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Straighterline CHEM101 Final Exam With

100% Correct And Verified Answers

Mass Number - Correct Answer-total number of neutrons and protons in an atom; # protons + # electrons p - Correct Answer-Most nonmetallic elements are found in which block of the periodic table? Positive matter is concentrated in the central core - Correct Answer-Ernest Rutherford disproved J.J. Thomson's plum-pudding model of the atom by showing that... Potassium - Correct Answer-Plants use up copious amounts of which alkali metal, preventing most of it from being washed out to sea? 2:1:1:2 - Correct Answer-What is the ratio of reactants and products in the chemical equation? __NaOH + __H2SO4 --> __Na2SO4 + __H2O the number of ATOMS in 12g of Carbon- 1 g = 6.022 × 1023 amu - Correct Answer-What is Avogadro's number? Mg - Correct Answer-What is the reducing agent in the following equation? Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) -> MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) (s) < (l) < (g) - Correct Answer-Which arrangement accurately describes the standard entropy values at different phases? 2, 8, 20, 50, 82 or 126 protons - Correct Answer-What are the most stable isotopes? S = oxidized N = reduced - Correct Answer-What element has been oxidized and what element has been reduced? 3CuS + 8HNO3 --> 3CuSO4 + 8NO + 4H2O multiply the atomic mass (grams) by the number of moles - Correct Answer- How do you convert from moles to grams?

Divide the total number of grams by the atomic mass (grams) of 1 mole - Correct Answer-How do you convert from grams to moles? Mass - Correct Answer-measure of the amount of matter Compound - Correct Answer-made from atoms of 2+ elements that are chemically bonded; cannot be separated into simpler substances by any physical process; can be separated by a chemical reaction Solid - Correct Answer-Definite shape and volume Doesn't conform to shape of container Particles are very close together in orderly fashion with little freedom of motion Liquid - Correct Answer-Definite volume, indefinite shape Conforms to shape of the part of the container it fills Particles are close together but not rigidly in position with freedom to move past each other Gas - Correct Answer-No definite shape or volume Conforms to shape and volume of container Particles separated by distances very large compared to size of particles Physical Property - Correct Answer-Color, melting point, boiling point Observed and measured without changing identity of substance Chemical Property - Correct Answer-Observed by performing a chemical change Mixture - Correct Answer-Combination of 2+ elements, each retains its identity and properties Can be separated by physical means into pure components without changing identity of compounds Pure Substance - Correct Answer-fixed composition and differs from a mixture (every sample has same properties and composition) Polyatomic Ion - Correct Answer-molecule with a charge contain more than 1 atom chemically bonded together ions - Correct Answer-atoms with charge formed by loss or gain of an electron Cation - Correct Answer-positive ion, may have roman numeral Anion - Correct Answer-negative ion, element ends in -ide

isotope - Correct Answer-atom of an element that has a different mass because of a different number of neutrons, but same atomic number Atomic Number - Correct Answer-total number of protons in an atom; also indicates number of electrons Catalyst - Correct Answer-additional reactant that increases the rate of a reaction with a lower activation energy Surface area Concentration Temperature Catalyst - Correct Answer-What 4 factors impact the rate of a reaction? exothermic reaction - Correct Answer-A reaction that RELEASES energy in the form of heat endothermic reaction - Correct Answer-A reaction that ABSORBS energy in the form of heat 6.022 x 10^23 particles - Correct Answer-How many particles/atoms/molecules are in a mole? Amount of area exposed for the reaction of a solid - Correct Answer-Surface area impacts rate of reaction how? increase the # of reactants in the container, more collisions occur w/enough energy & proper orientation - Correct Answer-Concentration impacts rate of reaction how? Higher temperature....more motion....more forceful or higher energy collisions - Correct Answer-Temperature impacts rate of reaction how? Boyle's Law - Correct Answer-pressure increases, volume decreases pV = constant or p1V1 = p2V Charles' Law - Correct Answer-Volume goes up, then temperature goes up, pressure remains the same V/T = constant or V1/T1 = V2/T Avogadro's Law - Correct Answer-volume increases with number increases v/n Guy-Lussac's Law - Correct Answer-increase in temperature & increase in pressure

p/T = constant or p1/T1 = p2/T Ideal Gas Law - Correct Answer-PV = nRT when 3 variables are given in an question - Correct Answer-When do you use the Ideal gas law?

