Straighterline Chemistry Final Exams with 100% CORRECT verified Questions and Answers 2024, Exams of Health sciences

Download Straighterline Chemistry Final Exams with 100% CORRECT verified Questions and Answers 2024 and more Exams Health sciences in PDF only on Docsity! Straighterline Chemistry Final Exams with 100% CORRECT verified Questions and Answers 2024/2025 What is the term used for findings that are summarized based on a pattern or trend? a. Law b. Hypothesis c. Theory d. Phenomena e. Prediction - Answer a. Law Which of the following is a tentative explanation for a set of observations? Select one: a. Law b. Hypothesis c. Theory d. Phenomena e. Prediction - Answer b. Hypothesis If a liquid contains 60% sugar and 40% water throughout its composition then what is it called? Select one: a. Solute b. Compound c. Homogeneous mixture d. Heterogeneous mixture e. Solvent - Answer c. Homogeneous mixture Which of the following does not have a uniform composition throughout? Select one: a. Element b. Compound c. Homogeneous mixture d. Heterogeneous mixture e. Solvent - Answer d. Heterogeneous mixture Which one of these represents a physical change? Select one: a. Water, when heated, forms steam. b. Bleach turns hair yellow. c. Sugar, when heated, becomes brown. d. Milk turns sour. e. none of them - Answer b. 126 Which of these elements is chemically similar to magnesium? Select one: a. Sulfur b. Calcium c. Iron d. Nickel e. Potassium - Answer b. Calcium C(graphite) and C(diamond) are examples of: Select one: a. isotopes of carbon. b. allotropes of carbon. c. the law of definite proportions. d. different carbon ions. - Answer b. allotropes of carbon. The 80Br- ion has Select one: a. 45 protons, 35 neutrons, 45 electrons. b. 35 protons, 45 neutrons, 34 electrons. c. 35 protons, 45 neutrons, 36 electrons. d. 45 protons, 35 neutrons, 46 electrons. e. 35 protons, 45 neutrons, 46 electrons. - Answer e. 35 protons, 45 neutrons, 46 electrons. The formula for sodium sulfide is Select one: a. NaS b. K2S c. NaS2 d. Na2S e. SeS - Answer d. Na2S Which one of the following formulas of ionic compounds is the least likely to be correct? Select one: a. NH4Cl b. Ba(OH)2 c. Na2SO4 d. Ca2NO3 e. Cu(CN)2 - Answer d. Ca2NO3 What is the name of ClO - ion? Select one: a. hypochlorite b. chlorate c. chlorite d. perchlorate e. perchlorite - Answer a. hypochlorite Which of the following is a molecular formula for a compound with an empirical formula of CH? Select one: a. C2H6 b. C3H9 c. C4H10 d. C6H6 e. None of the answers is correct. - Answer d. C6H6 Which is the correct electron configuration for gold? Select one: a. [Xe]4f145d96s2 b. [Xe]4f145d106s2 c. [Xe]4f135d106s2 d. [Xe]4f145d106s1 e. None of the electron configurations is correct. - Answer d. [Xe]4f145d106s1 A(n) is a point at which a standing wave has zero amplitude. Select one: a. crevice b. node c. pit d. burrow e. orbital - Answer b. node The Pauli exclusion principle states that no electrons within an atom can have the same quantum numbers. Select one: to bottom. c. Smaller nuclear charge lowers energy; more electrons in an orbital lowers energy. d. Atomic radius increases diagonally across the periodic table. e. None of the answers is correct. - Answer a. Atomic radius decreases moving from left to right across a period and increases from top to bottom. Which of these choices is the electron configuration of the iron(III) ion? Select one: a. [Ar]3d5 b. [Ar]4s13d5 c. [Ar]4s23d3 d. [Ar]3d6 e. [Ar]4s23d9 - Answer a. [Ar]3d5 An element with the general electron configuration for its outermost electrons of ns2np1 would be in which element group? Select one: a. 2A b. 3A c. 4A d. 5A e. 8A - Answer b. 3A The effective nuclear charge for an atom is less than the actual nuclear charge due to Select one: a. shielding. b. penetration. c. paramagnetism. d. electron-pair repulsion. e. relativity. - Answer a. shielding. Which pair of ions exhibits the greatest attractive force between them? Select one: a. Na+ and Cl- b. Ca2+ and Cl- c. Na+ and S2- d. Al3+ and Mg2+ e. Mg2+ and O2- - Answer e. Mg2+ and O2- Which of the following is a basic oxide? Select one: a. P4O10 b. MgO c. Al2O3 d. SO2 e. Cl2O7 - Answer b. MgO Which of these compounds is most likely to be covalent? Select one: a. Rb2S b. SrCl2 c. CS2 d. CaO e. MgI2 - Answer c. CS2 In the Lewis structure of the iodate ion, IO3-, that satisfies the octet rule, the formal charge on the central iodine atom is b. SF2 c. KrF2 d. CO2 e. CCl4 - Answer b. SF2 According to the VSEPR model, a molecule with the general formula AB5 with one lone pair on the central atom will have a molecular geometry. Select one: a. tetrahedral b. trigonalbipyramidal c. square pyramidal d. octahedral e. seesaw - Answer c. square pyramidal Which is the most reasonable prediction for the three F-Br-F bond angles in BrF3? Select one: a. 90°, 90°, and 180° b. 86°, 94°, and 180° c. 86°, 86°, and 172° d. 94°, 94°, and 172° e. 120°, 120°, and 120° - Answer c. 86°, 86°, and 172° When PCl5 solidifies it forms PCl4+cations and PCl6- anions. According to valence bond theory, what hybrid orbitals are used by phosphorus in the PCl4+cation? Select one: a. sp b. sp2 c. sp3 d. sp3d e. sp3d2 - Answer c. sp3 What is the number of lone electron pairs on the central atom of a molecule having a trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry, such as NH3? Select one: a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 0 e. 4 - Answer a. 1 For which one of the following molecules is the indicated type of hybridization not appropriate for the central atom? Select one: a. BeCl2; sp2 b. SiH4; sp3 c. BF3; sp2 d. C2H2; sp e. H2O; sp3 - Answer a. BeCl2; sp2 According to the VSEPR model, the predicted molecular geometry of ammonia, NH3, is Select one: a. linear. b. trigonal planar. c. bent. d. tetrahedral. e. trigonal pyramidal. - Answer e. trigonal pyramidal. What is the mass of one copper atom? (NA = 6.022 × 1023 mol-1) Select one: a. 1.055 × 10-22 g b. 63.55 g c. 1 amu d. 1.66 × 10-24 g e. 9.476 × 1021 g - Answer a. 1.055 × 10-22 g What is the percent sulfur in iron(III) sulfate? Select one: a. 28% b. 32% c. 24% d. 48% e. 42% - Answer c. 24% Proteins found in humans are polymers that consist of different combinations of 20 amino acids. Proline, one of the 20 amino acids, has the molecular formula, C5H9NO2. If a human protein has 25 proline monomers, how many carbon atoms from proline are present in the protein? Select one: a. 4 C atoms b. 25 C atoms Which is a Lewis acid? Select one: a. CH3NH2 b. BCl3 c. F- d. BF4- e. CH4 - Answer b. BCl3 Which is an amphoteric oxide? Select one: a. Na2O b. MgO c. Al2O3 d. SO2 e. Cl2O7 - Answer c. Al2O3 What is the value of the equilibrium constant for the autoionization of water at 25°C? Select one: a. 1.0 × 10-7 b. 1.0 × 10-14 c. 1.0 × 1014 d. 1.0 × 107 e. 14 - Answer b. 1.0 × 10-14 Which is the strongest acid? Select one: a. SO42- b. H2SO3 c. H2SO4 d. HSO4- e. HSO3- - Answer C. H2SO4 In the van der Waals equation, the constant b is a constant that is part of a correction factor for . Select one: a. the volume of the gas b. the temperature of the gas c. the pressure of the gas d. the ideal gas constant - Answer a. the volume of the gas A sample of nitrogen gas at 298 K and 745 torr has a volume of 37.42 L. What volume will it occupy if the pressure is increased to 894 torr at constant temperature? Select one: a. 22.3 L b. 31.2 L c. 44.9 L d. 112 L e. 380 L - Answer b. 31.2 L If the atmospheric pressure in Denver is 0.8800 atm, what is this pressure expressed in mmHg? (1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 760 torr, 1 torr = 1 mmHg)? Select one: a. 151.5 mmHg b. 1.16 × 10-3 mmHg c. 863.6 mmHg d. 8.92 × 104 mmHg e. 668.8 mmHg - Answer e. 668.8 mmHg c. hydrogen bonding d. covalent bonds e. polar covalent bonds - Answer a. dipole-dipole forces Krypton has a higher melting point than argon because of its Select one: a. hydrogen bonding. b. stronger dispersion forces. c. permanent dipole moment. d. ionic bonds. e. greater ionization energy. - Answer b. stronger dispersion forces. Lead crystallizes in the face-centered cubic lattice. What is the coordination number for Pb? Select one: a. 4 b. 6 c. 8 d. 10 e. 12 - Answer e. 12 What states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas over the solution? Select one: a. Entropy b. Henry's law c. Dissolution d. Vapor pressure e. Enthalpy of salvation - Answer b. Henry's law Which of the following pairs of liquids is least likely to be miscible? Select one: a. Hexane-heptane b. Hexane-benzene c. Hexane-acetic acid d. Hexane-diethyl ether e. Acetic acid-acetone - Answer c. Hexane-acetic acid What is the name given to a solution that contains less solute than it has the capacity to dissolve? Select one: a. Unsaturated b. Saturated c. Solvented d. Oversaturated e. Supersaturated - Answer a. Unsaturated An emulsion is a dispersion consisting of a Select one: a. solid in a liquid. b. liquid in