Stott Pilates Exam Preparation, Exams of Animal Anatomy and Physiology

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Stott Pilates Exam Preparation Latest Update 2023-

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Which muscles oppose each other on the anteriorposterior sides of the foot? - correct answers ✅Anterior: Dorsiflexors Posterior: Plantar Flexors Which muscles oppose each other on the later and rotary sides of the foot? - correct answers ✅Lateral: Tibialis Peroneals What is the function of Tibialis anterior? - correct answers ✅dorsiflexing and inverting the foot. What is the function of the peroneas muscles? - correct answers ✅Primarily responsible for eversion of the foot. peroneus longus and brevis plantarflex the foot, while the peroneus tertius dorsiflexes it. What are the opposing anteroposterior muscles of the knee? - correct answers ✅The hamstrings, gastrocnemius and the popliteus oppose the hamstrings. The transverse plane divides the body into _________ and _______ segments.

• correct answers ✅Superior and inferior segments of the body

The Frontal plane divides the body into ____________ and ___________ segments. - correct answers ✅Anterior and posterior (front/back) segments. The sagital plane divides the body into ________ and ________ segments - correct answers ✅Left and right segments Medial is a directional term for: - correct answers ✅Closest to the midline of the body. Lateral is a directional term for: - correct answers ✅Away from the midline of the body Proximal/central means ________ to the trunk or midline of the body. - correct answers ✅closer Distal/peripheral means ________ from the trunk or midline of the body. - correct answers ✅away Superior is a directional term for: - correct answers ✅above or towards the head

Rotational movements happen around which central point? - correct answers ✅The axis of the spine. List the 4 actions of the neck (cervical spine) - correct answers ✅Flexion Extension Lateral flexion Rotation Describe the action of shoulder flexion and extension. - correct answers ✅Arm reaches up overhead (vertical flexion) Arm reaches back behind the body (vertical extension) Describe the actions of shoulder abduction and adduction. - correct answers ✅Arm moves away from the midline (abduction) Arm moves towards the midline (adduction) can also done horizontally as in when client is supine. Describe the actions of internal rotation and external rotation of the shoulder.

• correct answers ✅Internal rotation - palm moves toward the body. External rotation - palm moves away from the body.

Describe the actions of protraction and retraction of the scapula. - correct answers ✅protraction - scapular borders moves away from the midline (the spine) retraction - scapular boarders moves toward the midline (the spine) List the 6 actions of the scapula - correct answers ✅Protraction Retraction Elevation Depression Upward rotation Downward rotation What muscles are responsible for scapular protraction? - correct answers ✅Pectoralis minor, pectoralis major, serratus anterior What muscles are responsible for scapular retraction? - correct answers ✅Trapezius, rhomboids, Latissimus dorsi What muscles are responsible for scapular elevation? - correct answers ✅Upper Trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboids

What is scapular tipping? - correct answers ✅Protrusion of the inferior boarder/angle of the scapulae Name the muscles/muscle groups and their disfunction that may cause scapular tipping: - correct answers ✅- tight/short pectoralis minor muscle - Pec minor attaches to the scapula at the coracoid process. If it is tight, it will pull it forward. Weak lower trap - responsible for a downward pull of the scapula. If you have a weak lower trap and a tight pec minor, the resting position of the scapula will bias towards anterior tipping. faulty posture (kyphosis) Name the rotator cuff muscles (SITS) - correct answers ✅S.I.T.S. supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis Describe the 2 actions of the forearm: - correct answers ✅Supination - palm facing up

pronation - palm facing down Describe the two actions of the elbow joint: - correct answers ✅Flexion - palm moves proximally (towards shoulder) Extension - palm moves distally What are the anteroposterior muscles of the hip? - correct answers ✅Anterior: Iliopsoas, rectus femoris, tensor fasciae latae, sartorius Posterior: Glutes and hamstrings Describe the 6 actions of the hip joint - correct answers ✅Abduction - leg moves away from midline adduction - leg moves toward midline flexion - femur moves proximally extension - femur moves distally Internal rotation - Femur spirals in socket toward midline External rotation - femur spirals in socket away from midline What muscles are responsible/involved in hip flexion? (7 primary) - correct answers ✅Psoas Major* Iliacus*

Adductor longis adductor magnus Adductor minimus Gracilis Pectineus What muscles are responsible for hip internal rotation? - correct answers ✅Tensor fasciae latae (outer hip) parts of the gluteus medius and the gluteus minimus the adductor longus, brevis, and magnus (inner thigh) the pectineus (upper frontal thigh) What muscles are responsible for hip external rotation? - correct answers ✅Lateral rotator group Piriformis Gluteus maximus (lower fibers) Gluteus medius and minimus Describe the two actions of the ankle - correct answers ✅Dorsiflexion - toes towards the nose Plantar flexion - toes away from nose (pointed)

What is the rotator cuff? - correct answers ✅a group of muscles and tendons that surround the shoulder joint, keeping the head of your upper arm bone firmly within the shallow socket of the shoulder. help stabilize the shoulder What posterior muscles of the trunk exert an upward posterior pull on the pelvis? - correct answers ✅Erector spinae, Quadratus lumborum (attaches to the posterior superior part of the pelvis) What anterior muscles of the trunk exert an upward anterior pull on the pelvis? - correct answers ✅Rectus abdominus, external obliques (RA attaches to symphysis pubis, EO attaches to ASIS) What posterior muscles of the body exert a downward posterior pull on the pelvis? - correct answers ✅Gluteus maximus, hamstrings (attach to the ilium, sacrum and ischium) What anterior muscles of the body exert a downward anterior pull on the pelvis? - correct answers ✅The hip flexors, rectus femoris, tensor fasciae latae, sartorius, iliopsoas (attached to the lumbar spine and ilium)