Statistical Assessment: Exam Practice - Comparing Measurement Scales & Concepts, Exams of Career Counseling

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When comparing the four scales of measurement, what distinguishes the interval scale from the ratio scale? - correct answer Absolute zero A research team designed a demographic questionnaire to collect information about participants. Which of the following variables identified on the questionnaire provides an example of an ordinal scale variable? - correct answer Rank in the military When looking at a list of student's test scores, the teacher notices that one test score is extremely lower than the majority of the scores. This is known as a(an): - correct answer outlier A teacher analyzes the scores from a recent test and determines a positively skewed curve. She infers that the majority of students knew: - correct answer only a few of the answers due to low scores A researcher is looking for a specific study report, in which he knows the kurtosis value. He reads the following kurtosis value in various reports. Which one supports a mesokurtic distribution? - correct answer 0

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There are 12 participants who agree to take the test for a study focused on wellness. The total of all the participants' scores is 96. What is the mean? - correct answer 8 The teacher has a small class with only 7 students. The teacher grades their homework and reports scores of 10, 7, 8, 12, 9, 11, and 13. What is the median? - correct answer 10 The teacher grades the papers and determines the following set of scores: 90, 85, 87, 85, 92, 90, 83, 85, 98. What is the mean? - correct answer 85 The teacher calculates the highest score as being 97 and the lowest score as being 75. What is the range? - correct answer 22 The variance is determined to be 36. What would be the standard deviation? - correct answer 6

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A teacher reports that the class scores are generally distributed according to a bell curve. This means: - correct answer 100% of the scores fall between -3 and + standard deviations from the mean A researcher determines that there is a positive correlation between sleep and test scores. This means as the amount of sleep is increased then test scores: - correct answer increase A teacher determines that the correlation between eating breakfast and doing well on the test is zero. This means: - correct answer there is an absence of a correlation In comparing Spearman's Rho to Phi Coefficient, one would generally prefer to use Spearman's Rho when correlating: - correct answer Likert scale responses A student conducting a research study was told by her professor to use a scatterplot in conjunction with calculating the correlation coefficient. She discovered that the data points clustered along a straight line. This means: - correct answer a linear relationship exists between variables

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In studying the correlation between the number of hours studied and scores on the comprehensive exam, the researcher found a correlation of .30. According to Cohen's guidelines, what would this mean regarding the strength of the relationship? - correct answer Medium In a follow-up study, a researcher reported that the correlation is .85. In the initial study, the correlation was .78. This means there is a(an): - correct answer Stronger correlation between the variables in the follow-up study A researcher wants to know if IQ predicts success in college. Which analysis is most appropriate? - correct answer Regression _______________ is defined as a set of tools and techniques used for describing, organizing, and interpreting information. - correct answer Statistics

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Which of the following is not one of the purposes of statistics? - correct answer Provides mental health diagnosis Averages, percentages, total frequencies, and measures of variability are examples of what type of statistics? - correct answer Descriptive Correlations, mean comparisons, and hypothesis testing are examples of what type of statistics? - correct answer Inferential Variables can be defined in how many ways? - correct answer 2 Variables that have numeric values are referred to as what type of variables? - correct answer Quantitative Variables that are defined using categories are considered what type of variables? - correct answer Qualitative

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Which scale of measurement is the most basic and issued to categorize data into groups that have different names but are not related to each other in any other systematic way? - correct answer Nominal In a __________ the bars touch one another, but in a bar graph, the bars do not. - correct answer Histogram The normal curve is an example of what type of graph? - correct answer Smooth curve In an asymmetrical distribution, if the majority of the scores fall on the high end of the distribution, the curve will appear: - correct answer Negatively skewed What is the mode for this group of data: 98, 90, 97, 88, 83, 84, 83, 90, 81? - correct answer 90 and 83 Given that this measure considers each individual score's distance from the mean, it is considered the most