a liquid. c. gas in a liquid. d. liquid in a solid. e. gas in a solid. - Answer b. liquid in a liquid. Which is true regarding the solvation of a solute in a solvent? Select one: a. Separation of solute molecules from one another is an endothermic process, and separation of solvent molecules from one another is an exothermic process. b. Separation of solute molecules from one another is an exothermic process, and separation of solvent molecules from one another is an endothermic process. c. Separation of solute molecules from one another, and separation of solvent molecules from one another, are both endothermic processes. d. Separation of solute molecules from one another, and separation of solvent molecules from one another, are both exothermic processes. e. Separation of solute molecules from one another, and separation of solvent molecules from one another, both result in a decrease in entropy. - Answer b. Separation of solute molecules from one another is an exothermic process, and separation of solvent molecules from one another is an endothermic process. What name is given to a minor component in a solution? Select one: a. Solvent b. Unsaturated c. Saturated d. Solute e. Supersaturated - Answer d. Solute Which compound has the lowest solubility in pure water? Select one: a. Ag2C2O4, Ksp = 1.0 × 10-11 Select one: a. is greater than 7.0. b. is equal to 7.0. c. is less than 7.0. d. is equal to the pKa of the conjugate acid. e. is equal to the pKb of the base. - Answer c. is less than 7.0. Which is necessary for a process to be spontaneous? Select one: a. ΔHsys < 0 b. ΔSsys > 0 c. ΔSsurr < 0 d. ΔSuniv > 0 e. ΔGsys = 0 - Answer d. ΔSuniv > 0 As the molar mass of a compound increases, the entropy . Select one: a. decreases b. is constant c. increases - Answer c. increases The most probable state is the one with the . Select one: a. highest energy b. largest number of possible arrangements c. lowest number of possible arrangements d. most symmetry e. highest enthalpy - Answer b. largest number of possible arrangements A spontaneous endothermic reaction always Select one: a. causes the surroundings to get colder. b. bursts into flame. c. requires a spark to initiate it. d. releases heat to the surroundings. - Answer a. causes the surroundings to get colder. Which of the following is used to image the brain? Select one: a. 18O b. 131I c. 123I d. 24Na e. 99Tc - Answer c. 123I Which of the following is an advantage of nuclear power plants over coal-burning plants? Nuclear power plants Select one: a. form numerous radioactive fission products. b. do not pollute the air with SO2, soot, and fly-ash. Correct c. produce more thermal pollution than coal plants. d. use more fuel. - Answer b. do not pollute the air with SO2, soot, and fly-ash. Which isotope, when bombarded with nitrogen-15, yields four neutrons and the artificial isotope dubnium-260? Select one: a. Californium-245 b. Thorium-257 c. Nobelium-245 a. cobalt(III) chloride monohydrate b. aquatrichlorocobalt(II) c. aquatrichlorocobaltate(II) d. aquatrichlorocobaltite(I) e. monoaquotris(chloro)cobalt(IV) - Answer c. aquatrichlorocobaltate(II) In K4[Fe(CN)6], how many 3d electrons does the iron atom have? Select one: a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6 e. 7 - Answer d. 6 Write the formula for diamminedichloroethylenediaminecobalt(III) bromide. Select one: a. [CoCl2(en)(NH3)2]Br b. [CoCl2(en)(NH3) 2]Br2 c. [CoCl2(en)2(NH3)2]Br d. [CoCl2(en)2(NH3)2]Br2 e. (NH3)2Cl2(en)Co3Br - Answer a. [CoCl2(en)(NH3)2]Br In the complex ion [Co(en)2Br2]+, what is the oxidation number of Co? Select one: a. +1 b. +2 c. +3 d. -2 e. -1 - Answer c. +3 In which type of isomerism is there restricted rotation around a bond? Select one: a. Stereoisomers b. Geometrical isomers c. Constitutional isomers d. Conformational isomers e. Connectivity isomers - Answer b. Geometrical isomers What name is given to a compound containing a -CONH2 group? Select one: a. Aldehyde b. Amine c. Amide d. Carboxylic acid e. Ester - Answer c. Amide Bromination of benzene (C6H6), an aromatic compound, Select one: a. occurs by substitution rather than addition. b. occurs by addition rather than substitution. c. occurs more rapidly than bromination of a nonaromatic compound. d. results in the formation of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexabromocyclohexane. e. occurs in the absence of a catalyst. - Answer a. occurs by substitution rather than addition. The density of a substance