cadre? - correct answer ✔✔Space Commission Report Why does the Army maintain an Army Space Cadre? (3) - correct answer ✔✔DoD Directive Fulfill Congressional Mandate Efficacies for Army What are the 5 Space Mission Areas? (5) - correct answer ✔✔Position, Navigation, Timing (PNT) Satellite Communications (SATCOM) Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance (ISR) Missile Warning Environmental Monitoring What are the different Army Space units? (6) - correct answer ✔✔1st Space BDE

• 1st Space BN (Active) -2nd Space BN (Reserve) -53rd Signal BN (SATCOM) -117th Space BN (Army National Guard) 100th Missile Defense BDE (GMD) -49th Missile Defense BN What is the SMDC Operations Center? Where is it Located at? - correct answer ✔✔-SMDC Operations Center provides situational awareness, using global and regional communication resources, IOT maintain current status of USA SMDC forces. -Located at BLDG 3 Peterson AFB

Which four Combatant Commands have global responsibility? - correct answer ✔✔-USTRANSCOM -USSOCOM -USSTRATCOM -USCYBERCOM What are the 7 USSTRATCOM mission areas? - correct answer ✔✔- Space Operations

• Strategic Deterrence
• Nuclear Operations
• Joint Electronic Warfare
• Integrated Missile Defense
• Analysis & Targeting
• Global Strike Which JFCC is responsible for Space? - correct answer ✔✔JFSCC What is the name of the JFSCC Space Ops center? What is the Primary function? Where is it located? - correct answer ✔✔Combined Space Operations Center (CSPOC) Coordinates, plans, integrates, syncs and executes space operations. Located in Vanderberg AFB, CA The Commander of Army Space and Missile Defense Command (SMDC) is also the Commander of which JFCC? - correct answer ✔✔JFC-IMD What is the role of the USASMDC/ARSTRAT Commander as the Army Service Component Commander to USSTRATCOM? - correct answer ✔✔Force Provider

What are the USASMDC/ ARSTRAT three lines of effort and what is their function? (3) - correct answer ✔✔1- Operations (today)- Provides ready and trained s/m defense forces to warfighters and nation 2- Capability Development (tomorrow) Provides s/m defense with concepts, doctrine and techniques 3- Material Development (day after tomorrow) Provides research and developments to s/m defense cyber, directed energy and related technology Where is the USASMDC/ ARSTRAT's operational hub located? - correct answer ✔✔BLDG 3, Peterson AFB, Colorado Springs, CO What were the significant contributions of Dr. Robert Goddard - correct answer ✔✔-Father of modern rocket propulsion -Developed Mathematical theories for rocket propulsion. -Developed gyroscope control, vanes, gimball steering, and power driven fuel pumps What was Dr. Wernher von Braun's contribution? - correct answer ✔✔- Chief architect of the US Space Program

• Developed the Vergeltungswaffen 2 (V2) Rocket which served as the base for future ballistic missiles and space launch vehicles. Describe early U.S. Surveillance programs prior to the launch of our first imagery satellite? Why did the US develop space-based ISR? - correct answer ✔✔-U2 Dragonlady- High Altitude Surveillance Aricraft -Progect Genetrix- high Altitude Balloon -They avoided Over flight issues When did the U.S. launch a satellite into space? Who did it? What was it? - correct answer ✔✔- 1958
• US ARMY
• Explorer 1 (Jupiter C)

When and how did project Diana prove? - correct answer ✔✔-

• That we could bounce signals off the moon to communicate and track missiles above the ionosphere. Identify the primary goals of the following space programs Mercury: Gemini: Apollo: - correct answer ✔✔Mercury- See the space flight effects on humans and gather more technological experience. Gemini- Bridge between Mercury and Apollo. Skills necessary to go to the moo Apollo- To land man on moon and bring back to earth In 1961, Alan Shepard was launched into space in a Mercury Redstone 3 Launch vehicle, which illustrated how early our space program paralleled our? - correct answer ✔✔Ballistic Missile Program What was the name of the Army satellite launched in 2010, the first army satellite launched since Explorer 1? - correct answer ✔✔SDMC One - Space and Missile defense command How are satellites traveling around the earth? - correct answer ✔✔They are falling with gravity What are the take-aways form Kepler's three laws? (3) - correct answer ✔✔1- Law of orbit- Distance from Foci to point on the ellipse- Orbit of planets are ellipse with the Sun at a focus 2- Law of Area- Apogee= slow, Perigee= Fast- Orbit of planets sweep out equal areas in equal time 3- Law of Periods- Larger orbits have longer periods Define basic terms that describes an orbit? (5) - correct answer ✔✔-Period - Time it takes an object to go around once. -Apogee - Further away from earth the slower -Perigee - Closer to earth the faster -Prograde - Rotating with earths rotation