• reacting particles must collide
• collisions have proper orientation
• particles must have a strong enough energy to collide - Correct Answer- Name three ways reactions occur? limiting reactant - Correct Answer-reactant that gets completely used up, which stops the reaction & thus limits the amount of product made absolute zero - Correct Answer-0 Kelvin Substance - Correct Answer-form of matter that has definite (constant) composition and distinct properties Ex: salt (sodium chloride), iron, water, CO condensed phases - Correct Answer-solids and liquids fluids - Correct Answer-liquids and gases Heterogenous Mixture - Correct Answer-composition is NOT uniform throughout Ex: mix sand and iron fillings Homogenous Mixture - Correct Answer-composition is uniform throughout; solution Ex: dissolve sugar in water Quantative Properties - Correct Answer-measured, expressed using numbers and units K = degrees C + 273.15 - Correct Answer-Celsius to Kelvin central science - Correct Answer-Chemistry is referred to ____ ____ because knowledge of the principles of chemistry facilitate understanding of other sciences Chemistry - Correct Answer-the study of matter and how it changes Scientific Method - Correct Answer-Observation > Hypothesis > Experiment

Model/Theory > Further Experiment

observations > laws data > hypotheses successful hypotheses > theories C = (degrees F - 32) (5/9) - Correct Answer-Fahrenheit to Celsius F = (degrees C + 32) (9/5) - Correct Answer-Celsius to Fahrenheit d = m/v - Correct Answer-find density v = m/d - Correct Answer-find volume m = dv - Correct Answer-find mass Qualitative Property - Correct Answer-doesn't require explicit measurement physical change - Correct Answer-state of matter changes, but identity of matter doesn't change chemical change - Correct Answer-substance is transformed into different substance(s) extensive property - Correct Answer-measured value depends on amount of matter; values of same extensive properties can be added Ex: mass, length intensive property - Correct Answer-value does NOT depend on matter; cannot be added Ex: density, temperature accuracy - Correct Answer-how close a measurement is to the true value precision - Correct Answer-how close a group of measurements are to each other inexact numbers - Correct Answer-meausured numbers exact numbers - Correct Answer-numbers obtained by counting or are part of a definition dimensional analysis - Correct Answer-series of unit conversions used in solution of multi-step problem Radiation - Correct Answer-emission and transmission of energy through space in the form of waves

= charge / charge or mass - Correct Answer-mass of an electron alpha rays - Correct Answer-Positively charged particles (helium nuclei) deflected AWAY from the positively charged plate. beta rays - Correct Answer-electrons deflected away from the NEGATIVELY charged plate gamma rays - Correct Answer-high-energy, no charge, unaffected by external electric or magnetic fields Thomson's Plum Pudding Model - Correct Answer-Electrons are spread throughout the atom, like blueberries in a muffin periods - Correct Answer-horizontal rows groups/families - Correct Answer-vertical columns metal - Correct Answer-good conductor of heat and electricity Nonmetal - Correct Answer-poor conductor of heat and electricity Metalloid - Correct Answer-properties of both metals and nonmetals alkali metals - Correct Answer-Group 1A alkaline earth metals - Correct Answer-group 2A chalcogens - Correct Answer-Group 6A halogens - Correct Answer-Group 7A noble gases - Correct Answer-Group 8A transition metals - Correct Answer-groups 1B and 3b-8b oxygen - Correct Answer-most naturally abundant element atomic mass unit (amu) - Correct Answer-one twelfth the mass of a carbon- 12 atom 12.01 amu - Correct Answer-atomic mass of carbon mass spectrometer - Correct Answer-an instrument used to determine the relative masses of atoms by the deflection of their ions on a magnetic field