is an intensive property. Select one: True False - Answer True The rusting of a piece of iron under environmental conditions is a physical change. Select one: True False - Answer False 77 K is colder than 4 K. Select one: True False - Answer False Zero kelvin 0 K < 0°F < 0°C Select one: True False - Answer True The number 6.0448, rounded to 3 decimal places, becomes 6.045. Select one: True False - Answer True A scoop of vanilla ice cream is a pure substance. Select one: True False - Answer False The juice from an orange is a mixture. Select one: True False - Answer True Moseley's measurements of nuclear charges of the elements provided the basis for arranging the elements of the periodic table in order of increasing atomic number. Select one: True False - Answer True Only valence electrons are shown in the Lewis structure held together by covalent bonds. Select one: True False - Answer True Unshared electrons are always shown in pairs around an atom. Select one: True False - Answer False Lewis theorized the octet rule to describe chemical bonding where atoms lose, gain, or share electrons in order to achieve a noble gas configuration. Select one: True False - Answer True Ionic compounds tend to form between metals and nonmetals when electrons are transferred from an element with high ionization energy (metal) to an element with a low electron affinity (nonmetal). Select one: True False - Answer False When an alkali metal combines with a nonmetal, a covalent bond is normally formed. Select one: True False - Answer False The empirical formula is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms representing a chemical formula of a molecule. Select one: True False - Answer True Many compounds can be represented with the same empirical formula. Select one: True False - Answer False The molecular formula is a whole number multiple of the empirical formula. Select one: True False - Answer True There is only one distinct empirical formula for each compound that exists. Select one: True False - Answer True Amphoteric oxides are compounds that exhibit both acidic and basic behavior. Select one: True False - Answer True If a strong acid such as HCl is diluted sufficiently with water, the pH will be higher than 7. Select one: True False - Answer False Kw = 1.0 × 10-14 under all conditions. Select one: True False - Answer False Ethanol (C2H5-OH) will have a greater viscosity than ethylene glycol (HO-CH2CH2-OH) at the same temperature. Select one: True False - Answer False Ice is less dense than water due to the formation of hydrogen bonds. Select one: True False - Answer True A face-centered crystal lattice has one atom in the center of the unit cell. Select one: True False - Answer False The energy of a hydrogen bond is greater than that of a typical covalent bond. Select one: True False - Answer False The maximum number of phases of a single substance which can coexist in equilibrium is two. Select one: True False - Answer False The endpoint is used to estimate the equivalence point. Select one: True False - Answer True If the pH of a buffer solution is greater than the pKa value of the buffer acid, the buffer will have more capacity to neutralize added base than added acid. Select one: True False - Answer False For a conjugate acid-base pair, Kw = Ka/Kb Select one: True Select one: True False - Answer False For stable atoms of elements having low atomic numbers (≤ 20), the neutron-to-proton ratio is close to zero. Select one: True False - Answer False Nuclear fission is the process in which a heavy nucleus (mass number > 200) divides to form smaller nuclei of intermediate mass and one or more protons. Select one: True False - Answer False Gamma rays are high energy electrons. Select one: True False - Answer False In a nuclear reaction elements are converted to other elements. Select one: True False - Answer True A nuclear reaction's reaction rate is affected by temperature, pressure, and catalysts. Select one: True False - Answer False The correct formula for the dibromobis(oxalato)cobaltate(III) ion is [Co(C2O4)Br2]3+. Select one: True False - Answer False The maximum oxidation state of an element in the first transition series never exceeds its group number. Select one: True False - Answer True In complexes of transition metals, the maximum coordination number of the metal is equal to its number of d electrons. Select one: True False - Answer False The systematic name of the coordination compound K2[Co(H2O)2I4] is