-Retrograde - Rotating against earths rotation Define the six classical orbital elements (6) - correct answer ✔✔- Orbit Size= Semi Main Axis (how big is an Orbit?)

• Orbit Shape= eccentricity (0= circular; 0< e < 1= ellipse
• Orbit Tilt= Inclination (0= geosynchronous; 59= GPS, 1-90= Prograde; 91-180= Retrograde)
• Orbit Twist= Right of ascension of the ascending node
• Orbit Rotation= Argument of Perigee
• Satellite Position= True anomaly ( relates to perigee. How does inclination relate to a satellite's ground trace? - correct answer ✔✔relation of orbit the the equator Explain LEO - correct answer ✔✔-LEO (Low Earth Orbit) Description: Inclination = Varies Eccentricity = Varies Alt = 200-900 Miles Period = 90-120 Min Sub-Cat: Polar, Near polar (82-98 Degrees), and Sun-synchronous (96-98 degrees, 300-500 mi Alt, Imagery and weather) Missions: Imagery, Weather and Man-made Missions

Explain MEO - correct answer ✔✔-MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) Description: Inclination = Varies Eccentricity = Varies Alt = 900-22,000 Miles Period = 1.5-23.5 hrs Sub-Cat: semi-synchronous Missions: GPS (GPS Specific: Inc=varies; Ecc=near zero, alt 12,500 mi, period=12 hrs) Explain GEO - correct answer ✔✔-GEO (Geosynchronous) Description: Inclination = Varies Eccentricity = Near zero (circular) Alt = 22,300 miles Period = 24 hrs Sub-Cat: Geo-synchronous (0 Degrees), Geo-stationary Missions: SATCOM and Missile Warning Explain HEO - correct answer ✔✔-HEO (Highly Inclined Ellipse Orbit) Description: Orbit type = Elliptical Orbit ALT- Perigee = 200 mi Apogee =24,000mi

Period = 12 hrs, Inclination = 63.4, Eccentricity = near 1 degrees; Sub-Cat: Sun-Synchronous, Molniya Orbit Missions: High latitude SATCOM, Missile Warning What makes a sun-synchronous orbit special for ISR missions? (2) - correct answer ✔✔-Provides shadow analysis -Polar orbit passes over the object at the same time of day Describe the Key provisions of the 1967Outer Space Treaty (4) - correct answer ✔✔-Equitable Access -Use by all -No claims of sovernity

• No Nuclear and WMD weapons allowed Is there an agreement delineating the boundary at which airspace ends and out space begins? - correct answer ✔✔NO Which document states our right to an "Anticipatory or Preemptive" first strike if we feel our space systems are being threatened? - correct answer ✔✔US National Space Policy What is our preferred approach to space control outlined in DoD Space Control Policy? - correct answer ✔✔Tactical Denial What is doctrine? - correct answer ✔✔Flexible set of principles, and it is not static What is JP 3-14? - correct answer ✔✔-Joint Space Operations

What is FM 3-14? - correct answer ✔✔- Space ISO Army Operations What are some of the major civil space organizations? (5) - correct answer ✔✔-NASA -DOI (Dept of Interior) -DOC (Dept of Commerce) -DOE (Dept of Energy) -DOT (Dept of Transportation) What are the Army's primary space capabilities? (4) - correct answer ✔✔-Communication (53rd) -Missile Warning (JTAGS) -Missile Defense (100th) -Space Control (1st Space BDE) JFCC Space is the single POC to ______, ______, _____, _________, space activities - correct answer ✔✔Plan, Direct, Assess, and Execute Which Service is responsible for our military space lift capabilities? - correct answer ✔✔Air Force 30th and 45th Space Wing What is the 1st Space BDEs mission? (3) - correct answer ✔✔-Contingency Activities -Space Support -Space Control Operations What type of units are in 1st Space BN? (3) - correct answer ✔✔- 1st Co. Theater Missile Warning (JTAGS)

