Download Stakeholder Analysis and Collaboration in Business Analysis and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! BABOK CBAP EXAM 2024/2025 WITH 100% ACCURATE SOLUTIONS Planning of BA work from creation/selection of methodology to planning activities, tasks, and deliverables - Precise Answer ✔✔Plan Business Analysis Approach Considerations for selecting the preferred Business Analysis Approach - Precise Answer ✔✔Complexity of change Heavily regulated, contracts/agreements Stakeholders geographically distributes Resources outsourced High staff turnover or inexperienced If BA info must be maintained for longer term or future use. When to use predictive approach? - Precise Answer ✔✔(client knows what they want) can be planned in advance and system can be developed according to the plan. Solution can be defined before implementation to maximize control and minimize risk. When is adaptive approach perferred? - Precise Answer ✔✔Change Driven approach. Adaptive is rapid delivery of business value in short iterations in return for acceptance of higher degree of uncertainty regarding the overall delivery of the solution. Preferred when taking an exploratory approach to finding the best solution or for incremental improvements of an existing solution. Considerations for appropriate level of business analysis formality - Precise Answer ✔✔Change is complex and high risk, heavily regulated, contracts/agreements, stakeholders geographically distributed, resources are outsourced, high staff turnover or inexperienced, BA info must be maintained long term or for future use Activities involved in identifying Business analysis activities - Precise Answer ✔✔Activities required to complete each deliverable and then breaking into tasks Dividing work into iterations, identifying deliverables for each iteration, identifying the associated activities and tasks Using a previous similar initiative as an outline and applying the detailed tasks and activities unique to current initiative. Business Analysis Planning & Monitoring Tasks - Precise Answer ✔✔1. Plan Business Analysis Approach 2. Plan Stakeholder Engagement 3. Plan Business Analysis Governance 4. Plan Business Analysis Information Management 5. Identify Business Analysis Performance Improvements (PPPPI) Priority/Urgency of initiative Other concurrent initiatives Constraints (contracts/regulatory) Factors to Assess Complexity and Risk - Precise Answer ✔✔Impacts to Complexity: Size of change # of business areas/systems affected Geographic & Cultural considerations Technology complexities Risks that impede BA effort Impacts to Risk Level: Experience of BA Extent of BA knowledge Level of Stakeholder experience Stakeholder attitudes about BA Time allocated by Stakeholders for BA activities Pre-Selected framework Methodology/Tools/Techniques Activities to gain stakeholder understanding and agreement - Precise Answer ✔✔Review and agreed upon by Key stakeholders BA activities identified Estimates are realistic Proposed roles and responsibilities are correct Purpose of Plan Stakeholder Engagement - Precise Answer ✔✔Plan an approach for establishing and maintaining effective working relationships with the stakeholders. Initial sources for Stakeholder Analysis - Precise Answer ✔✔Org chart and business process are INITIAL source Other source: Sponsor External stakeholders may be uncovered by reviewing contracts, anticipated vendors, regulatory/governing bodies. Importance of performing stakeholder analysis - Precise Answer ✔✔Ensures stakeholders are not overlooked Understand the stakeholders Impact of proposed changes Influence on change is vital to understanding the needs Wants and expectations that must be met by a solution Define Stakeholder collaboration - Precise Answer ✔✔Timing & frequency of collaboration Location Available tools such as wikis Delivery method (person/virtual) Preferences of stakeholders Stakeholder Communication Needs - Precise Answer ✔✔What needs to Communicated Delivery method Appropriate audience When Frequency Plan Business Analysis Governance - Precise Answer ✔✔Define how decisions are made about requirements and designs, including reviews, change control, approvals, and prioritization Stakeholder roles when defining an effective decision=making process - Precise Answer ✔✔Participant in decision making discussions, SME lending experience and knowledge to decision making process, reviewing of information, approver of decisions. Developing an effective change control process - Precise Answer ✔✔Process for requesting changes Elements of change request (Cost, benefits, risk, priority, action) Change prioritization Change documentation Change communication applicable regulatory requirements Understanding of costs and benefits involved in tracing Types of requirements for long-term use - Precise Answer ✔✔Regulatory, Contractual obligations, quality standards, SLA, business rules, business processes, requirements describing products the enterprise produces. Attributes required for requirements reuse - Precise Answer ✔✔Clearly named defined stored Determinations for how to store and access business analysis information - Precise Answer ✔✔Depend on who must access the info, how often, and what conditions must be present for access. Org standards and tool availability also influence storage and access 3 Possible Recommendations for BA Improvements - Precise Answer ✔✔Preventive, Corrective, Improvement Various POV when assessing business analysis performance - Precise Answer ✔✔Stakeholder Personnel Manager or COE All Stakeholders have input. Basis of Identifying BA Performance Measures - Precise Answer ✔✔Accuracy and Completeness Knowledge Effectiveness Organizational Support Significance Strategic Timeliness What is compared when assessing Business Analysis Performance Measures? - Precise Answer ✔✔Business Analysis process and deliverables are compared against set of defined measures. Qualitative vs Quantitative Measures - Precise Answer ✔✔Quantitative Deliverable due date Frequency of changes # of review cycles Task efficiency Qualitative Subjective Heavily influenced by Stakeholder attitude Possible levels of formality and dependencies of Business Analysis Info - Precise Answer ✔✔1. Informal & Verbal 2. Formal docs Depends on context of a particular