potassium diaquotetraiodocobaltate(II). Select one: True False - Answer True A complex ion that undergoes a very slow exchange reaction is called an inert complex. Select one: True False - Answer True What is the vapor pressure above a beaker containing a solution of NaCl that is made up of 250ml of water and 12g of NaCl? a. 10.3 mmHg b. 23.4 mmHg c. 35.8 mmHg d. 63.2 mmHg - Answer b. 23.4 mmHg Plants use up copious amounts of which alkali metal, preventing most of it from being washed out to sea? a. lithium b. sodium What is the ratio of reactants and products in the chemical equation? NaOH + H2SO4 ==> Na2SO4 + H2O a. 1:1:1:1 b. 2:1:1:1 c. 1:1:1:2 d. 2:1:1:2 - Answer d. 2:1:1:2 The initial volume of a system containing 1 mole of an ideal gas at 292° Kelvin and 3 atm is 8 L. If the gas is cooled at constant volume until the pressure falls to 1.2 atm, then the gas is heated and expanded at constant pressure (1.2 atm) until the volume is 20 L and the temperature is 292° Kelvin, what is the overall work that has been done by the system? Select one: a. -5.29 kJ b. -1.46 kJ c. 3.84 kJ d. 12.78 kJ - Answer b. -1.46 kJ Most nonmetallic elements are found in which block of the periodic table of elements? Select one: a. s b. p c. d d. f - Answer b. p Which arrangement accurately describes the standard entropy values for Na at different phases? Select one: a. Na (g) < Na (s) < Na (l) b. Na (l) < Na (g) < Na (s) c. Na (s) < Na (l) < Na (g) d. Na (s) < Na (g) < Na (l) - Answer c. Na (s) < Na (l) < Na (g) What element has been oxidized and what element has been reduced in the redox reaction shown? 3CuS + 8HNO3 ==> 3CuSO4 + 8NO + 4H20 Select one: a. Copper has been oxidized; nitrogen has been reduced. b. Nitrogen has been oxidized; oxygen has been reduced. c. Sulfur has been oxidized; nitrogen has been reduced. d. Oxygen has been oxidized; copper has been reduced. - Answer c. Sulfur has been oxidized; nitrogen has been reduced. When iron ions react with water, some of the iron ions will combine with water molecules, like this: Fe3+(aq) + 3H2O(l) à Fe(OH)3(s) + 3H+(aq) In this case, is the iron ion acting like an acid or a base? Explain. B. Ecell = 1.80 V. Changing the concentration of sulfuric acid will increase Ecell because log Q will become smaller. C. Ecell = 1.81 V. Changing the concentration of sulfuric acid will not change Ecell. D. Ecell = 1.79 V. Changing the concentration of sulfuric acid will increase Ecell because log Q will become smaller. - Answer D. Ecell = 1.79 V. Changing the concentration of sulfuric acid will increase Ecell because log Q will become smaller. Acetic acid is a very important industrial chemical and is produced by this reaction: CH3OH(l) + CO(g) à CH3COOH(l) Calculate the value of the standard Gibbs Free Energy change for this reaction. Is acetic acid thermodynamically stable compared with liquid water at standard conditions? Explain. Compound Standard Gibbs Free Energy (kJ/mol) H2O (l) -237.1 CH3COOH -389.9 CH3OH (I) -166.6 CO (g) -137.3 A. ΔG°rxn = -86.0 kJ; At standard conditions, acetic acid is less thermodynamically stable than water because it has a more negative value of ΔG°. B. ΔG°rxn = -86.0 kJ; At standard conditions, acetic acid is more thermodynamically stable than water because it has a more negative value of ΔG°. C. ΔG°rxn = +86.0 kJ; At standard conditions, acetic acid is less thermodynamically stable than water because it has a more negative value of ΔG°. D. . ΔG°rxn = -0.017 kJ; At standard conditions, acetic acid is less thermodynamically stable than water because it has a more negative value of ΔG°. - Answer A. ΔG°rxn = - 86.0 kJ; At standard conditions, acetic acid is less thermodynamically stable than water because it has a more negative value of ΔG°. Acetylene (properly known as ethyne) and calcium hydroxide are the products of the reaction between calcium carbide (CaC2) and water. Ethyne can be easily set on fire. This can be done on the surface of an ice cube, giving it the appearance of "burning ice". Identify the balanced reaction for the combustion of ethyne and explain why it burns with intense heat. A. 2C2H2 + 5O2 à 4CO2 + 2H2O; There is a lot of energy released in this reaction because there is a triple bond between the carbons in ethyne, which contains a lot of energy, and this energy is released when the bonds are broken. B. C2H4 + 3O2 à 2CO2 + 2H2O; There is a lot of energy released in this reaction because there is a double bond between the carbons in