• 2nd Co. Space Support (ARSST )
• 4th Co. SSA What does the 53rd Signal BN do? - correct answer ✔✔Satellite payload control of DSCS and WGS

What does the 100th Missile Defense do? - correct answer ✔✔Destroy ICBMs -Located at Alaska, California, Colorado What is the difference between Passive and Active collection of EM energy? (2) - correct answer ✔✔- Passive = Emitted and Reflected -Active = Reflected from a transmitting source What is EM Spectrum? - correct answer ✔✔Grouping of radiation types and energized photons List three characteristics of EM radiation - correct answer ✔✔- Stream of photons

• Wavelike pattern
• Moves at the speed of light Describe the relationship between wavelength and frequencies? - correct answer ✔✔Inversly Proportional What is the difference between EM Spectrum bandwidth and computing bandwidth and how are they related? (2) - correct answer ✔✔More bandwidth = more data Which portion of the EM Spectrum do we use for satellite comms? - correct answer ✔✔Microwaves Which type of radar is dependent on alerting and cueing systems in order to be effective? - correct answer ✔✔Track Radar Is the radio freq portion of the EM Spectrum crowded? Is there room to grow - correct answer ✔✔Yes/ No What factor determines Radar "discrimination" performance? - correct answer ✔✔Radar Frequency When transmitting a signal, in order for it to be received the signal must be _________ than the strength of the background noise. - correct answer ✔✔Greater

Describe solar wind - correct answer ✔✔Charged Particle constantly emitted from the sun What is the military systems can be degraded by space weather? (7) - correct answer ✔✔-HF Comms -SATCOM (UHF/SHF) -Radar -Missile -GPS -Intel Collection Systems -Satellite Operations (orbit and ground ops) Describe the solar wind. - correct answer ✔✔Charged particles emitted from the sun What emissions from the sun are responsible for Space Weather?(2) - correct answer ✔✔-Charged Particles -EM Radiation What military systems can be degraded by space weather? - correct answer ✔✔HF, UHF/SHF SATCOM, Radar, Missile Warning, GPS, IC, Systems, Satellite Ops. Length of a typical solar cycle? - correct answer ✔✔11 years What are the greatest effects on LEO spacecraft during a period of increased solar activity? - correct answer ✔✔Atmospheric Drag Describe the Van Allen Belt (3) - correct answer ✔✔-Consist of Charged Particles -Expanded & Contract based on suns activity -Potentially harmful

Describe the harmful effects of space weather to on satellites (5) - correct answer ✔✔-Space craft charging -Computer Logic Errors -Atmospheric Drag -Radiation Damage -Scintillation Describe Solar Conjunction - correct answer ✔✔Sun appears directly behind GEOCOMSTAT What effects on military systems does Solar Conjunction have? (2) - correct answer ✔✔-Auto Tracking -Data Loss What are the mitigation tech against Solar Conjunction?(3) - correct answer ✔✔-Disable Auto Track -Schedule data transmission around outage period -Shift antenna to alternate comms Describe Scintillation - correct answer ✔✔Charged particles trapped in the Earths ionosphere as a result of Geomagnetic storms When does Scintillation occur and in what region? - correct answer ✔✔(Local) Dusk to midnight Equatorial +/- 20 degrees and Polar What agencies support the Army's weather product needs? (3) - correct answer ✔✔-557th Weather Wing (AFWA-Air force Weather Agency) -NOAA -JSpOC Charged _________ > Solar __________ > Geo____________ Storm > _______________ - correct answer ✔✔Charged Particles > Solar Wind > Geomagnetic Storm > Scintillation

What is a Satellite Bus? - correct answer ✔✔Structure support that hosts all the subsystems What are the three functions of Structural Subsystem? (3) - correct answer ✔✔-Houses -Protects -Provides Mounting Surface What are the 3 things does the Structural Subsystem provide? (3) - correct answer ✔✔-Strength -Stiffness -Stability Describe the power systems used in a spacecraft? What is the primary application for each? (3) - correct answer ✔✔-Sun- Common for Earth's Orbit -Chemical Systems- For crew space ships -Nuclear Systems- For interplanetary travel What is the function of the navigation guidance control subsystem? (2) - correct answer ✔✔Keeps it in orbit What is the function of the Attitude Determination and Control system? - correct answer ✔✔Pointing direction Describe the methods of heat transfer and how they are used.(3) - correct answer ✔✔-Convention- thermal transfer between the flowing fluids and solid surface. -Conduction- Thermal transfer through matter in absence of fluid motion -Radiation- Transfer via electromagnetic waves Which of Newton's laws describe simply how a rocket works - correct answer ✔✔Newton's 3rd Law - For every action is a equal and opposite reaction What launching method delivers more payload to orbit for a given sized launch vehicle? why? - correct answer ✔✔Staging eliminates unneeded mass making it lighter.

