Straighterline Introduction to Philosophy Final Study 100% verified answers 2024/2025 c, Exams of Philosophy

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Aristotle's primary area of interest was metaphysics. Which of the following is not one of the ten basic categories Aristotle used to describe the ways in which humans think about things? weight How many souls did Aristotle believe humans have? three Aristotle's works include all of the following except: Nicomachean Ethics What is a thing, according to Aristotle? A specific form in a particular hunk of matter. What does Aristotle mean by the efficient cause of a thing? Where it came from. If you want to say what a thing is, which of Aristotle's four causes must you provide? The formal cause. What did Aristotle say about all change?

It is a movement from potentiality to actuality. Which of the following is an example of what Aristotle called a universal? The property of being red. What is a syllogism? A kind of inference. What is not true of Hinduism? It has no scriptures or holy writings. What is the central doctrine of the Upanishads? The identity of Brahman and Atman. What is the main cause of human suffering, according to Siddhartha Gautama? Ignorance and selfish craving. Which is not a characteristic of the Tao, for Taoists? Man can improve it. According to Confucius, this principle governs both the well-ordered family and the well-ordered state. The principle of the Mean. Which would Mencius say true happiness consists in? Seeing parents and family alive and well and free from anxiety. What must one do to discover ultimate reality and truth, according to Hui Neng, sixth patriarch of Ch'an Buddhism? Give up false attachments and selfish interests. What Mahayana Buddhist view did Murasi Shikibu object to? Women must wait for reincarnation as a male before they can achieve enlightenment.

Which did Dogen Zenji advocate? The Parental Mind. What do samurai warriors believe in? All of the above. Why is diversity a challenge for modern feminism? Race, class, and gender are tied together in ways that make working-class and minority women disadvantaged in different ways from middle-class white women. Why are feminist epistemologists suspicous of the concept of the ideal knower as dispassionate, objective, and purely rational? This makes the ideal knower rather like the ideal male. According to Val Plumwood, how does the rationalistic framework view the human self? As autonomous, separate, and egoistic. According to Mary Wollstonecraft, which of the following virtues should be cultivated in women as well as men? wisdom How do feminists like Andrea Dworkin and Ctharine MacKinnon define pornography? Media that both equates sex and violence against women, and endorses it. What tends to be true of words associated with women, their occupations, and their bodies in a male-dominated society? They get devalued and take on demeaning, derogatory, and insulting senses. What is true of woman, according to Simone de Beauvoir? Woman is not born but made by society's definition of her as man's Other. What do supporters of the "Androgynous Ideal" believe about the differences we observe between men and women?

They are socially constructed. According to Nancy Chodorow, why do boys often become isolated, separate, and misogynist? Society requires that boys break personal identification with the mother in order to positionally identify with male gender roles imposed by society. Which position does Susan Moller Okin advocate? The modern, middle-class family is an unjust institution for women. What did Anselm believe about proving God's existence? You could do it using just the concept of God as the greatest being conceivable. St. Thomas Aquinas's first three ways are all versions of which sort of argument? Cosmological How did mystical experience compare with reason as a source of knowledge about God, according to Julian of Norwich? It is as valid a source of knowledge as reason is. Given his epistemological standards, what characteristic must all of Descartes arguments for God possess? They must yield conclusions that are absolutely certain. According to Leibniz, what is the sufficient reason for the changing of the seasons? God. Given his epistemological standards, what characteristic would Hume insist that any argument for God possess? It must be based on sensory experience. Why didn't Immanuel Kant think that existence is a property or characteristic of a thing? A characteristic always adds something to the concept of a thing, but existence does not do this.

What kind of an argument did Kant use to justify the rationality of belief in God? Moral What is truth, for Soren Kierkegaard? How you live if it is with passionate commitment. What would Mary Daly say about the image of God the Father? It perpetuates the polarization of human qualities built into the traditional sexual stereotypes. In terms of what did G. E. Moore define goodness? Tricky! He claimed that it can't be defined. What do moral judgments do, according to the emotivists? Express emotion and encourage others to feel the same way. What is not true of John Rawls's original position? It leads to an entitlement view of justice. What is Rawls's position on the just distribution of income and wealth in a society? It should be equal unless an unequal distribution would benefit everyone. Why does Robert Nozick believe that any state that goes beyond the minimal state is unjust? Such a state necessarily involves redistributive taxation that violates persons' natural entitlement rights. What is a thick moral argument, for Michael Walzer? Moral argument that takes into account the actual, particular details of the association or culture involved. Which of the following is the political philosophy based on respect for established institutions and traditions? conservatism