ethyne, which contains a lot of energy, and this energy is released when the bonds are broken. C. C2H4 + 3O2 à 2CO2 + 2H2O; There is a lot of energy released in this reaction because the energy released when forming the chemical bonds in two moles of CO2 and two moles of water H2O is much more than the energy required to break the chemical bonds in one mole of ethyne and three moles of oxygen. D. 2C2H2 + 5O2 à 4CO2 + 2H2O; There is a lot of energy released in this reaction because the energy released when forming the chemical bonds in four moles of CO2 and two moles of water H2O is much more than the energy required to break the chemical bonds in two moles of ethyne and five moles of oxygen. - Answer D. 2C2H2 + 5O2 à 4CO2 + 2H2O; There is a lot of energy released in this reaction because the energy released when forming the chemical bonds in four moles of CO2 and two moles of water H2O is much more than the energy required to break the chemical bonds in two moles of ethyne and five moles of oxygen. In some enzymatic reactions, the product of the reaction that is catalyzed by the called - Answer Isotopes proposed an atomic theory in 1808. - Answer John Dalton The magnitude of the electron charge was discovered by - Answer R. Millikan E. Rutherford is credited with discovering the - Answer Nucleus Metals and non-metals are separated in the periodic table by a(n) - Answer Staircase Horizontal rows in the periodic table are called - Answer Periods In a chemical reaction, the reactant that is used up first is the . - Answer Limiting reagent The concentration of a solution is termed its . - Answer Molarity The chemical formula of a compound determined from its molecular mass is called the . - Answer Molecular Formula A phase diagram is a diagram depicting the phases of a substance at different temperatures and pressures. True False - Answer True Phase change is a physical change involving a substance changing from one state of matter to another, such as liquid to gas. True False - Answer True Surface tension is the tendency of liquids to maximize their surface area. True False - Answer False Sublimation is a phase change involving a substance changing from solid directly to gas. True False - Answer True The solubility of ionic compounds in water is mainly determined by forces. Viscosity Capillary action Surface tension - Answer Viscosity Solids can be divided into two categories, crystalline and . Glass Amorphous Metallic - Answer Amorphous Boiling point elevation is a colligative property that involves the increase in the boiling point of a solvent by the addition of a solute - Answer True Colligative properties are concerned with the type of particles and not their number. - Answer False When a solid is dissolved in water and forms a solution that conducts electricity, the solid is called a(n) . Metal Electrolyte Ion - Answer Electrolyte Two dissolved ions in hard water are Mg2+ and . Na+ Ca2+ Cu2+ - Answer Ca2+ When a solid comes out of a solution, the solid is called a(n) . Precipitate Salt Electrolyte - Answer Precipitate Acid-base reactions are also called reactions. Neutralization Ionic Dipole - Answer Neutralization Who defined an acid as a proton donor and a base as a hydroxide donor? Avogrado Arrhenius Bohr - Answer Arrhenius A reaction where electrons are transferred from one reactant to another is called a(n) reaction. Redox or oxidation-reduction Acid-base Ionic - Answer Redox or oxidation-reduction The fact that two electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spins is called the . Heisenberg uncertainty principle Pauli exclusion principle Electron configuration - Answer Pauli exclusion principle The p-orbitals can hold a maximum of electrons. Six Two Ten - Answer Six The d orbitals can hold a maximum of electrons. Four Six Ten - Answer Ten The actual nuclear charge minus the charge from the core electrons is the . Effective nuclear charge Oxidation state Valence electron - Answer Effective nuclear charge Unreactive gases that have a full valence shell of electrons are known as the . Halides Noble gases Hydrogens - Answer Noble gases A reaction in which the same element gains and loses electrons is known as a(n) reaction. Acid-base Dissolution Disproportionation - Answer Disproportionation Proposed the "plum pudding" model of the atom - Answer JJ Thomson A cation has a charge. - Answer positive An anion has a charge. - Answer negative Empirical Formula - Answer a formula with the lowest