Explain the difference between thermodynamic and electrodynamic propulsion systems. - correct answer ✔✔Thermodynamic = Heat & Pressure Electrodynamic = Electromagnetic energy What is the most common technology for spacecraft propulsion and attitude determination and control (ADACS)? - correct answer ✔✔Liquid chemical Monopropellant What is the most common use of a solid core rocket? - correct answer ✔✔ICBM and Tactical Patriot Ion thrusters are primarily used for _________________________ and _____________________________. - correct answer ✔✔Geo satellite station keeping / Deep space Missions What vehicle program was created to produce replacement lift vehicles for the USAF legacy lift systems?

• correct answer ✔✔Evolved expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) The EELV vehicle program was created to produce replacement lift vehicles for the USAF legacy lift systems and to? (3) - correct answer ✔✔1. Reduce DoD launch costs

2. Standardize operations
3. Reduce processing time Which country only launches retrograde orbits for space vehicle? - correct answer ✔✔Israel What is the greatest factor that determines the Length of the launch window? - correct answer ✔✔Booster size What types of launches may be conducted from Cape Canaveral on the East Coast and Vendenberg AFB on the West Coast? (2) - correct answer ✔✔-Cape Canaveral- Prograde Orbit -Vandenberg- Prograde, retrograde, Polar Orbits

The number of launches opportunities per day is based on what characteristics of the launch? How many launches opportunities do I get if my inclination is the same as my launch attitude? - correct answer ✔✔- Inclination

• 1 Launch per day

• =inclination= 1 launch per day <inclination= 2 launches per day

  inclination= 0 Launches per day The European Space Agency (ESA) land site in French Guiana provides a _____% payload advantage over Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center in Florida. - correct answer ✔✔15% In-plane maneuvers only change what? - correct answer ✔✔Orbital size Out of plane maneuver are focused on changing this orbital parameter? - correct answer ✔✔Inclination Which plane maneuver is the easier to accomplish? - correct answer ✔✔In-plane Drag is the primarily dependent on what? - correct answer ✔✔Vehicle Shape and Size Name 5 reasons to perform orbital rendezvous - correct answer ✔✔- Fill a constellation

• Service on a existing satellite
• Perform a conjunction (kill or negate) a satellite
• Perform a defensive maneuver
• Inspect an orbiting satellite What is the most efficient 2 burn maneuver to change the orbital period (attitude) of a spacecraft? - correct answer ✔✔Hohnman Transfer How does two satellite in the same place rendezvous? what is the greatest natural factor co-orbit rendezvous? - correct answer ✔✔-Slow down to Speed up, speed up to slow down

-Gravity In proximity operations what type of target interacts with the chase satellite to assist in updating relative position and velocity for terminal guidance - correct answer ✔✔Cooperative target The steeper and faster the re-entry angle, the greater the __________________ and __________________ but greater the accuracy. - correct answer ✔✔Maximum deceleration / Heat experienced Acquisition program are categorized largely according to their cost. What Acquisition category (ACAT) are most DOD space systems? - correct answer ✔✔ACAT 1 MDAP - Major Defense ACQ Program How are operators/ users important to the ACQ program - correct answer ✔✔Determine requirements for a need Why are space systems different and therefore more expensive to acquire that other DoD systems (3) - correct answer ✔✔-One shot to get it right -With stand harsh environment -Multiple segments that work together Two ACQ strategies are the evolutionary approach and the single step approach. Why does the military prefer the evolutionary approach to space ACQ? - correct answer ✔✔Adds new technology to the satellite as it become available. What is the function of Telemetry Operations - correct answer ✔✔Describes the State of Health, and Payload data. What is the function of Tracking Operation? - correct answer ✔✔To locate and lock onto satellites for the duration of the mission. TEARR: Time, Elevation, Azimuth, Range, Range data