The attempt to understand the sources and criteria of moral value judgments is known as: metaethics Which of the following is not one of the three main philosophical causes looked at when studying ecological crises? democratic socialism What is the name of the influential publication by John Rawls? A Theory of Justice What is the form of the ideal state, according to Plato? It is an aristocracy ruled by an elite group of intellectually superior individuals. What is the form of the ideal state for Aristotle? Another trick question! Aristotle didn't think there is any single form that the ideal state must take. What is not true of the natural law, for St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas? When there is a conflict between it and human law, human law takes precedence. What is not true of the contract that gives rise to the state, according to Thomas Hobbes? It gives citizens a right to revolt if the state acts unjustly towards them. Which best describes Locke's governmental contract? The people delegate or entrust their natural rights to a divided government, retaining the right to revolt if the government violates its trust. What is true, moral freedom, according to the later Rousseau? Obedience to the general will. In which of the following was the power of the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional established? Marbury v. Madison

Which did Harriet Taylor support? The toleration of nonconformist thought and lifestyles. John Stuart Mill believed that one should seek general happiness. Karl Marx viewed history as the struggle between two classes. What are they? A dominant class that owns and controls the means of production and a subordinate class that doesn't. What is evil, according to Socrates? Ignorance of the good. How is goodness apprehended, according to Plato? By reason. The just or well-ordered soul manifests which virtue, according to Plato? Wisdom In what does human happiness consist, according to Aristotle? All of the above Which desires did Epicureans say you should occasionally satisfy? Those that are natural but not necessary. Which piece of advice would be more likely to come from a stoic? Become self-reliant and accept your fate in life with serenity and calm indifference. Where does moral evil come from, according to St. Augustine? Misdirected love. What are people naturally like, according to Thomas Hobbes?

They are fundamentally selfish. What is morality ultimately based on, according to Immanuel Kant? Reason According to John Stuart Mill, why should we seek to raise the general happiness rather than just our own? By its very nature morality must assume the perspective of an impartial spectator. Which view about truth is common to all pragmatists? Truth is relative to place, time, and purpose. What does philosophical analysis attempt to do? Reduce complex, philosophically puzzling propositions into simpler, less puzzling ones. What determines the meaning of a proposition, according to the logical positivists? The possible observations that would verify it. According to logical atomism, what does the world ultimately consist of? Atomic facts Which best expresses phenomenalism as a metaphyical theory? Physical objects just are sense-data. According to the epistemological foundationalist, when is a belief knowledge? When it logically follows from other beliefs that cannot be doubted. Antirepresentationalists like Richard Rorty always deny this claim. True beliefs somehow picture or mirror reality. Which view maintains that mental words like "hope", "belief", or "desire" do not refer to things at all, whether physical or nonphysical? Behaviorism

Which view maintains that mental states just are states of the brain and central nervous system? Identity Theory Which view maintains that, although mental states require a physical system to exist, they are not reducible to states of any particular physical system? Functionalism Which philosophical tradition includes existentialism and phenomenology? continental philosophy Which is not a theme an existentialist would be likely to accept? Metaphysics can reveal the reason and purpose of life. What was the fundamental philosophical question for Albert Camus? Is there any reason not to commit suicide? How can we give life purpose in a purposeless world, according to Camus? Rebel against the absurd. Why is man abandoned, according to Jean-Paul Sartre? Because there is no God. Which best describes what Sartre means by good faith? Taking responsibility for the choices we make. Phenomenology originated from which of the following distinctions? Kant's distinction between the phenomenal and the noumenal world. How was Edmund Husserl's philosophy similar to Descartes'? He too sought to achieve rational certainty by grounding the truth in a deeper source. What does authentic existence require for the early, existentialist Heidegger?

Understanding oneself as a being-unto-death. Which would the late Heidegger accept? A human being should be one who simply and quietly dwells in Being. Which is true of Jurgen Habermas? He is a Marxian. What did Michel Foucault claim concerning epistemes? They are socially created realities that serve as the ground of truth for their eras. For French structuralist anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss, what is a culture? A system of signs. What would Jacques Derrida say about the essential meaning of a text? A trick question, since he rejects the whole notion of essential meaning. Which is not true of Richard Rorty? He believes in necessary starting points for rational inquiry. Which term is not generally associated with Jacques Derrida? epistemes Who is most likely to have written this? "There is no method for knowing when one has reached the truth, or when one is closer than ever before." Richard Rorty Modern linguistics is based on the work of which philosopher? Ferdinand de Saussure Critical theory is associated with which philosopher? Jürgen Habermas

Who is most likely to have written this? "The relation of technical progress and social life-world and the translation of scientific information into practical consciousness is not an affair of private cultivation." Jürgen Habermas What do we directly observe, according to David Hume? Sense impressions What is the self, according to Hume? A sequence of perceptions. Why can't we have cause and effect knowledge, according to Hume? We can never observe a necessary connection between events. Why can't past experience justify claims about the future, according to Hume? We can never know whether or not the future will be like the past. What is perception, for Immanuel Kant? The application of the organizing principles of the mind to sense impressions. Why can we know that all of our future experiences will be in space and time, according to Kant? Because these are preconditions of all possible experience based on the mind's own organizing principles. What does Kant mean by the noumenal world? The world as it really is, independently of our experiences of it. Why doesn't Kant think that we can have knowledge of the things-in-themselves (das ding-an- sich)? Because the organizing principles of the mind do not apply to them. According to Absolute Idealism, what is the relationship between being real and being knowable?