monatomic gases - Correct Answer-noble gases, single atom, exist in form of isolated atoms under ordinary conditions ionic bonds - Correct Answer-ions that make up an ionic compound are held together by strong electrostatic forces groups 1A, 2A, 3A - Correct Answer-cations from these groups have charges equal to their respective group numbers groups 4A-7A - Correct Answer-most anions in these groups have charges equal to the corresponding number minus 8 empirical fromula - Correct Answer-indicate ratio of combination lattice - Correct Answer-vast, highly ordered, 3-D array of interspersed cations and anions oxoanions - Correct Answer-polyatomic anions that contain 1+ oxygen atoms Ex: chlorate (CIO3-), nitrate (NO3-), sulfate (SO4 2-) hydrates - Correct Answer-ionic compounds that also contain water molecules Ex: BaCl2 x H2O (barium chloride dihydrate) LiCl x H2O (lithium chloride monohydrate) MgSO4 x 7H2O (magnesium sulfate heptahydrate) Sr(NO3)2 x 4H2O (strontium nitrate tetrahydrate) anhydrous - Correct Answer-compound without water acids - Correct Answer-produces H+ ions when dissolved in water oxoacids - Correct Answer-ionize to produce hydrogen ions and the corresponding oxoanions inorganic compounds - Correct Answer-do not contain carbon organic compounds - Correct Answer-contain carbon and hydrogen Hydrocarbons - Correct Answer-simplest organic compounds alkanes - Correct Answer-Hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds empirical formula - Correct Answer-a chemical formula showing the ratio of elements in a compound rather than the total number of atoms

atomic theory - Correct Answer-formed by Dalton states that all matter is made of tiny particles called atoms law of definite proportions - Correct Answer-any sample of a given compound will always contain the same elements in the same mass ratio law of multiple proportions - Correct Answer-if two elements can form more than one compound with one another, the mass ratio of one will be related to the mass ratio of the other by a small whole number law of conservation of mass - Correct Answer-matter can be neither created nor destroyed monatomic/atomic ion - Correct Answer-consists of just 1 atom ionic compound - Correct Answer-consists of cations and anions in an electrically neutral combination Molecule - Correct Answer-electrically neutral group of 2+ atoms diatomic molecule - Correct Answer-A molecule consisting of only two atoms homonuclear - Correct Answer-diatomic molecule, just 1 kind of atom heteronuclear - Correct Answer-diatomic molecule, 2 kinds of atoms polyatomic molecule - Correct Answer-molecules containing more than two atoms chemical formula - Correct Answer-denotes the composition of the substance molecular formula - Correct Answer-specifies the actual number of atoms of each element in one molecule structural formula - Correct Answer-shows arrangement of atoms allotrope - Correct Answer-One of two or more different forms of an element binary compounds - Correct Answer-compounds composed of two elements ionizable hydrogen atom - Correct Answer-can be removed in water to become a H+ ion polyprotic acid - Correct Answer-acids with more than one ionizable hydrogen atom

functional group - Correct Answer-group of atoms that determines the chemical properties of an organic compound combustion - Correct Answer-____ of a hydrocarbon produces CO2 and H2O refers to chemical combination with O calcium - Correct Answer-most abundant metal in human body excess reactant - Correct Answer-present in quantities greater than necessary to react with the quantity of the limiting reactant (actual yield / theoretical yield) x 100% - Correct Answer-equation for percentage yield aqueous - Correct Answer-dissolved in water theoretical yield - Correct Answer-amount of product that will form if all the limiting reactant is consumed by the desired reaction actual yield - Correct Answer-amount of product actually recovered [(n x atomic mass of element) / molecular or formulas mass of compound] x 100% - Correct Answer-% by mass of an element solution - Correct Answer-A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances solvent - Correct Answer-the substance present in the largest amount solute - Correct Answer-any substance present in a smaller amount electrolyte - Correct Answer-a substance that dissolves in water to yield a solution that conducts electricity nonelectrolyte - Correct Answer-a substance that dissolves in water to yield a solution that does not conduct electricity Dissociation - Correct Answer-the process by which an ionic compound, upon dissolution, breaks apart into its constituent ions strong electrolyte - Correct Answer-An electrolyte that dissociates completely weak electrolyte - Correct Answer-a compound that produces ions upon dissolving but exists in solution predominantly as molecules that are not ionized HCl