What is the function of Command Operations? - correct answer ✔✔Command the satellite (Fire Thrusters, Switch batteries) What satellite constellations are controlled by 1 SOPS, 2 SOPS, 4 SOPS, and 6 SOPS - correct answer ✔✔- 1 SOPS: GSSAP, SBS -2 SOPS: GPS -4 SOPS: SHF / DSCS, WB Global SATCOM (Bus only); EHF / MILSTAR, AEHF -6 SOPS: DMSP, NOAA, Reserves What is the function of the 53rd Signal Bn and where is it located? - correct answer ✔✔Network and Payload control for DSCS/WGS satellites; Colorado Springs, CO Explain the functions of a WSOC: How many are world wide? - correct answer ✔✔-Control terminal access -Maintain operational database -Responding to transmission anomalies and alarms -Monitoring the health and welfare of space craft -Reporting space situational awareness -Evaluate quality of communication links Which organization is the primary C2 center for the SSN? - correct answer ✔✔CSPOC What is the Space Surveillance Network (SSN)? - correct answer ✔✔Worldwide collection of radar and optical sensors used to detect, track, categorize, catalog, and monitor man-made objects in space. What are the two types of sensors used by the SSN? - correct answer ✔✔Active- Radars Passive- Optical What does Metric data provide? - correct answer ✔✔- TEARR amd SOI

-Supplies info on cataloged objects, new domestic and foreign launches What does SOI data Provide? - correct answer ✔✔Shape and size- physical and dynamic properties of an object being tracked to ID payload missions and satellite configuration changes. What are some reasons why we track satellites re-entries? - correct answer ✔✔-mistaken missile attack -Inform appropriate agencies of a potential disaster -Notify nations about a reentering object -Assess blame and collect reparations Define the 3 categories of sensors used by the SSN? - correct answer ✔✔-Dedicated (SSN Support) -Collateral (Other than SSN support) -Contributing (Non USSTATCOM contract for SSN support) What is the relevance of SATCOM to the Army? - correct answer ✔✔BLOS Communications What 3 types of orbits do we use for communications satellites? What is the primary orbit for MILSATCOM? - correct answer ✔✔-GEO- Primary -HEO- Primary -LEO- Iridium What are the 3 Primary bands we utilize for satellite communications - correct answer ✔✔UHF SHF EHF Which band is also referred to as a "narrowband" - correct answer ✔✔UHF Which band is also known as a "wide band" - correct answer ✔✔SHF

Which band is also called "protected Comms" because it has the best anti-jam properties? - correct answer ✔✔EHF Which band is most susceptible to Jamming? - correct answer ✔✔UHF Which band is most susceptible to solar weather (e.g scintillation) - correct answer ✔✔UHF Which band is most susceptible to atmospheric absorption? - correct answer ✔✔EHF The ability to turn off coverage over a specific spot over the Earth is know as _______. this is the capability of what Military SATCOM constellation? - correct answer ✔✔Beam Nulling The ability to shape the converge area of the communication footprint is know as ________. This is a capability of what Military SATCOM constellation? - correct answer ✔✔Beam shaping What is unique about the iridium satellite constellation? what is the main teleport? - correct answer ✔✔LEO, 66 satellites, Crosslink, Hawaii Describe the Joint Spectrum Interference Resolution JSIR Program/ What web portal can units submit and electromagnetic interference (EMI) report on? - correct answer ✔✔-Detect, report, track, archive, analyze, and resolve EMI. -JSIR-Online (SIPR Site) AEHF to MILSTAR II Capacity? - correct answer ✔✔AEHF has ten times the capacity of MILSTAR II What are some army GPS Systems? - correct answer ✔✔- DAGR (position info)