All reality is knowable What is the highest reality (the Absolute), for Hegel? Infinite thought thinking itself. What was clarity and distinctness a mark of, for Rene Descartes? Truth Which claim did Descartes use to establish the certainty of his own existence? I think, therefore I am. Which statement would Thomas Hobbes have accepted? All psychological states derive ultimately from perception. Which claim about God did Anne Conway make God is an eternal creator. Anne Conway advocated what sort of metaphysics? Monadology What did Benedict Spinoza think a person is? A mode of God/Nature. Why is there no mind/body interaction problem for Spinoza? Minds and bodies are simply aspects of the selfsame unit of infinite substance. What did John Locke believe about perception? Knowledge of the external world is based on the fact that some of the ideas we get through sense impressions represent the way things actually are in the external world. What did George Berkeley mean about such things as tables and chairs when he denied the existence of matter? There are no unperceived tables and chairs.

What was Berkeley's explanation for the fact that things like rocks and trees seem to continue to exist even when humans don't perceive them? God always perceives them. Which ancient philosophical tradition did Plotinus represent? Neoplatonism St. Augustine rejected this Neoplatonic claim. The highest reality is the One, an impersonal, indefinable, and indescribable god. What do Pyrrhonic skeptics maintain? People should suspend judgment about all things. What is asserted by the principle of noncontradiction? A proposition and its contradictory opposite can't both be true at the same time. Which argument did St. Augustine use to refute total Academic skepticism? When we are in doubt we can at least know that we exist as a doubter. What did Hypatia think about the study of mathematics and astronomy? They were part of a way of life and a means of testing the implications of Platonic and Neoplatonic metaphysics and epistemology. How did St. Thomas Aquinas distinguish philosophy from theology? Philosophy is based on reason while theology is based on divine revelation and faith. Which view did Aquinas accept? A physical thing is matter plus form. Which view of Aristotle's did Aquinas disagree with? The essence of a thing is the same as its existence. What did Aquinas maintain concerning the human soul?

It is a direct creation of God. What did Socrates hope to achieve by practicing the Socratic method? He wanted to discover adequate definitions that would give knowledge of the essential nature of things. Where do the Forms exist, according to Plato? In a separate, immaterial realm. How are the Forms apprehended, according to Plato? By reason. Which would Plato have agreed with? The senses are a source of error, illusion, and ignorance. What does the branch of philosophy called metaphysics study? Being What does the branch of philosophy called epistemology study? Knowledge What are Thales, Anaximenes and Anaximander collectively known as? The Milesians According to Theano, what did Pythagoras claim? Everything is in accordance with number. What was the essence of reality for Heraclitus? Change What is reality according to a follower of Parmenidies? One and unchanging.

What is the cause of change for Empedocles? Love and strife. What did Anaxagoras do? He introduced the matter\mind distinction to philosophy. What did the Atomists do? They distinguished between atomic properties and relational properties. Which is a theme common to all the pre-Socratics? The experienced world is a manifestation of a more fundamental underlying reality. Who is a philosopher, in the original sense of the world? A lover and pursuer of wisdom, regardless of the subject matter. Which is a common characteristic of philosophical questions? They involve fundamental concepts that are unavoidable by the thoughtful person. Which is the branch of philosophy that studies issues concerning art and beauty? Aesthetics Which of the following branches of philosophy does not involve questions related to values? Metaphysics Which of the following is a common myth about philosophy? Philosophical questions are simply semantic disputes in which no one opinion is any better or worse than another is. In philosophy, what is an argument? Giving reasons for a belief. What fallacy is it when an argument attacks the person rather than the person's beliefs?

Argumentum ad Hominem What fallacy is it when an argument assumes only two options when in fact there are more? Black or White Fallacy "I don't agree with Jones when she says we should wait for a trial, and I'll tell you why. I don't approve of letting someone get away with murder! That's why I say let's hang him now!" What fallacy does this most clearly illustrate? Red Herring What must be the case for an argument to succeed with a rational person? The premises must be acceptable and they must logically support the conclusion.