HBr HI HNO HClO HClO H2SO4 or HSO4- - Correct Answer-7 strong acids Solubility - Correct Answer-maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given quantity of solvent at a specific temperature strong acids - Correct Answer-HCl HBr HI HNO HClO HClO H2SO strong bases - Correct Answer-LiOH NaOH KOH RbOH CsOH Ca(OH) Sr(OH) Ba(OH) redox/reduction reaction - Correct Answer-chemical reaction in which electrons are transferred from one reactant to another oxidized - Correct Answer-loses electrons reduced - Correct Answer-gains electrons 0 - Correct Answer-The oxidation number of any element, in its elemental form, is... -1 - Correct Answer-Fluorine oxidation # +1 - Correct Answer-group 1A oxidation # +2 - Correct Answer-group aA oxidation # +1; -1 if combined with group 1A or 2A metals to form a metal hydride - Correct Answer- H oxidation #

-2; other -# if combined with a higher element that necessitates it having a different ox.

- Correct Answer-O oxidation

-1; other +# if combined with a higher element that necessitates it having a different ox.

- Correct Answer-group 7A (other than fluorine) oxidation

Concentration - Correct Answer-amount of solute dissolved in a given quantity of solvent or solution molarity (molar concentration) - Correct Answer-the number of moles of solute per liter of solution molarity (M) = mol solute (m)/ liters solute (L) L = mol /M mol = M x L quantitative analysis - Correct Answer-Experiments that measure the amount of a substance present gravimetric analysis - Correct Answer-an analytical technique based on the measurement of mass. yes - Correct Answer-Are acids and bases electrolytes? precipitation reaction - Correct Answer-results in the formation of an insoluble product called a precipitate Arrhenius acids - Correct Answer-ionize in water to give H+ ions Arrhenius bases - Correct Answer-ionize (or dissociate) in water to give OH− ions bronsted acids - Correct Answer-donate protons (H+ ions) bronsted bases - Correct Answer-accept protons neutralization reaction - Correct Answer-reaction of an acid and base products are water and a salt oxidizing agent - Correct Answer-gets reduced reducing agent - Correct Answer-gets oxidized Beer-Lambert law - Correct Answer-relates the absorbance of a solution to its concentration and the path length through which the light passes titration - Correct Answer-involves an acid-base reaction

Typically, a solution of known concentration (a standard solution) is added gradually to a solution of unknown concentration with the goal of determining the unknown concentration. equivalence point - Correct Answer-The point at which the reaction in the titration is complete indicator - Correct Answer-a substance that changes color at or near the equivalence point of a titration endpoint - Correct Answer-The point at which the indicator changes color Mc × Lc = Md × Ld - Correct Answer-volume of concentrated solution is diluted moles of solute before dilution = moles of solute after dilution - Correct Answer- Mc × mLc = Md × mLd - Correct Answer- T = I / I0 - Correct Answer-In absorption spectrophotometry, transmittance (T) is equal to the ratio of transmitted light (I) to incident light (I0). A = -logT = -logI/I0 - Correct Answer-Absorbance (A) is equal to minus the log of transmittance. A = etc - Correct Answer-The Beer-Lambert law is used to determine concentration from absorbance (A), molar absorptivity (e), and path length (b) through the sample. Energy - Correct Answer-the capacity to do work or transfer heat kinetic energy - Correct Answer-energy of motion Ek = 1/2 mu^ m=mass u=velocity thermal energy - Correct Answer-energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules potential energy - Correct Answer-energy possessed by an object by virtue of its position chemical energy - Correct Answer-energy stored within the structural units (molecules or polyatomic ions) of chemical substances electrostatic energy - Correct Answer-potential energy that results from the interaction of charged particles