• Friendly force tracker
• PGM
• ISR
• UAS NAV

What are the three missions of the GPS system? - correct answer ✔✔-Time Transfer -Positioning -Nudet: Nuclear Denotation Surveillance How does GPS determine your position? - correct answer ✔✔Trilateration What is the minimum number of satellites required for your receiver to provide a 3 dimensional position information? - correct answer ✔✔ 4 Describe the difference between Military and Civilian GPS receiver (Codes and Freqs). - correct answer ✔✔Encryption Military = L1 (CA+P(Y)) + L2 (P(Y)) Civilians = L1 (CA) What causes mulitpathing? - correct answer ✔✔Mountainous and Urban Terrain What factor determines Dilution of Precision (DOP)? - correct answer ✔✔The angle between the satellites Large Angle = Good Small Angle = Bad How many satellites are required for a fully operation GPS constellation? - correct answer ✔✔ 24 minimum What makes a DAGR more jam resistance than a commercial GPS receiver? - correct answer ✔✔- RX two frequencies

• Encrypted
• SAASM- Selective Availability Anti-spoofing Module What systems enhance the GPS signal and give users improved location accuracy? - correct answer ✔✔- (DGPS) Differential GPS - Ground based

• (WAAS) Wide Areas Augmenting system - Satellite What are the GPS jamming mitigation TTPs? - correct answer ✔✔-Turn on and encrypt -Ensure Joint Restricted Freq List is adhered to -Block interfering signal -Move out of jamming environment Which organization provides weather products to Air Force and Army users? - correct answer ✔✔557th Weather Wing, 12th Air Force Which organization provides weather products to Navy and Marine Corps users? - correct answer ✔✔FNMOC Which organization operates all of our nation's weather satellites- both Military and Civilian? - correct answer ✔✔NOAA What US weather satellites are in LEO? - correct answer ✔✔-POES -DMSP Which satellite(s) are capable of detecting nighttime lights? - correct answer ✔✔-DMSP w/ OLS sensor -Suomi NPP Which satellites constellation hosts and experimental GPS Radio Occultation instrument that uses the GPS signal to depict atmospheric status? - correct answer ✔✔Cosmic Constellation What US weather satellites are in GEO? - correct answer ✔✔GOES What kind of imagery usually has the best Spatial Resolution? - correct answer ✔✔Panchromatic- PAN

Multi-spectral imaging provides unique capabilities to identify materials on the ground based on their what? - correct answer ✔✔Spectral Signature What is spatial resolution? - correct answer ✔✔Smallest distance between two object at which the objects appear separate and distant What does elevation date provide satellite imagery? - correct answer ✔✔More precise geolocation- mountainous terrain Describe change detection? How is it normally depicted in the images? - correct answer ✔✔-Process of using two or more images from the same sensor of same area at different time -Pixel change Which Commercial Imagery Satellite had the best EO and spectral resolution? - correct answer ✔✔Worldview-3 Form what three countries do we obtain commercial SAR products? What are the names of the satellites? - correct answer ✔✔-Canada- Radar Sat 2 -Germany- TerraSAR X -Italy- Cosmo-SkyMED Where can you go online to get archives commercial imagery products? - correct answer ✔✔EVWHS- Enhanced View Web Hosting Service What are the four primary missions area that OPIR contribute too? Which one did OPIR designed? - correct answer ✔✔-Missile Warning -Missile Defense -Battle space awareness -Technical Intel OPIR detects characterizes radiant energy that is __________ or ___________ from generating source? - correct answer ✔✔Emitted

Reflected What characteristics of a missile launch determines an OPIR sensor capability to detect it? - correct answer ✔✔-How long it burns -How hot it burns The SBIRS architecture includes DSP legacy system in ______ and ______ _______and _____ ________ - correct answer ✔✔-GEO SBIRS GEO -HEO Systems DSP satellites were designed to last only _______ years, lifespan is much longer. - correct answer ✔✔ 5 OPIR sensors can be affected what three things? - correct answer ✔✔-atmospheric glinting(sun reflection off the atmosphere) -weather/cloud cover, -covariance (accuracy) errors List at least three reasons from a dependence standpoint why we are concerned about GPS Jammers - correct answer ✔✔-US is reliant on GPS -PGM depends on GPS for Accuracy -Default PNT systems for US Forces List at least three reasons from a susceptibility standpoint why we are concerned about GPS Jammers. - correct answer ✔✔-Weak signal facilities jamming effectiveness -Jamming cost/tech is modest but effective -Over 28 countries actively develop GPS Jammers What are the three tenants of Navigation Warfare (NAVWAR)? o ____________ friendly forces from GPS disruption (anti-jam, anti-spoof)