organization or initiative. Identify Business Analysis performance improvement purpose - Precise Answer ✔✔Assess Business analysis work and plan to improve processes where required. Requirements attributes (10) - Precise Answer ✔✔CARAS SOUPS Complexity Absolute Reference Risks Author Source Stability Owner Urgency Priority Status (proposed, accepted, verified) Why do we need requirements attributes? - Precise Answer ✔✔Aid in the ongoing management of requirements of throughout the change. Elicitation is the main path to get requirements and design information. (T/F) - Precise Answer ✔✔True Prepare for Elicitation purpose - Precise Answer ✔✔Understand the scope of the elicitation activity, select appropriate techniques, and plan for (or procure) appropriate supporting materials and resources. Prepare for Elicitation Elements - Precise Answer ✔✔1. Understand the Scope of Elicitation 2. Select Elicitation Techniques 3. Set Up Logistics 4. Secure Supporting Material 5. Prepare Stakeholders Prepare for Elicitation inputs - Precise Answer ✔✔1) Needs - determines scope 2) Stakeholder engagement plan - communication preferences How to prepare for elicitation? - Precise Answer ✔✔1. Define the desired outcomes of the activity 2. Consider the stakeholders involved 3. Consider goals of initiative What are the considerations for scope of elicitation? - Precise Answer ✔✔Business Domain overall corporate culture and environment Stakeholder locations Stakeholders who are involved and their group dynamics Expected output the elicitation activities will feed Skills of the BA practitioner other elicitation activities planned to complement this one Strategy or solution approach Possible sources of the BA information that might feed into the elicitation activity Understanding the scope of the elicitation activity allows BA to respond if the activity strays from intended scope. (T/F) - Precise Answer ✔✔True Elicitation Techniques dependencies - Precise Answer ✔✔Cost and Time Constraints Types of Business Analysis information sources and their access Culture of the organization Desired outcomes Needs of stakeholders Stakeholder availability Stakeholder Location Technique considerations - Precise Answer ✔✔Techniques commonly used in similar initiatives Techniques specifically suited to the situation Tasks needed to prepare, execute, and complete each technique Elicitation Logistics - Precise Answer ✔✔Determine: Goals of the activity Who will be participating & what they'll be doing Scheduled resources (people, venues, tools) Locations Channels for communication Techniques Stakeholders' oral & written language Supporting Material for Elicitation - Precise Answer ✔✔people, systems, historical data, materials, documents Elicitation Documents - Precise Answer ✔✔existing system business rules organization policies regulations contracts How to Prepare Stakeholders - Precise Answer ✔✔To prepare and Ensure buy in Confirm Elicitation results purpose - Precise Answer ✔✔to check the information gathered during an elicitation session for accuracy and consistency with other information Why confirm Elicited information? - Precise Answer ✔✔to identify any problems and resolve them before resources are committed to using the information. Review may discover errors, omissions, conflicts, and ambiguity. How to ensure consistency of elicitation results? - Precise Answer ✔✔compared against their source and other elicitation results. Collaborate with stakeholders to ensure inputs are captured correctly and they agree with results of non-facilitated elicitation. What if elicitation results are not correct? - Precise Answer ✔✔The BA determined what is correct, which can require more elicitation. Confirm Elicitation Results Input - Precise Answer ✔✔Elicitation Results (unconfirmed) Confirm Elicitation Results Elements - Precise Answer ✔✔1. Compare elicitation results against source information 2. Compare elicitation results against other elicitation results Which stakeholder can help confirm elicitation results? - Precise Answer ✔✔Domain SME - confirm correct, identify omissions, conflicts. They can also confirm right BA info is being elicited. Any Stakeholder can participate in confirming Confirm Elicitation results Output - Precise Answer ✔✔Elicitation Results (confirmed) Communicate Business Analysis Information purpose? - Precise Answer ✔✔to Ensure stakeholders have a shared understanding of business analysis information Communication of BA information is bi-directional and iterative. (T/F) - Precise Answer ✔✔True The method of delivering the information may need to change if the stakeholders are not receiving or understanding it. (T/F) - Precise Answer ✔✔True Communicate business analysis information elements - Precise Answer ✔✔1. Determine Objectives & Format of Communication 2. Communicate Business Analysis Package Why we communication BA information - Precise Answer ✔✔1. Communication requirements and designs to stakeholders 2. Early assessment of quality and planning 3. Evaluation of possible alternatives 4. Formal reviews and approvals 5. Inputs to solution design 6. Conformance to contractual and regulatory obligations 7. Maintenance for reuse Primary goal of developing a business analysis package - Precise Answer ✔✔convey information clearly and in usable format for continuing change activities Requirements Presentation Considerations - Precise Answer ✔✔Who is audience of the package? What will each type of stakeholder understand and need from the communication? What is each stakeholder's preferred style? What information is important to communicate? Are the presentation and format of the package and the information contained in the package, appropriate for the type of audience? How does the package support other activities? Are there any regulatory or contractual constraints to confirm to? Possible forms of Business Analysis Packages - Precise Answer ✔✔Formal Documentation Information Documentation - used in adaptive Presentations delayed approvals **BA tries to manage the risk before escalating Genuine stakeholder engagement - Precise Answer ✔✔all stakeholders feel: heard, their opinions matter, contributions recognized Collaboration involves regular, frequent, and bi-directional communication (T/F) - Precise Answer ✔✔True All stakeholders