whole-number ratio of elements in a compound limiting reagent - Answer any reactant that is used up first in a chemical reaction; it determines the amount of product that can be formed in the reaction Molarity - Answer concentration of a solution molecular formula - Answer The chemical formula of a compound determined by its molecular mass surface tension - Answer A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid Sublimination - Answer solid to gas The solubility of ionic compounds in water is mainly determined by - Answer Viscosity Meniscus - Answer Curved surface of liquid Two types of solids - Answer Crystalline and Amorphous Two types of close-packing - Answer cubic close-packing and hexagonal close-packing Three types of atomic solids are - Answer nonbonded, metallic, network covalent Effusion - Answer Transfer of gas through a small orifice into an evacuated chamber Avogardro's number represents - Answer atoms Mass number vs. atomic number - Answer mass number represents the total number of neutrons and protons in one atom of the element; atomic number represents the total number of protons. Mass number = - Answer protons + neutrons Atomic number = - Answer protons Ernest Rutherford disproved JJ Thomson's plum-pudding model by showing that - Answer positive matter is concentrated in the central core Kinetic Molecular Theory - Answer based on the idea that particles of matter are always in motion Boyle's Law - Answer A principle that describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) - Answer 0 degrees Celsius and 1 atm Solubility of ionic compounds in water is mainly determined by - Answer ion-dipole forces An alloy is an example of a solution. - Answer solid-solid Raoult's Law - Answer relationship between the vapor pressure of a solution and the vapor pressure of the pure solvent Boiling point elevation - Answer the difference in temperature between the boiling point of a solution and the boiling point of the pure solvent Two dissolved ions in hard water - Answer Mg2+ and Ca2+ Precipitate - Answer When a solid comes out of a solution Acid-base reactions are also called - Answer neutralization reactions Arrhenius - Answer Defined acids as proton donors and bases as hydroxide donors Reddox or oxidation-reduction - Answer reaction where electrons are transferred from one reactant to another Orbital - Answer plot of the wavefunction squared that gives the probability map of the electron's position Wavelength - Answer the distance between the wave peaks and troughs Amplitude - Answer the magnitude of a wave; in sound, the primary determinant of Element+ = - Answer Minus one electron Element- = - Answer plus one electron Group 1A elements have what charge? - Answer 1+ Group 2A elements have what charge? - Answer 2+ Group 3A elements have what charge? - Answer 3+ Group 4A elements have what charge? - Answer 4- Group 5A elements have what charge? - Answer 3- Group 6A elements have what charge? - Answer 2- Group 7A elements have what charge? - Answer 1- Zinc Iodide formula: Zn2+ + I- - Answer ZnI2 (Zn has a charge of 2+ and I has a charge of 1-. To get 2- to even out the charge, we need two Iodide ions) If a cation and anion have different values in their charge, what do you do for the formula? - Answer Swap the charge numbers and put them as subscripts. Mono = - Answer 1 Di = - Answer 2 Tri = - Answer 3 Tetra = - Answer 4 Penta = - Answer 5 What is the name of NF3? - Answer Nitrogen Trifluoride What is the name of N2O4 - Answer Dinitrogen Tetroxide What is the molecular formula for carbon disulfide? - Answer CS2 What is the molecular formula for dinitrogen trioxide? - Answer N2O3 What is the molecular formula for sulfur tetrafluoride? - Answer SF4 What is the molecular formula for tetraphosphorus decasulfide - Answer P4S10 What is the empirical formula for C6H12O6 - Answer CH2O All elements fall into one of the following groups: - Answer metal, nonmetal, metalloid mass number = - Answer number of protons + number of neutrons On the periodic table, what is the number below the element? - Answer Atomic Weight On the periodic table, what is the number above the element? - Answer Atomic Number Alpha rays - Answer Positively charged particles that are deflected away from the positively charged plate Beta rays - Answer Electrons that are deflected away from the negatively charged plate Gamma rays - Answer high energy radiation that have no charge and are unaffected by external electric or magnetic fields.