Law of Conservation of Energy - Correct Answer-When energy of one form disappears, the same amount of energy must appear in another form or forms Thermochemistry - Correct Answer-the study of heat changes in chemical reactions joule (J) - Correct Answer-SI unit of energy Kelvin - Correct Answer-SI unit for temperature kilogram - Correct Answer-SI unit for mass thermodynamics - Correct Answer-the scientific study of the interconversion of heat and other kinds of energy ^U = q + w q=heat (+ endothermic, - exothermic) w=work (+ work done on system, - work done by system) - Correct Answer-change in internal energy formula w = -P^V P=external pressure ^V=change in volume - Correct Answer-pressure-volume work formula enthalpy of reaction (ΔH) - Correct Answer-the difference between the enthalpies of the products and the enthalpies of the reactants ^H = H(products) - H(reactants) thermochemical equation - Correct Answer-chemical equations that show the enthalpy changes as well as the mass relationships specific heat - Correct Answer-the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of the substance by 1°C q = sm^T heat capacity - Correct Answer-the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of an object by 1°C q = C^T Hess's Law - Correct Answer-the change in enthalpy that occurs when reactants are converted to products in a reaction is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or in a series of steps system + surroundings = universe - Correct Answer- heat - Correct Answer-the flow of thermal energy between two bodies at different temperatures

calorimetry - Correct Answer-the science of measuring temperature changes to determine heats associated with chemical reactions; may be carried out at constant pressure or volume ^U = q - P^V - Correct Answer-change in internal energy of a system (q)v = ^U - Correct Answer-heat released or absorbed at constant volume formula (q)p = ^U + P^V - Correct Answer-heat released or absorbed at constant pressure ^H = ^U + P^V - Correct Answer-change in enthalpy formula Wavelength - Correct Answer-The distance between 2 crests of a wave Frequency - Correct Answer-The number of waves that pass a point per unit time Amplitude - Correct Answer-the distance from the midpoint to the crest (or trough) of the wave electromagnetic waves - Correct Answer-have both electric and magnetic components that are both mutually perpendicular and in phase quanta - Correct Answer-Max Planck said energy is composed of this particle photon - Correct Answer-a quantum of light ground state - Correct Answer-the lowest possible energy state for an atom excited state - Correct Answer-any energy level higher than the ground state node - Correct Answer-a point at which a standing wave has zero amplitude de Broglie wavelength - Correct Answer-the wavelength associated with a particle of very small mass 1s22s22p63s23p5, p-block, main group - Correct Answer- 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s1, s-block, main group - Correct Answer- 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d2, d-block, transition metal - Correct Answer- L to R = decreasing T to B = increasing - Correct Answer-atomic radius trends metals - Correct Answer-Be shiny, lustrous, and malleable

Be good conductors of both heat and electricity Have low ionization energies (so they commonly form cations) Form ionic compounds with chlorine (metal chlorides) Form basic, ionic compounds with oxygen (metal oxides) Nonmetals - Correct Answer-Vary in color and lack the shiny appearance associated with metals Be brittle, rather than malleable Be poor conductors of both heat and electricity Form acidic, molecular compounds with oxygen Have high electron affinities (so they commonly form anions) Group 1A characteristics - Correct Answer-- low ionization energies

