Straighterline Microbiology Final Exam Ch 4 With 100% Correct And Verified Answers 2024-20, Exams of Advanced Education

Download Straighterline Microbiology Final Exam Ch 4 With 100% Correct And Verified Answers 2024-20 and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity! Straighterline Microbiology Final Exam Ch 4 With 100% Correct And Verified Answers 2024-2026 what is the difference between bacteria/archaea and eukaryotes when it comes to DNA? - Correct Answer-Bacteria and archaea have nuclear material that is free in the cytoplasm Eukaryotes have a nucleus What is the difference between bacteria cell wall and archaea? - Correct Answer-Bacteria: cell wall made of peptidoglycan Archaea: cell wall distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes What cell structures are found in all bacteria - Correct Answer-cytoplasmic membrane chromosone/nucleiod ribosomes cytoplasm Cyctoplasmic membrane - Correct Answer-a thin sheet of lipid/protein that surrounds the cytoplasm and controls flow of materials in/out of cell pools Energy reactions Nutrient processing Synthesis Regulate transport: Passage of nutrients into the cellDischarge of wastes Bacterial chromosome or nucleoid - Correct Answer-composed of condensed DNA molecules. DNA directs all genetics and heredity of the cell and codes for all proteins ribosome - Correct Answer-Makes proteins cytoplasm - Correct Answer-water-based solution filling the entire cell S layer - Correct Answer-monolayer of protein used for protection and/or attachment Fimbriae - Correct Answer-fine bristles that help attach to cells/surfaces outer membrane - Correct Answer-controls flow of materials and portions of it are toxic to mammals when released cell wall - Correct Answer-A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell actin cytoskeleton - Correct Answer-long fibers of proteins that encircle the cell just inside the cell membrane and contribute to the shape of the cell pilus - Correct Answer-an appendage used for drawing another bacterium close in order to transfer DNA to it capsule - Correct Answer-a coating that surrounds some bacterial cells; a loose gel-like structure that, in pathogenic bacteria, helps to protect against phagocytosis. granule - Correct Answer-stored nutrients such as fat, phosphate, or glycogen deposited in dense crystals or particles that can be tapped into when needed bacterial microcompartments - Correct Answer-protein coated packets used to localize enzymes and other proteins in the cytoplasm plasmid - Correct Answer-double stranded DNA circle containing extra genes flagellum - Correct Answer-specialized appendage attached to the cell by a basal body that holds a long, rotating filament. the movement pushes the cell forward and provides motility endospore - Correct Answer-dormant body formed within some bacteria that allows for their survival in adverse conditions How is a biofilm formed? - Correct Answer-microorganisms attach to surfaces, initial attachment is usually reversible but if followed by growth of micro-organism and production of an exopolymer the attachment becomes irreversible. Quorum sensing in bacteria - Correct Answer-produce and release chemical signal molecules called autoinducers that increase in concentration as a function of cell density bacteria cells are capable of what - Correct Answer-carrying out all necessary life activities: Reproduction Metabolism Nutrient processing What are the three shapes of bacteria? Describe them - Correct Answer- Three general shapes of bacteria Straighterline Microbiology Final Exam Ch 4 With 100% Correct And Verified Answers 2024-2026 slime layer - Correct Answer-loose, water-soluble glycocalyx what 2-3 basic layers is the cell envelope composed of? - Correct Answer-1. cell wall 2. cytoplasmic membrane 3. outer membrane what is the difference between gram positive and gram negative cells? - Correct Answer-Gram-positive: - Thick cell wall composed of peptidoglycan - Inner cytoplasmic membrane Gram-negative: - Outer membrane - Thin cell wall Inner cytoplasmic membrane peptidoglycan - Correct Answer-Found in the cell walls of most bacteria Unique macromolecule composed of glycan chains cross-linked with short peptide fragments Provides a strong but flexible support framework Gram positive cell wall - Correct Answer-Thick, homogenous sheath of peptidoglycan, 20 to 80 nm thick Functions of teichoic and lipoteichoic acid: Cell wall maintenance Enlargement during cell division Acidic charge on cell surface Gram negative cell wall - Correct Answer-Single, thin sheet of peptidoglycan, 1 to 3 nm thick: Somewhat rigid structure Thinness gives gram-negative bacteria greater flexibility and sensitivity to lysis mycoplasma - Correct Answer-bacteria that lack cell wall Membrane is stabilized by sterols and is resistant to lysis Lipopolysaccharide - Correct Answer-LPS is a phospholipid layer with sugars. Many of these sugars act as antigens and allow us to differentiate strains of bacteria. Plays an important role in endotoxic shock. lipoprotein - Correct Answer-anchor the outermembrane of peptidoglycan porin proteins - Correct Answer-Completely span the outer membrane Only allow relatively small molecules to penetrate Size can be altered to block the entrance of harmful chemicals Act as a defense against certain antibiotics what is harder to kill, gram negative or positive bacteria? - Correct Answer- negative Compaction of bacterial chromosomes - Correct Answer-Thus, one way prokaryotes compress their DNA into smaller spaces is through supercoiling (Figure 1). Imagine twisting a rubber band so that it forms tiny coils. Now twist it even further, so that the original coils fold over one another and form a condensed ball. s units of ribosome - Correct Answer-Measurement of the relative size of cell parts through sedimentation during centrifugation bacterial: 70 s eukaryotic: 80 s inclusion bodies - Correct Answer-Storage sites for nutrients during periods of abundance Single-layered membranes Vary in size, number, and content what are the two phases of endospores? - Correct Answer-1. vegetative cell: metabolically active 2. sporulation: spore formation induced by environments when does germination of endospores begin? - Correct Answer-when favorable conditions arise how does germination of endospores occur? - Correct Answer-Exposure to water and a germination agent Germination agent stimulates the formation of hydrolytic enzymes that break down the cortex Core rehydrates and takes up nutrients and bacterium grows out of the endospore coats Once initiated, proceeds to completion in 1.5 hours Straighterline Microbiology Final Exam Ch 4 With 100% Correct And Verified Answers 2024-2026 methanogens - Correct Answer-Archaea that release methane, a greenhouse gas. where are methanogens found? - Correct Answer-sewage treatment plants, swamps, bogs, and near volcanic vents halophiles - Correct Answer-"salt-loving" archaea that live in environments that have very high salt concentrations psycrophiles - Correct Answer-Bacteria that can grow at very cold temperatures (down to -15 degrees celsius). Hyperthermophiles - Correct Answer-Organisms that grow in extremely high temperatures (90 degrees C) Bergy's manual of Determinative Bacteriology - Correct Answer-Book on identifying unknown bacteria. Bergy's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology - Correct Answer-for studying prokaryotic relationships and origins (where you would do taxonomy classifying them where they belong in the phylogenetic tree) Taxonimic scheme divisions - Correct Answer-Gracilicutes: gram-negative cell walls, thin-skinned Firmicutes: gram-positive cell walls, thick and strong Tenericutes: lack a cell wall, soft Mendosicutes: archaea Divisions in the diagnostic scheme - Correct Answer-gram positive, gram negative, bacteria without cell walls serotype - Correct Answer-Representatives of a species that stimulate a distinct pattern of antibody responses