are involved in Collaboration (T/F) - Precise Answer ✔✔True Requirements Life cycle Management - Precise Answer ✔✔manage and maintain requirements from inception to retirement establish meaningful relationships assess changes analyze & gain consensus Requirements Life Cycle Management - Precise Answer ✔✔Tasks BAs perform to manage and maintain requirements and design information from start till end. Purpose to align requirements and solutions that implement them. Requirements Life Cycle - Precise Answer ✔✔Need - > Solution -> Solution Retirement Requirements continue to provide value when they are managed appropriately (T/F) - Precise Answer ✔✔True Requirements may be in multiple states at one time (T/F) - Precise Answer ✔✔True Requirements Life Cycle Management tasks - Precise Answer ✔✔Trace Requirements Maintain Requirements Prioritize Requirements Assess Requirements Changes Approve Requirements TMPAA Trace Requirements Purpose - Precise Answer ✔✔Ensure that requirements and designs at different levels are aligned to one another, and to manage the effects of change to one level on related requirements Traceability enables - Precise Answer ✔✔1. faster and simpler impact analysis 2. more reliable discovery of inconsistencies and gaps in requirements 3. deeper insights into the scope and complexity of a change 4. reliable assessment of which requirements have been addressed and which have not Types of Traceability - Precise Answer ✔✔1. Backward 2. Forward 3. Relationship to other requirements BA balances the # of relationship types with the benefit gained by representing them (T/F) - Precise Answer ✔✔True Traceability Supports both requirements allocation and release planning (T/F) - Precise Answer ✔✔True - by providing a direct line of sight from requirement to expressed need. Trace requirements purpose? - Precise Answer ✔✔1. To ensure that requirements and designs at different levels are aligned to one another, and to manage the effects of change to one level on related requirements 2. Used to help ensure that the solution conforms to requirements and to assist in scope, change risk, time, cost and communication management. 3. Used to detect missing functionality or to identify if there is implemented functionality that is not supported by any requirement. Traceability Inputs - Precise Answer ✔✔Requirements & Designs Trace Requirements Elements - Precise Answer ✔✔1. level of formality 2. relationships 3. traceability repository 4. throughout the entire organization Requirements in a general manner without direct ties to a tool tend to be more reusable. (T/F) - Precise Answer ✔✔True - these requirements are less likely to change. The more details, they become more with a specific solution. Who validates the proposed requirements for reuse before they can be accepted into a change? - Precise Answer ✔✔Stakeholders Prioritize Requirements - Precise Answer ✔✔To rank requirements in the order of relative importance. Prioritize Requirements Inputs - Precise Answer ✔✔Requirements, Designs Prioritize Requirements Elements - Precise Answer ✔✔1. Basis for Prioritization 2. Challenges of Prioritization 3. Continual Prioritization Is prioritizing requirements an ongoing process? - Precise Answer ✔✔Yes - ensures maximum value is achieve What does requirements priority refer to? - Precise Answer ✔✔1. Relative value of the requirement OR 2. Sequence in which it will be implemented This is a critical exercise that seeks to ensure Maximum Value is achieved. - Precise Answer ✔✔Priotiziation Typical factors that influence prioritization - Precise Answer ✔✔Benefit Penalty Cost Risk Dependencies Time Sensitivity Stability Regulatory or Policy Compliance Priorities may shift as context evolves and more info becomes available. (T/F) - Precise Answer ✔✔True - done at higher level and then as requirements are refined prioritization is done at a more granular level. Ex: First prioritize on benefit, then sequence, then cost. Highest value requirements and designs are addressed first (T/F) - Precise Answer ✔✔True Assess Requirements Changes - Precise Answer ✔✔to evaluate the implications of proposed changes to requirements and designs Business Analysts consider the following for each proposed change: - Precise Answer ✔✔1. Aligns with overall strategy 2. affects value delivered to business or stakeholder groups 3. impacts time to deliver or the resources required to deliver value 4. alters any risks, opportunities associated with the overall initiative Usually change requests increase towards end of project. (T/F) - Precise Answer ✔✔True When can a proposed change be identified? - Precise Answer ✔✔At any time and impact any aspect of BA work or deliverables completed to date. What are triggers of proposed change? - Precise Answer ✔✔1. Business Strategy changes 2. Stakeholders 3. Legal Requirements 4. Regulatory changes Assess Requirements Changes Elements - Precise Answer ✔✔1. Assessment formality 2. Impact analysis 3. Impact resolution Who is responsible for ensuring that the stakeholders with approval authority understand and accept the requirements? - Precise Answer ✔✔Business Analyst Complete agreement on requirements may not be necessary but should be noted as a risk. (T/F) - Precise Answer ✔✔True What is ICE Prioritization? - Precise Answer ✔✔Impact, Confidence, Ease What is the difference between Gane and Sarson and Yourdon and Coad in Data Flow Diagrams? - Precise Answer ✔✔The main difference between two notation is that Yourdon-Coad uses circles to represent processes whilst Gane-Sarson utilizes rectangles with rounded corners, better known as lozenges. What is throw-away prototyping - Precise Answer ✔✔This is where a initial prototype is made, it is evaluated by the end user. Then the prototype is then thrown away and developed all again and evaluated by the end user. The process repeats till the prototype finally meets all of it's users requirements. What is a Business Model Canvas? - Precise Answer ✔✔a diagram of how a company creates value for itself and its customers - Key Partnerships, Key Activities, Key Resources Scope Modeling purpose - Precise Answer ✔✔define the nature of one/ more limits/ boundaries, place elements in/ out those When does a requirement life cycle begin? - Precise Answer ✔✔begins with the