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important measure of variability. - correct answer Standard deviation According to your textbook, what is the most commonly used measure of variability? - correct answer Standard deviation Why are standard scores useful? - correct answer Comparisons can be made with standard scores What standard score is the most commonly produced? - correct answer z-score To determine a client's ________, the counselor took the client's z-score and multiplied it by 10 then added 50. - correct answer t-score Correlations between variables can have _______ types of relationships. - correct answer 2

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The values of a correlation coefficient can range between _____ and _____. - correct answer -1.00 and +1. The higher the standard error of measurement: - correct answer The lower degree of reliability In terms of effect size, counselors prefer a: - correct answer Large effect size Raw scores - correct answer represent the original test results that describe the number of correctly answered questions. Denise took an aptitude test that was first taken by a large group of male engineers, on whom the test was standardized. Denise is a nurse. What might be a concern when interpreting her test scores? - correct answer The norm group is not relevant. Miguel's score on a reading comprehension test is in the 80th percentile. This means that Miguel - correct answer scored higher than 80 percent of the students who took the test

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Z scores, T scores, and deviation IQs are examples of - correct answer standard scores. A T score has a fixed mean of __________ and a fixed standard deviation of ___________. - correct answer 50; 10 A raw score can be transformed into any type of standard score by first - correct answer converting the raw score to a Z score. Which type of normalized standard score is widely used in education and categorizes test performance in nine broad units? - correct answer Stanines Grade equivalents are useful because they - correct answer can easily provide a basis of comparison of a student's performance with other students at a given grade level. A school interested in measuring students' progress in academic subjects throughout the school years might

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choose to use - correct answer growth scale values (GSV). In order to convert a raw score to a Z score, the following values are needed: - correct answer the raw score of the test taker, (2) the mean of the raw scores, and (3) the standard deviation of the raw scores. If the reliability coefficient of a test is determined to be .27, what percentage is attributed to random chance or error? - correct answer 73% The test manual reports a reliability coefficient (r) of .92, which means: - correct answer 92% of the variance in scores is explained by real differences The researcher determines that the reliability coefficient is .65. This means the reliability is: - correct answer not generally acceptable The researcher reports the standard error of measurement (SEM). This is: -

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correct answer the spread of scores of a single individual if he/she took a test repeated times Jose has developed a test that has poor reliability. He can seek to increase reliability by: - correct answer increasing the number of test questions Keisha receives a 79 on the test. This is her: Group of answer choices true score reported score observed score predicted score - correct answer observed score When the researcher interprets the reliability coefficient, the closer the score is to 0: - correct answer the more the scores represent random error Validity coefficients greater than _________ are considered in the very high range. - correct answer. Criterion-referenced tests refer to instruments that: - correct answer Compare scores to a pre-established standard

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Norm-referenced tests refer to instruments that: - correct answer Compare scores to a norm group What can be inferred from an individual scoring in the 93rd percentile on a measure of a particular phenomenon? - correct answer They are in the top 3% An example of a construct is: - correct answer Depression The label treatment, waitlist, and alternative treatment are examples of which kind of scale? - correct answer Nominal Having clients' rank preferences is an example of what kind of scale? - correct answer Ordinal A Likert-type scale is an example of which kind of scale? - correct answer Interval

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Frequency distributions demonstrate: - correct answer How an individual fits into a group of scores What is the mean for the following values?: 18, 18, 74, 32, 34, 43 - correct answer 36. What is the mode for the following values?: 18, 18, 74, 32, 34, 43 - correct answer 18 Which is the best measure of central tendency? - correct answer It depends What is the outlier for the following values?: 18, 18, 74, 32, 34, 43 - correct answer 74 When the mode is less than the mean, a distribution is: - correct answer Positively skewed

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When the mode is greater than the mean, a distribution is: - correct answer Negatively skewed Standard deviation is: - correct answer Average distance of a score from the mean Generalizability is demonstrated by: - correct answer Rich descriptions of population characteristics AND A variety of mathematical procedures that consider sample size