• easy to become M+ ions
• very reactive
• highly reactive with water, O, and acids to produce H gas and metal hydroxides
• ns Group 2A characteristics - Correct Answer-- both 1st and 2nd ionization energies decrease
• metallic character increases
• tend to form M2+ ions
• ns group 3A characteristics - Correct Answer-- Boron is metalloid, rest are metals
• B doesn't form binary compounds and is unreactive in O2 and H2O
• ns2, np group 4A characteristics - Correct Answer-- don't react with water
• react with aqueous acid to produce H gas (H2)
• +2 (Pb) and +4 (C, Si) ox. states
• ns2, np group 5A characteristics - Correct Answer-- ns2, np -bismuth least reactive group 6A characteristics - Correct Answer-- ns2, np
• O, S2-, and Te2- accept 2 electrons Group 7A characteristics - Correct Answer-- ns2, np
• high ionization energies
• large energetically favorable electron affinities
• fluorine most reactive
• hydrofluoric acid HF is weak acid/electrolyte, but all others are strong Group 8A characteristics - Correct Answer-- ns2, np

• completely filled outer ns and np subshells, other than He (1s2)
• highest ionization energies
• electron affinities less than 0, so no tendency to accept electrons s- and p- block elements - Correct Answer-groups 1A-8A d-block elements - Correct Answer-groups 1B-8B effective nuclear charge = nuclear charge - shielding constant - Correct Answer- f- block elements - Correct Answer-lanthanides and actinides; incompletely filled f subshells main group elements - Correct Answer-Lewis dot symbol is same as traditional group number for these elements main group metals - Correct Answer-number of dots in the Lewis dot symbol is the number of electrons that are lost when the atom forms a cation that is isoelectronic with the preceding noble gas single bond - Correct Answer-one pair of shared electrons multiple bonds - Correct Answer-share more than 1 pair (double bond, triple bond) polar bonds - Correct Answer-unequal sharing of electrons densities of gases are much smaller than those of liquids and solids and are highly variable depending on temperature and pressure - Correct Answer- pressure - Correct Answer-gases exert... surface tension - Correct Answer-net pull inward on molecules at the surface of a liquid cohesion - Correct Answer-attractive forces between molecules within a substance adhesion - Correct Answer-attractive forces between molecules in a substance and their container melting/fusion - Correct Answer-solid to liquid sublimation - Correct Answer-solid to gas freezing - Correct Answer-liquid to solid Vaporization - Correct Answer-Liquid to gas

condensation - Correct Answer-Gas to liquid deposition - Correct Answer-gas to solid polymer - Correct Answer-made up of monomers Superconductor - Correct Answer-no resistance to electric flow saturated solution - Correct Answer-a solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute unsaturated solution - Correct Answer-A solution that contains less than the maximum amount of solute supersaturated solution - Correct Answer-contains more dissolved solute than specified miscible - Correct Answer-2 liquids soluble in each other molality - Correct Answer-moles of solute/kg of solvent percent by mass - Correct Answer-mass of solute/mass of solution x 100 increases, decreases - Correct Answer-increasing temp. ______ solubility of most solids in water and ______ solubility of most gases in water colloid - Correct Answer-dispersion of particles of 1 substance in another substance hydrophilic - Correct Answer-water loving hydrophobic - Correct Answer-Water fearing equilibrium - Correct Answer-the condition where the forward and reverse reactions are occurring at the same rate and there is no net change in the reactant and product concentrations over time conjugate base - Correct Answer-When a Brønsted acid donates a proton, the anion that remains is a... conjugate acid - Correct Answer-When a Brønsted base accepts a proton, the resulting cation is a... pH = 7.00 is neutral, pH < 7.00 is acidic, and pH > 7.00 is basic - Correct Answer- pOH = 7.00 is neutral, pOH < 7.00 is basic, and pOH > 7.00 is acidic - Correct Answer-