representation of a business need as a requirement State Modeling - Precise Answer ✔✔Used to analyze and define the different possible states of an entity within a system. How an entity changes from one state to another and what happens to an entity in each state. Maintain Requirements - Precise Answer ✔✔Ensures that requirements and designs are accurate and current throughout the life cycle and facilitates reuse where appropriate. Who records approval decisions? - Precise Answer ✔✔The BA - possibly in requirements maintenance and tracking tools. What does the BA track for approvals? - Precise Answer ✔✔Accurate records of current approval status. Stakeholders must be able to determine what requirements and designs are currently approved and in line for implementation. May be value in Audit history: what changed, who made the change, reason, and when it was made. What is the ultimate approver of requirements - Precise Answer ✔✔The Sponsor When do we perform Strategy Analysis? - Precise Answer ✔✔when a business need is identified strategy definition - Precise Answer ✔✔apply the capabilities of an enterprise in order to reach a desired set of goals and objectives. Strategy Analysis knowledge area - Precise Answer ✔✔describes the business analysis work that must be performed to collaborate with stakeholders in order to identify a need of strategic or tactical importance (the business need), enable the enterprise to address that need, and align the resulting strategy for the change with higher- and lower-level strategies. Strategy analysis provides context to Requirements Analysis and Design Definition for a given change. (T/F) - Precise Answer ✔✔True Is Strategy analysis an ongoing activity? - Precise Answer ✔✔Yes - assesses any changes in that need, in its context, or any new information Strategy Analysis tasks - Precise Answer ✔✔1. Analyze Current State 2. Define Future State 3. Assess Risks 4. Define Change Strategy Expected Benefits (increased revenue, increased market share) How quickly the problem can be resolved or opportunity taken underlying source of problem Current state analysis uncovers deeper underlying causes. (T/F) - Precise Answer ✔✔True - which then become additional business needs Organizational Structure and Culture may aid or limit change. (T/F) - Precise Answer ✔✔True - formal relationships and culture may aid or limit. Why do business analysts perform a cultural assessment? - Precise Answer ✔✔to identify if cultural changes are needed for better achieve goals to identify whether stakeholder understand the rational for the current state of the enterprise and value delivered by it determine if stakeholders view the current state as satisfactory or if change is needed. Capabilities and Processes - Precise Answer ✔✔These are the activities performed by any enterprise, knowledge of the enterprise to perform its core capabilities, products and services provided by an enterprise that differentiates it from others, and the methods it uses to make decisions. What are core capabilities? - Precise Answer ✔✔essential functions of the enterprise that differentiate it from others Capability centric view - Precise Answer ✔✔Come up with innovative solutions by combining existing capabilities Process centric view - Precise Answer ✔✔This view is used to analyze the current state in an enterprise. It looks for ways to improve the performance of current activities. Processes are organized in an end-to- end fashion across the enterprise to deliver values to the customers making it easier to ensure that implementing the change will increase performance What is the infrastructure considered in Analyze Current State? - Precise Answer ✔✔The enterprise's environment with respect to physical components and capabilities. Computer hardware, physical plants, logistics, as well as their operation and upkeep What are policies? - Precise Answer ✔✔guidelines used in making consistent decisions. They address routine operations rather than strategic change. They may shape the solution scope and may be a constraint. Tangible Resources - Precise Answer ✔✔people intangible resources - Precise Answer ✔✔financial resources, patents, reputation, brands external influences (constraints, dependencies, drivers) - Precise Answer ✔✔Industry Structure Competitors Customers Suppliers Political/Regulatory Technology Macroeconomic Factors Analyze Current State outputs - Precise Answer ✔✔Current State Description (process map, write up, SIPOC) Business Requirements Define future state elements - Precise Answer ✔✔1. Business goals and objectives 2. Scope of solution space 3. Constraints 4. organizational structure and culture 5. Capabilities and processes 6. Technology and infrastructure 7. Policies 8 Business Architecture 9. Internal Assets 10. Identify Assumptions Examples of business goals - Precise Answer ✔✔Create a new capability improve revenue by increasing sales Increase customer satisfaction comply with new regulations What is a SMART objective? - Precise Answer ✔✔Specific Measurable Attainable Relevant Time-bound What is a business objective? - Precise Answer ✔✔A clearly defined target for a business to achieve over a certain period of time Solution constraints? - Precise Answer ✔✔Factors that may affect or restrict the requirements included in the solution. Must be carefully examined to ensure they are accurate and justified. examples of constraints - Precise Answer ✔✔budgetary, time, technology, infrastructure, policies (common constraint), # of resources, team skillset, requirements that certain stakeholders can't be impacted, regulations Business Architecture - Precise Answer ✔✔The design, structure, and behavior of the current and future states of an enterprise to provide a common understanding of the organization. It is used to align the enterprise's strategic objectives and tactical demands. Assumptions must be identified and clearly understood. T/F - Precise Answer ✔✔True - so that the appropriate decisions can be made if the assumption later proves invalid. Test assumptions as early as possible to support redirection or termination of the initiative. potential value - Precise Answer ✔✔net benefit of the solution once operating costs are accounted for. Considered increased or decreased potential value from: - Precise Answer ✔✔External opportunities Unknown strength of new partners new technology or knowledge potential loss of a competitor mandated adoption of change component What is the starting point for Define Future State? - Precise Answer ✔✔Current State Description What helps set Targets for Future State? - Precise Answer ✔✔Balanced Scorecard Define Future State output - Precise Answer ✔✔Biz objs, Future State Description, Potential value Assess Risks Elements - Precise Answer ✔✔1. Unknowns 2. Constraints, Assumptions and Dependencies 3. Negative impact to value 4. Risk tolerance 5. Recommendation Assess risks purpose - Precise Answer ✔✔to understand the undesirable consequences of internal and external forces on the enterprise during a transition to, or once in, the future state. An understanding of the potential impact of those forces can be used to make a recommendation about a course of action Assess Risks Inputs - Precise Answer ✔✔• Business Objectives • Elicitation Results (confirmed) • Influences • Potential Value • Requirements (prioritized) How to assess unknowns - Precise Answer ✔✔consider historical context from similar situations to assess risks. (lessons learned, expert judgment) Solution scope might evolve throughout an initiative as more info is discovered. - Precise Answer ✔✔True Solution Scope describes the use of: - Precise Answer ✔✔capabilities technology business rules business decisions data processes resources knowledge functions locations networks org structure workflows events sequence motivations business logic Gap Analysis - Precise Answer ✔✔identifies different between current state and future state. Solution scope can include descriptions of out-of-scope solution components to provide clarity. - Precise Answer ✔✔True Capabilities Analyzed in Gap Analysis - Precise Answer ✔✔process functions lines of business organizational structures staff competencies knowledge and skills Training Facilities enterprise readiness assessment - Precise Answer ✔✔Determines if an organization is ready for the change in terms of processes, infrastructure, people, culture, etc. and to sustain the change. Cultural and operational readiness Change Strategy - Precise Answer ✔✔- a high-level plan of key activities and events that will be used to transform the enterprise from the current state to the future state Change Strategy considerations - Precise Answer ✔✔organizational readiness major costs needed timelines to make change alignment to business objectives timelines for value opportunity costs Key components of making a business case for change - Precise Answer ✔✔Potential Value, including details of expected benefits and costs Factors that guide release planning - Precise Answer ✔✔Overall budget deadlines time constraints resource constraints training schedules ability of business to absorb changes within a defined time frame Business Capability Analysis - Precise Answer ✔✔Used to prioritize capability gaps in relation to value and risk The Business Case includes the change strategy - Precise Answer ✔✔True Business Analyst work is an input to project plan - Precise Answer ✔✔True Most important characteristic of quality requirements and design - - Precise Answer ✔✔Fitness for use - well written, easily understood, represents reality. Verify Requirements Elements - Precise Answer ✔✔1. Characteristics of Requirements and Design Quality 2. Verification Activities 3. Checklists 10 Characteristics of Requirements and Design Quality - Precise Answer ✔✔Atomic Complete Consistent Concise Feasible Unambiguous Testable Prioritized Understandable verification activities - Precise Answer ✔✔• org performance standards, tools, methods; • correct modelling notation, templates, forms; • completeness within each model; • comparing relevant models, elements are referenced consistently; • terminology used is understandable to SH; • adding examples where needed Verification checklists - Precise Answer ✔✔contains standard set of quality elements. ensures that items determined to be important are included in the final requirements deliverables, or that steps required for the verification process are followed. Who is responsible to verify requirements? - Precise Answer ✔✔The BA with Domain and Implementation SMEs have PRIMARY responsibility to verify. All Stakeholders are involved. Validate requirements purpose - Precise Answer ✔✔To ensure that all requirements and design align to the business requirements and support the delivery of needed value Validate requirements elements - Precise Answer ✔✔1. identify assumptions 2. define measurable evaluation criteria 3. evaluate alignment with solution scope Validation can expose conflicting needs. T/F - Precise Answer ✔✔True When validating it is important to know what desired future state looks like for stakeholders. T/F - Precise Answer ✔✔True Validation can begin before verification complete. - Precise Answer ✔✔True Validation can't be complete until requirements completely verified. - Precise Answer ✔✔True Validate requirements input - Precise Answer ✔✔Requirements (specified and modeled) Assumptions are identified and defined so that associated risks can be managed - Precise Answer ✔✔True Define Measurable criteria - Precise Answer ✔✔Baseline metrics might be established based on current state. Target metrics can be developed to reflect the achievement of the business objectives or some other measurement of success. Options if a requirement does not align - Precise Answer ✔✔1. Future state must be re-evaluated and scope changed. 2. Requirement removed from solution scope Options is a design does not align - Precise Answer ✔✔1. Missing or misunderstood requirements 2. Design must change. 