o ____________ hostile forces from using GPS with minimal impact on friendly forces o ____________ civil use of GPS outside of the theatre of operations - correct answer ✔✔-Protect -Prevent -Peserve What is the most common source of GPS interference? ________________________ - correct answer ✔✔Blue on blue Jamming (U.S.) There are two main types of GPS jammers. The lesser sophisticated jammers are called ____________ jammers, which attempt to send random noise at a high power in order to deny the receiver's ability to acquire and track the GPS signal. The other category of jammers, which are more sophisticated, are called ____________ jammers, which try to make the receiver misrepresent its actual position. - correct answer ✔✔-Denial of Service (DoS) Jammers -Deception Jammers Deception jammers that can retransmit portions of GPS signals on a time delay are known as ____________. Deception jammers that can attempt to deceive a receiver into reporting specific false positioning and time, by changing the C/A code, are known as ____________. - correct answer ✔✔- Repeater -Spoofer The PNT Mission Planning Software that can model predicted GPS jamming effects in a given Area of Operations, based on terrain analysis, and provide guidance for optimizing the use of Precision Guided Munitions is called? ______________________ - correct answer ✔✔GIANT- GPS Accuracy Prediction Tool The PNT Mission planning Software that provides PDOP charts showing GPS accuracy over a given place at a given time (and also identifies optimal times to deploy PGMs) is called? ______________________ - correct answer ✔✔GPS Core (Project Atlas) What is the FFT? - correct answer ✔✔GPS enabled system that provides location information about units and hostile forces

What does FFT do for you? - correct answer ✔✔Provides w/near time SA and battle command in which it decisively control the battle space. -Provides real time Risk Management (RM) -Direct. Indirect Fires -Support TSTs -Provides Joint SA -Provides immediate inter-service SA (i.e. Personnel recovery) What is the most common FFT system that the Army uses? - correct answer ✔✔JBC-P (FBCB2) / 2010 Army and Marine Corps Standardized Which COMBATANT COMMANDER is responsible for the FFT? - correct answer ✔✔USSTRATCOM Which Operations center manages FFT? - correct answer ✔✔Mission Management Center (MMC) Do JFFT devices rely on GPS and SATCOM? - correct answer ✔✔YES What is the most common type of error associated with FFT platforms? - correct answer ✔✔Latency caused by SATCOM, NOT gps What guidance does the Mission Management Center (MMC) rely on in order to determine who to share FFT data with? - correct answer ✔✔Data Owners Guide (DOG) -Unit owns the data/ MMC just manages it What factors can cause errors with accuracy of FFT devices? - correct answer ✔✔o Technical capabilities of devices o Bandwidth usage of SATCOM satellite(s) o Latency Varies based on the JFFT receiver refresh rate Varies based on vehicle speed

This is not based on GPS accuracy What is Red Dot? - correct answer ✔✔o Red Dot is a rapid information dissemination architecture that transmits recent relevant creditable Counter-IED (CIED) intelligence to tactical levels in near real time. o RED DOT is an ISR capability that seamlessly transmits Indications and Warnings (I&W) of suspected IEDs to BFT devices in near real time. (not precisely or definitely) What is the purpose of Red Dot? - correct answer ✔✔o Warn ground personnel of potential IED hazards. o Provide CIED COP for TOC situational awareness. o Provide archive CIED data for pattern of life. RED DOT utilizes _______based and ___________based ISR assets. - correct answer ✔✔-Space Based -Terrestrial Based ______ _________ are delivered to all JBC-P (FBCB2) consoles at the UNCLASSIFIED level. Explain - correct answer ✔✔-IED I&Ws -Booby trap icons displayed on BFT screens indicates a possible IED (icon is slightly modified on the SIPR Google Earth COP).

• RED DOT icons/reports will continue to be transmitted for up to 30 days (commander SOP dependent) unless a close-out report is submitted.
• Battlespace owners do not have ability to remove IED icons from their BFT devices. What are the Red Dot Myths versus reality - correct answer ✔✔- RED DOT does not predict IED events... it disseminates IED signature activity based upon recent relevant creditable intelligence.
• RED DOT alerts/icons do not guarantee an IED... they are used to warn of possible IED locations and are labeled with a low, medium, or high confidence rating.
• RED DOT does not task ISR assets... it utilizes data from ISR assets. Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) have a linkage to which space operational areas? - correct answer ✔✔- PNT/GPs (Navigation) -EM (Weather)