weak/strong acid/base has a conjugate of the opposite strength and acid/base - Correct Answer- cathode - Correct Answer-The electrode at which reduction occurs anode - Correct Answer-the electrode at which oxidation occurs batteries - Correct Answer-portable, self-contained sources of electric energy consisting of galvanic cells—or a series of galvanic cells fuel cells - Correct Answer-not really batteries but also supply electric energy via a spontaneous redox reaction. Reactants must be supplied constantly for a fuel cell to operate nuclear fission - Correct Answer-splitting of a large nucleus into two smaller nuclei and one or more neutrons transition metals - Correct Answer-have incompletely filled d subshells or readily give rise to cations that have incompletely filled d subshells ores - Correct Answer-minerals with high metal content alloy - Correct Answer-a solid mixture of one or more metals, sometimes also containing one or more nonmetals conductor - Correct Answer-electrons can be readily promoted to the conduction band, where they are free to move through the substance insulator - Correct Answer-the energy gap between the valence band and the conduction band is so large that electrons cannot be promoted into the conduction band semiconductor - Correct Answer-substances that normally are not conductors but will conduct electricity at elevated temperatures or when combined with a small amount of certain other elements alkali metals - Correct Answer-most reactive metals, oxidation state of + alkaline earth metals - Correct Answer-somewhat less reactive than alkali metals, oxidation state of + elemental N (N2) contains a triple bond and is very stable - Correct Answer- organic chemistry - Correct Answer-study of carbon-based substances Aromatic compounds - Correct Answer-contain a benzene ring

aliphatic compounds - Correct Answer-do not contain benzene rings amino acid - Correct Answer-contains both carboxyl group and amino group Polysaccharides - Correct Answer-polymers of sugars Surface area impacts rate of reaction how? - Correct Answer-Amount of area exposed for the reaction of a solid. Concentration impacts rate of reaction how? - Correct Answer-increase the # of reactants in the container, more collisions occur w/enough energy & proper orientation. Temperature impacts rate of reaction how? - Correct Answer-Higher temperature....more motion....more forceful or higher energy collisions. What is ideal gas behaviour? - Correct Answer-All gases behave the same way physically, especially at high or low temperatures force - Correct Answer-mass changing direction or speed = mass x acceleration covalent bonds - Correct Answer-what bond is non-metal to non-metal, uses prefixes? ionic bonds - Correct Answer-What bond is metal & non-metal or metal & polyatomic Name the four colligative properties - Correct Answer-1. Vapor-pressure lowering

2. Boiling-point elevation
3. Freezing-point depression
4. Osmotic pressure What is mass spectrometry used for? - Correct Answer-used to determine the relative mass of an element from its isotopic composition Where is an electron found? - Correct Answer-Electrons occupy the space outside of the nucleus Sub levels (s,p,d,f) - Correct Answer-S= holds up to 2e- P= holds up to 6e- D= holds up to 10e- F= holds up to 14e- relationship between color, wavelength, frequency and energy across the electromagnetic spectrum - Correct Answer-- red light has longer wavelength than blue light

• shorter wavelengths have higher frequencies shorter wavelengths have increased energy

phase diagram - Correct Answer-diagram depicting the phases of a substance at different temperatures and pressures viscosity - Correct Answer-The solubility of ionic compounds in water is mainly determined by _________ forces. crystalline and amorphous - Correct Answer-2 categories of solids non bonded, metallic, network covalent - Correct Answer-Three types of atomic solids effusion - Correct Answer-the transfer of gas through a small orifice into an evacuated chamber Raoult's Law - Correct Answer-applies to a solution comprised of a non-volatile solute and is the relationship between the vapor pressure of the solution and the vapor pressure of the pure solvent Mg+ and Ca+ - Correct Answer-Two dissolved ions in hard water precipitate - Correct Answer-When a solid comes out of a solution, the solid is called Pauli exclusion principle - Correct Answer-The fact that two electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spins is called the disproportionation reaction - Correct Answer-A reaction in which the same element gains and loses electrons is known as a ammonia - Correct Answer-The Haber process is used to manufacture crystal field model - Correct Answer-The ________ is a point charge model that involves metal d orbitals and ligands electrochemical series - Correct Answer-_____ is a trend that describes ligands from strong field to weak field. lanthanide contraction - Correct Answer-A reduction in atomic radii caused by the 4f electrons being close to the nucleus is called ______. unidentate - Correct Answer-A ligand that forms one bond to the metal is called a(n)

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-2 oxygen -1 group 17 +2 group 2A +1 group 1A

-1 or +1 Hydrogen - Correct Answer-oxidation states