4. Audit and security and 5. Business models. What is a view? - Precise Answer ✔✔Actual requirements and designs produced for a particular solution. A collection of views makes up the requirements architecture for a specific solution. Viewpoints tell BA what info they should provide for each group where views describe the actual requirements and designs produced. - Precise Answer ✔✔True Template Architectures - Precise Answer ✔✔An architectural framework: a collection of viewpoints, predefined template of architecture Relationship Criteria in Requirements Architecture - Precise Answer ✔✔Defined Necessary Correct Unambiguous Consistent Change Strategy = High Level; Design Options = Tactical Level - Precise Answer ✔✔True - this is Define Design Options Define Design Options inputs - Precise Answer ✔✔1) Change Strategy 2) Validated & Prioritized Requirements 3) Requirements Architecture (templates, guidelines, etc.) Define Solution Approaches - Precise Answer ✔✔Create: developed by experts to reqs. which solution to construct, modify existing solution. Purchase: which solution to purchase. products by third parties. Combination of both: creation and purchase of components Identify Improvement Opportunities - Precise Answer ✔✔Increase efficiencies: automate, simplify, re- engineering, sharing processes, changing responsibilities, outsourcing. Improve Access to Info: provide more info to staff, reducing the need for specialists. Identify Additional Capabilities: potential features Once a new need is identified, what needs to be performed? - Precise Answer ✔✔Strategy Analysis Example of high performing solution but low value - Precise Answer ✔✔efficient online transaction processing system but contributes lower value than expected (or lower than the past) Example of low performing solution but high value - Precise Answer ✔✔a core process that is inefficient, can be enhanced to increase its performance level. What are options if measures are not sufficient to help stakeholders determine solution value? - Precise Answer ✔✔1. Collect more measures 2. Treat lack of measures as a risk Use Case diagrams help clarify scope - Precise Answer ✔✔True Planning BA Information Management ensures that all BAs on the project use similar artifacts. T/F - Precise Answer ✔✔True - determines how info is captured, stored, and integrated with other information for long term use. What does "design" mean in IT world? - Precise Answer ✔✔Refers to technical designs created by software developers, data architects, and other Implementation SME. Is Mind Mapping a brainstorming tool? - Precise Answer ✔✔No, it can be misused as a brainstorming tool. The documenting of ideas and creating associations might inhibit idea generation. mind mapping - Precise Answer ✔✔a visual organizational strategy that uses words or symbols to identify the concepts and their connections to each other Mind-mapping approach - Precise Answer ✔✔a technique that uses branches radiating out from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas The 2 most used techniques for Define Design Options - Precise Answer ✔✔Mind mapping and Workshops Design Options are various ways to satisfy needs - Precise Answer ✔✔true Analyze Potential Value and Recommend Solution - Precise Answer ✔✔Estimate the potential value for each design option and to establish which one is most appropriate to meet the enterprise's requirements Ways to describe value - Precise Answer ✔✔finance, reputation, impact on marketplace When is potential value analyzed? - Precise Answer ✔✔many times over the course of a change Analyze Potential Value and Recommend Solution inputs - Precise Answer ✔✔Potential Value Design Options Is DO NOTHING a solution recommendation? - Precise Answer ✔✔Yes - best recommendation might be to do nothing Potential Value - Precise Answer ✔✔Used as a benchmark to assess value delivered by requirements Analyze Potential Value and Recommend Solution Elements - Precise Answer ✔✔1. Expected Benefits 2. Expected Costs 3. Determine value 4. Assess Design Options and Recommend solution Examples of Value - Precise Answer ✔✔reduced risk benefits compliance with business policies improved UI positive outcome Benefits are often realized over a period of time - Precise Answer ✔✔True Expected Costs examples - Precise Answer ✔✔timeline effort operating costs purchase and/or implementation costs maintenance costs physical resources information resources human resources **Costs are NEGATIVE Value** Opportunity cost of any design option is equal to the value of the best alternative not selected. - Precise Answer ✔✔True Positive Value - Precise Answer ✔✔benefits exceed cost Negative value - Precise Answer ✔✔cost exceeds benefits POV for potential value - Precise Answer ✔✔from stakeholder POV Value to enterprise is almost higher than value for any individual stakeholder groups (T/F) - Precise Answer ✔✔True There might be increase in value for one group and decrease in value for another group. But an overall positive increase in value for the enterprise. - Precise Answer ✔✔True Is Potential Value uncertain - Precise Answer ✔✔Yes - events or conditions that could increase or decrease the actual value if they occur. tangible benefits examples - Precise Answer ✔✔ Trade-off considerations - Precise Answer ✔✔Available resources, Constraints on the Solution, Dependencies between requirements. Assess solution limitations purpose - Precise Answer ✔✔To determine the factors internal to solution that restrict the full realization of value Can Assess Solution Limitations and Assess Enterprise Limitations be performed concurrently? - Precise Answer ✔✔Yes Solution limitations may be assessed at any point during the solution life cycle. T/F - Precise Answer ✔✔True Assess Solution Limitations inputs - Precise Answer ✔✔1) Implemented Solution 2) Solution Performance Analysis Assess Solution Limitations elements - Precise Answer ✔✔Identify Internal Solution Component Dependencies - only as good as weakest link Investigate Solution Problems - Monitor trends, RCA Impact Assessment - problems must be resolved, mitigated, accepted. Assess Solution Limitations output - Precise Answer ✔✔Solution Limitation - current limitations of the solution including contraints and defects Assess Enterprise Limitations - Precise Answer ✔✔Determine how factors external to the solution are restricting its full value. Analyzing how factors such as: - Culture - Operations - Technical components - Stakeholder interests - reporting structures Limit the success of a solution Enterprise limitations may be assessed at any point during the solution life cycle. T/F - Precise Answer ✔✔True Assess Enterprise Limitations Elements - Precise Answer ✔✔1. Enterprise Culture Assessment - do stakeholders understand and see value? 2. Stakeholder Impact Analysis - Functions, Locations, Concerns 3. Organizational Structure Changes - reporting structure 4. Operational Assessment - if organization can effectively use the solution Operational Assessment - Precise Answer ✔✔Assessment to check if an enterprise is able to adapt to or effectively use a solution. Considerations: policies/procedures capabilities and processes skills and training HR practices risk tolerance and management approach Tools and Technology Recommend Actions to Increase Solution Value - Precise Answer ✔✔to understand the factors that create differences between potential value and actual value, and to recommend a course of action to align them. Recommend Actions to Increase Solution Value inputs - Precise Answer ✔✔Enterprise Limitations Solution Limitation Recommend Actions to Increase Solution Value elements - Precise Answer ✔✔1. Adjust Solution Performance Measures - may need to find more appropriate measures 2. Recommendations - Replace, Retire, Enhance, Do Nothing Sunk Cost - Precise Answer ✔✔A cost that has already been incurred and that cannot be changed by any decision made now or in the future. Irrelevant when recommending actions to increase solution value. ROI - Precise Answer ✔✔(total benefits - cost of investment) / cost of investment Elicitation happens every time you talk to Stakeholders. T/F - Precise Answer ✔✔True What is a Balanced Scorecard? - Precise Answer ✔✔measurement approach that provides an overall picture of an orgs performance as measured against goals in finance, customers, internal business processes, and learning and growth More training leads to better customer service to better satisfied customer to more sales & profit Are assumptions a risk? - Precise Answer ✔✔Yes - risk that an assumption could be wrong What are Risk Strategies? - Precise Answer ✔✔Accept, Transfer, Mitigate, Avoid. Vendor Assessment Elements - Precise Answer ✔✔Knowledge and Expertise, Licensing and Pricing Models, Vendor Market Position, Terms and Conditions, Vendor Experience - Reputation and Stability What is process modeling - Precise Answer ✔✔A graphical representation of the relationship between components What is BPMN and why is it important? - Precise Answer ✔✔-Business Process Management Notation. Global standard of documenting a process. Good for complex processes because you can link multiple processes together. -Important because every company uses the same way of documenting - we standardize these across the industries because when you create a standard, you create consistent results...no learning curve associated with looking at various models What is a UML diagram? - Precise Answer ✔✔good for system logic - computer system What is a sequence diagram - Precise Answer ✔✔A sequence diagrams model the flow of logic within a system in a visual manner, it enable both to document and validate your logic, and are used for both analysis and design purposes. What are Backlog Items? - Precise Answer ✔✔any kind of item with work associated to it use cases, use stories, functional requirements, non-functional requirements, designs, customer orders, risk items, change requests, defects, planned rework, maintenance, conducting a presentation, completing a document Items are only added to backlog if it has value. (T/F) - Precise Answer ✔✔True A minimal amount of work is done on each item while in backlog, just enough to understand the work involved to complete it. (T/F) - Precise Answer ✔✔True Can removed items be re-added to backlog? - Precise Answer ✔✔YES - reasons would be: stakeholder needs changed, could be more time- consuming than estimated, other priority items take longer than estimated, resulting work product might have defects What are the 4 dimensions of Balanced Scorecard? - Precise Answer ✔✔1. Learning and Growth 2. Business Process 3. Customer 4. Financial What is a Balanced Scorecard? - Precise Answer ✔✔measurement approach that provides an overall picture of an orgs performance as measured against goals in finance, customers, internal business processes, and learning and growth What is a lagging indicator? - Precise Answer ✔✔results of actions already taken What is a leading indicator? - Precise Answer ✔✔provide information about future performance What is benchmarking? - Precise Answer ✔✔a process by which a company compares its performance with that of high-performing organizations What are Behavioral Rules? - Precise Answer ✔✔people rules - govern day to day business activity by placing some obligation on conduct, action, practice, or procedure. ex: An order must not be placed when the billing address provided by the customer does not match the address on file with credit card provider. What are the levels of enforcement for behavioral rules? - Precise Answer ✔✔1. Allow no violations (strictly enforced) 2. Override by authorized actor 3. Override with explanation 4. No active rule enforcement. (guideline) What are Primitive Data Elements? - Precise Answer ✔✔Name Aliases Values/Meanings Description What are composite data elements? - Precise Answer ✔✔Sequences (First Name + Middle Name + Family Name) Repetitions Optional Elements Data Flow Diagram - Precise Answer ✔✔a graphical description of the flow of data within an organization, including data sources/destinations, data flows, transformation processes, and data storage Level 1 DFD - Precise Answer ✔✔these are DFDs that focus on one system and are therefore in more detail than a level 0 DFD. Level 2 DFD - Precise Answer ✔✔shows all processes, data flows, and data stores that comprise a single process on the level 1 diagram.. Further levels continue to break down the processes from the Level 1 (level 2, level 3, and so on) Data Mining (Descriptive) - Precise Answer ✔✔see patterns in a set of data such as similarities between customers Data Mining (diagnostic) - Precise Answer ✔✔such as decision trees or segmentation can show why a pattern exists -Ex: characteristics of profitable customers. Data Mining (predictive) - Precise Answer ✔✔how likely something is to be true in the future. ex: probability that the claim is fraudulent. Conceptual Data Model - Precise Answer ✔✔Solution Agnostic - A detailed model that captures the overall structure of organizational data that is independent of any database management system or other implementation considerations. Logical Data Model - Precise Answer ✔✔contains more detail than a conceptual data model, often defining operational and transactional entities for the database. Associated with design of a solution. Physical data model - Precise Answer ✔✔a representation of a data design as implemented, or intended to be implemented, in a database management system. Addresses performance, concurrency, and security What is cardinality? - Precise Answer ✔✔the number of instances of one entity that can or must be associated with each instance of another entity Zero to many zero to one only one one to many What is multiplicity in a class diagram? - Precise Answer ✔✔the relationship between two classes zero to many exactly x any # from x to y one to many When to use class diagram? - Precise Answer ✔✔Dynamic aspects of a system - structural and behavioral. Used for planning software development Extensibility - incorporate new functionality Is Mind Mapping a brainstorming tool? - Precise Answer ✔✔No, you could brainstorm first and then organize with a mind map. What is active observation? - Precise Answer ✔✔Interactive elicitation technique of observing and talking with the user while the user does his job, also called visible observation. What is passive observation? - Precise Answer ✔✔observer does not interrupt the work. Any questions are asked after the observation is over. What is a functionally oriented organizational model? - Precise Answer ✔✔group staff together based on shared skills or areas of expertise and encourage standardization of work or processes. What is a market oriented organizational model? - Precise Answer ✔✔intended to serve particular customer groups, geographical area, projects or processes rather than grouping employees by skills. What is a matrix model? - Precise Answer ✔✔Separate managers for each functional area and for each product, service, or customer group. Employees report to a line manager and to a market manager. Each employee has 2 managers. Approaches to prioritization - Precise Answer ✔✔Grouping - High, Medium, Low priority Ranking - order from most to least important Budget/Time Box - based on allocation of fixed resource (time/money) Negotiation - Stakeholder consensus on requirements to be prioritized. Which technique uses SIPOC? - Precise Answer ✔✔Process Analysis Suppliers Input Process Outputs Customers Which technique uses Value Stream Mapping? - Precise Answer ✔✔Process Analysis depicts value added and non value added Types of process models - Precise Answer ✔✔Flow Chart and VSM (Business) Data Flow Diagrams and UML (IT) Business Process Model and Notations (used for both business and IT) Integrated DEFinition & IGOE - used to esbalish scope SIPOC and VSM (process modeling) What is BPMN and why is it important? - Precise Answer ✔✔-Business Process Management Notation. Global standard of documenting a process -Important because every company uses the same way of documenting - we standardize these across the industries because when you create a standard, you create consistent results...no learning curve associated with looking at various models BPMN activity - Precise Answer ✔✔Any work/task that is being performed in a process. Represented by a rounded-corner rectangle in a business process model. Why use BPMN? - Precise Answer ✔✔accessible by both business users and technical developers. includes internal (private) processes and collaborative (public) processes. BPMN can be an input to process automation technologies. It uses pools and swimlanes. What is throw-away prototyping - Precise Answer ✔✔used to uncover and clarify requirements. It is not a workable solution Evolutionary or Functional Prototype - Precise Answer ✔✔This prototype extends the initial interface requirements into a fully functioning system and requires a specialized prototyping tool or language. Proof-of-concept prototype - Precise Answer ✔✔a prototype you use to prove the technical feasibility of a proposed system Proactive Analysis - Precise Answer ✔✔Identifying problem areas for preventive action Fishbone Diagram - Precise Answer ✔✔a visual aid that helps organize cause and effect relationships for "things gone wrong" The Five Whys - Precise Answer ✔✔The root causes analysis technique that asks WHY five times. The problem is looked into deeper each time WHY is asked. Toyota developed this technique. Scope Modeling purpose - Precise Answer ✔✔define the nature of one/ more limits/ boundaries, place elements in/ out those Scope Modeling strength - Precise Answer ✔✔contractual agreements, estimations, work completion scope model objectives - Precise Answer ✔✔Clarify the: Span of Control Relevance of elements where effort will be applied Sequence Diagrams - Precise Answer ✔✔illustrations that show how computer processes relate and interact with each other and in what order Synchronous call - Precise Answer ✔✔Synchronous call transfers the control to the receiving object The sender cannot act until a return message is received Asynchronous call - Precise Answer ✔✔Asynchronous call (also known as a signal) allows the object to continue with its own processing after sending the signal The object may send many signals simultaneously, but may ONLY accept one signal at a time Is Consulted communication one way or two way? - Precise Answer ✔✔Two Way Is informed communication one way or two way? - Precise Answer ✔✔one way State Modeling - Precise Answer ✔✔Used to analyze and define the different possible states of an entity within a system. How an entity changes from one state to another and what happens to an entity in each state. State Table - Precise Answer ✔✔A grid showing the resulting transitions for each state combined with each possible event, showing both valid and invalid transitions. Vertical Prototype - Precise Answer ✔✔A prototype that is used to drill down into a proposed solution to uncover requirement and design considerations through multiple layers of a solution that are not easily understood or that are not discernible on the surface. It may include interaction between several solution components. Horizontal Prototype - Precise Answer ✔✔A prototype that is used to explore requirements and designs at one level of a proposed solution, such as the customer-facing view or the interface to another organization. CRUD matrix - Precise Answer ✔✔Create, Read, Update, Delete